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Université Du Québec Mémoire Présenté À L'université Du UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ À L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS-RIVIÈRES COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT PAR ANTOINE PILlON L'IDENTITÉ DE L'HÔTE À UN EFFET PLUS IMPORTANT QUE LES FACTEURS ABIOTIQUES SUR LA TRANSMISSION DE PARASITES DANS LES LACS DU BOUCLIER LAURENTIEN AVRIL 2018 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Service de la bibliothèque Avertissement L’auteur de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse a autorisé l’Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières à diffuser, à des fins non lucratives, une copie de son mémoire ou de sa thèse. Cette diffusion n’entraîne pas une renonciation de la part de l’auteur à ses droits de propriété intellectuelle, incluant le droit d’auteur, sur ce mémoire ou cette thèse. Notamment, la reproduction ou la publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse requiert son autorisation. A truly successful parasite is commensal, living in amity with its host, or even giving it positive advantages .. A parasite that regularly and inevitably kills ils host cannot survive long, in the evolutionary sense, unless il multiplies with tremendous rapidity ... It is not pro-survival. - Mr. Spock, Star Trek 2 iii lteEnercÎeEnents Je tiens d'abord à remercier mon superviseur de maîtrise, M. Pierre Magnan pour m'avoir donné l'opportunité de sortir des sentiers battus pour travailler sur un projet qui s'est révélé être une illumination de carrière et de m'avoir permis d'aller explorer ce qui se faisait ailleurs dans le monde afin de faire de moi un meilleur chercheur. Je tiens aussi à remercier mon cosuperviseur, M. Andrea Bertolo, pour ses commentaires constructifs et son aide dans la réalisation de ce projet. Merci à M. Robert Poulin de m' avoir offert une expérience unique de recherche, dans le cadre d'un stage du programme FONCER­ CRSNG ÉcoLac, m'ayant permis d'approfondir ma passion pour mon domaine d'étude. Merci aux membres de mon laboratoire, Marc Pépino, Vincent Rainville, Matteo Giacomazzo, Alexandre East et Benjamin Gosselin pour vos nombreux commentaires pertinents ayant contribué à l'avancement de ce projet. Merci à mes collègues et amis du RIVE (Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassin versant - écosystèmes aquatiques) pour votre soutien et votre bonne humeur durant tous les moments passés en votre compagnie. Je tiens aussi à remercier Laurie Emma Cope pour son support moral à travers tout mon cheminement à la maîtrise. Merci à mes parents, Mario Filion et Marielle Gingras, pour leurs encouragements et leur soutien dans mes choix. Merci à mes colocs, Benjamin Gosselin, Lucas Deschamps et Sébastien Tutino pour les nombreuses discussions que nous avons eus sur mon projet et pour toutes les fois où vous m'avez permis de décrocher. Enfin, j 'ai reçu le support financier de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en écologie des eaux douces (P Magnan) et du programme FONCER-CRSNG ÉcoLac au cours de ma maîtrise. Sans vous, rien de ce qui suit n'aurait été possible. iv Avant-propos Ce mémoire a été réalisé dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en SCIences de l'environnement sous la supervision du professeur Pierre Magnan (UQTR) et la cosupervision du professeur Andrea Bertolo (UQTR). Le principal objectif de mon projet était d'étudier un ensemble de facteurs physico-chimiques (pH, radiation UV), morphométriques (profondeur moyenne, superficie) et biotiques (communauté ichthyenne, biomasse d'hôtes) pour avoir une vue intégrée de leurs effets conjugués sur l'abondance et la prévalence parasitaire en milieu naturel. Ce mémoire comporte trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente en français le cadre conceptuel, la problématique et les objectifs de mon projet de recherche. Le deuxième chapitre consiste en l'article découlant des recherches relatives à ce projet, rédigé en anglais, et qui s'intitule: « Alternative hosts identity has a stronger effect than abiotic factors on trematode transmission in brook charr », dont je suis le premier auteur. Le troisième chapitre présente, en français, les principaux résultats et les conclusions de mon projet de recherche ainsi que des perspectives futures en lien avec ma recherche. Finalement, je présente en annexe un article dont je suis le premier auteur et qui a été réalisé dans le cadre du stage de recherche FONCER-CRSNG ÉcoLac d'une durée de deux mois que j 'ai fait dans le « Evolutionary and Ecological Parasitology Research Group » dirigé par le professeur Robert Poulin en Nouvelle-Zélande. v Résumé Les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques sont souvent mis de l'avant pour expliquer les variations d'abondance et de prévalence de parasites dans le milieu aquatique. Cependant, l'effet de la plupart de ces