Origin • SP of the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae • Ligamentum nuchae Spinalis • SP of C7

Insertion • Sp of upper thoracic • SP of cervical, except C1

Action • Extension of the spine Longissimus • Lateral flexion of the spine

Origin • TP C7-T9 • Thoracolumbar Aponeurosis Action Insertion • Extension of the spine • Mastoid process of the • Lateral Flexion of the spine temporal bone • TP C1-C6 • TP of all thoracic Vertebrae

Origin • Posterior, superior surfaces of ribs 1-12 • Common Tendon (Thoracolumbar Action Iliocostalis aponeuroisis) • Extension of the spine • Lateral flexion of the spine Insertion • TP L1-3 • Posterior surface of all ribs • TP of lower cervicals

Origin • Sacrum • TP of all vertebrae Multifidi Insertion • SP of all vertebrae: 2-4 vertebrae above origin

Action • Extension of spine Rotatores • Rotation of spine to opposite side

Origin • TP of all vertebrae Action • Rotation of spine to the Insertion opposite side • SP of all vertebrae, 1-2 • Extension of spine vertebrae above origin

Origin • TP of C4-T5 Action Semispinalis • Extend the vertebral column Insertion and head • Occipital bone

Origin • Inferior ½ of Ligamentum nuchae • SP of C7-T4 Splenius Capitis

Insertion • Mastoid process • Occipital Bone

Action • Extension of the head and neck • Lateral flexion of the head Splenius Cervicis and neck • Rotation of the head and neck to the same side

Action Origin • Extension of the head and • TP of T3-T6 neck • Lateral flexion of the head Insertion and neck • TP of C1-C3 • Rotation of the head and neck to the same side

Action • Lateral flexion of the lumbar Origin spine to the same side • Posterior Iliac Crest • Laterally tilt (elevate) the

Quadratus Lumborum pelvis Insertion th • Assist to extend the vertebral • Inferior surface of 12 rib column • TP of L1-L4 • Fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation Origin • Pubic crest • Pubic symphasis

Rectus Abdominis Insertion • Costal Cartilage of 5th, 6th and 7th ribs • Xiphoid process

Action • Flex the vertebral column External Oblique • Tilt pelvis posteriorly

Action Origin • Lateral flexion of the trunk to • Lateral surface of ribs 5-12 same side • Rotate vertebral column to Insertion the opposite side • Anterior iliac crest • Flex the vertebral column • Abdominal aponeurosis • Compress abdominal contents

Origin Action • Lateral inguinal ligament • Lateral flexion of the trunk to • Iliac crest the same side • Thoracolumbar fascia • Rotate vertebral column to Internal Oblique the same side Insertion • Flex the vertebral column • Internal surface of lower 3 • Compress abdominal ribs contents • Abdominal aponeurosis Origin • Lateral surfaces of ribs 5-12

Transverse Abdominis Insertion • Anterior Iliac Crest • Abdominal aponeurosis

Action • Compress abdominal Serratus Posterior Superior contents

Origin • SP of C7 to T3 Action

• Elevate the ribs during Insertion inhalation • Posterior surface of second through fifth ribs

Origin • SP of T12-L3 Action

Serratus Posterior Inferior • Depress the ribs during Insertion exhalation • Posterior surface of ninth through twelfth ribs