facteurs sur la survie des parasites est souvent considéré individuellement ou bien en milieu contrôlé dans de courtes fenêtres temporelles, faisant en sorte que la complexité du milieu naturel n'est souvent pas représentée dans son intégralité. Il est donc important de comprendre l'effet combiné de ces facteurs pour avoir une vue plus intégrée de l'effet des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques sur la présence et l'abondance de parasites dans les écosystèmes. Afin d'identifier l'importance de l'ensemble de ces facteurs sur le cycle de vie parasitaire, nous avons choisi deux genres parasitaires distincts du taxon des trématodes, Crepidostomum et Apophallus, représentant les deux principales stratégies de transmission des parasites digènes : autogène (complète son cycle de vie dans un seul écosystème) et allogène (complète son cycle de vie à travers deux écosystèmes). Cette étude a été réalisée sur 22 lacs du Bouclier canadien présentant un gradient de variables physico-chimiques, morphométriques et de communautés ichthyennes. Nous avons analysé les intestins ainsi que la peau du poisson dominant de ce milieu, l'omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis), afin d'évaluer l'abondance et la prévalence de parasite. Nos résultats démontrent que la présence d'autres espèces de poisson ainsi que la biomasse totale de poisson contenu dans le système aquatique sont les principaux éléments affectant la prévalence et l'abondance de parasites dans notre système aquatique. En effet, l'abondance de Crepidostomum est positivement corrélée avec la présence d'autres espèces de poissons alors que l'abondance d'Apophallus diminue fortement lorsque la richesse en espèce ainsi que la biomasse de poisson augmentent. De plus, la superficie des lacs semble profiter à Apophallus puisqu'il est à la fois plus abondant et présent dans une plus grande partie de la population d'ombles de fontaine lorsque le lac est plùs grand. Il semblerait donc que les facteurs biotiques aient un impact beaucoup plus important que les facteurs abiotiques dans la transmission parasitaire en milieu naturel. Mots-clés: Interactions entre espèces, cycle parasitaire, biomasse de poisson, communauté ichthyenne, morphométrie, compétition interspécifique Table des matières Remerciements ........ ..................................... .. ............................... ... ................................... ............. i Avant-propos ................................. .................................................................................................. i Résumé ............................ ...................................................... ................................. .................... ...... i Liste des figures .................................... ............................................................ .......................... viii Définitions .... ....... .. ................................ .. ... .... .... .... ..................... ........ .................................... ....... 1 Chapitre 1 Introduction .............................. .. .... ..................................... ..................... ..................................... 2 1.1.1. Effet de la physico-chimie ................................................................. ............. ................. 3 1.1.2 Effet de la morphométrie du milieu ................................................................................ 5 1.1.3 Effet de facteurs biotiques .......................................................................................... ..... 6 1.2 Problématique ........................................................................................... .. .. .......... ....... .......... 8 1.3 Objectifs et prédictions ......... ....... ...... ............................................ ....................................... 10 Chapitre n Alternative hosts identity has a stronger effect than abiotic factors on trematode transmission in brook charr .................................................................................................. ..... 11 Abstract ........ .... ... .. .............................................................................. .. .... ...................... ...... ... 12 Introduction ................................................................. ........................ .... ................. ......... .... .. 13 Methods .. .................. .. .................... ................... ... .. ............. .................. ............................... .... 17 Study area and fish sampling ............................ ... .. ............. .. .... ............... ... ........... ....... ..... .... 17 Parasite analysis ....................................................... ... ....... ........ ... ...... ...................... ........ ... .. 18 Lake morphometry and physico-chemical variables
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