DOCSLIB.ORG

Mass Migration and Real Estate in European Cities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mass Migration and Real Estate in European Cities Mass migration and real estate in European cities April 2017 Authors: Dr Lisa Goodson, Siân Thomas, Professor Jenny Phillimore and Professor Simon Pemberton ii | Mass migration and real estate in European cities About ULI The Urban Land Institute is a global, The extraordinary impact that ULI makes on land Drawing on the work of its members, the member-driven organization comprising more use decision making is based on its members Institute recognizes and shares best practices than 40,000 real estate and urban development sharing expertise on a variety of factors affecting in urban design and development for the professionals dedicated to advancing the the built environment, including urbanization, benefit of communities around the globe. Institute’s mission of providing leadership in demographic and population changes, new the responsible use of land and creating and economic drivers, technology advancements, ULI has been active in Europe since the early sustaining thriving communities worldwide. and environmental concerns. 1990s and today has over 3,000 members across 27 countries. The Institute has a ULI’s interdisciplinary membership represents Peer-to-peer learning is achieved through the particularly strong presence in the major all aspects of the industry, including developers, knowledge shared by members at thousands of European real estate markets of the UK, property owners, investors, architects, urban convenings each year that reinforce ULI’s Germany, France, and the Netherlands, but planners, public officials, real estate brokers, position as a global authority on land use and is also active in emerging markets such as appraisers, attorneys, engineers, financiers, real estate. In 2016 alone, more than 3,200 Turkey and Poland. and academics. Established in 1936, the events were held in 340 cities around the world. Institute has a presence in the Americas, More information is available at uli.org. Europe, and Asia Pacific regions, with Follow ULI on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, members in 76 countries. and Instagram. ©2017 by the Urban Land Institute. ULI Europe, all rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the publisher. ULI has sought copyright permission for all images and tables. Front cover image: Multicoloured cargo containers, © CreativeNature_nl. Urban Land Institute 50 Liverpool Street Tel: +44 (0)20 7487 9570 London Email: [email protected] EC2M 7PY Web: www.europe.uli.org United Kingdom iii Acknowledgements This report was made possible through the support of the steering group, ULI members who filled in the survey, and those professionals who gave up their time to be interviewed in order to inform this research. ULI was also supported by the ULI Charitable Trust. ULI would like to thank the steering group: Ayse Erktin, ULI Turkey; HAS Mimarlik Ltd Giancarlo Scotti, ULI Italy; GCS & Partners Dr. Richard Teichmann, ULI Austria; Bischoff & Compagnons Property Networks GmbH Loes Driessen, ULI Netherlands; CBRE Global Investors Alistair Reason, ULI UK; Reason Consulting UK Ltd Sophia Faltseta, ULI Greece; Public Properties Company Max Barclay, ULI Sweden; Newsec AB Gerhard L. Dunstheimer, ULI Germany; ALTERIS The Real Partners The authors wish to thank the following at ULI Europe for their advice, ideas, and input: Lisette Van Doorn, CEO; Dr Elizabeth Rapoport, content director; and Amanprit Arnold, content manager. Thanks are also due to the University of Birmingham Research Team for their research assistance: Dave Newall, Robert Deakin, Szymon Parzniewski, and Özlem Young. Authors Dr Lisa Goodson Siân Thomas Professor Jenny Phillimore IRiS, University of Birmingham Professor Simon Pemberton Keele University Supported by: Charitable Trust iv | Mass migration and real estate in European cities Contents Executive summary 1 Section 1: Introduction 3 Section 2: Overview of key socio-demographic and migration trends 5 Section 3: Case study countries 10 Section 4: Impacts of migration 12 Section 5: Responses to mass migration 17 Section 6: Conclusions and recommendations 30 Notes 33 Terminology used in this report Forced migration: a movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or manmade causes (e.g., movements of refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development project s). Labour migration: a movement of persons from one state to another, or within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment. Source: International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2011). 1 Executive summary © RadekProcyk “The globe is not static but In spring 2016, ULI Europe began work on a • a sense of urgency created by the influx fluid and flexible – people move research project to explore the implications of migrants; this can be a catalyst for of mass migration for cities in Europe. The transforming the real estate industry so that where there is opportunity and purpose of the research was to understand how it can respond more quickly to current and peace. If we accept that, then cities can best accommodate migrants and how future demands from occupants, a change developers, politicians, the real estate industry can respond effectively. that otherwise would have taken many architects all have an important The research was funded by the ULI Europe more years; Charitable Trust and carried out by the Institute role so that the future world for Research into Superdiversity (IRiS) at the • innovation in construction, especially mirrors the needs of the people University of Birmingham. A steering group of relating to the provision of high-density, who live there.” ULI members from eight European ULI national flexible, and low-cost housing; councils – UK, Germany, Austria, Turkey, (Participant, Copenhagen) the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, and Greece – • increased responsiveness in planning The current movement of migrants into and were instrumental in supporting the research. processes and openness to new across Europe has substantial impacts on both approaches; European cities and the real estate industry. The The study identified a number of challenges in settlement of migrants in European cities, both responding to the new landscape brought about • the opportunity to adapt to a long-term trend on a temporary and a permanent basis, will by the increase in migration. At the same time, of tenants and users wanting and needing change cities and people’s perceptions of cities, there was awareness of the opportunities more flexibility; and affect land and real estate values. There is afforded within this context and of the potential a pressing need for multi-sectoral responses to for pursuing creative and innovative ways of • development of new knowledge and skills address the future needs of our changing urban rising to these challenges. Specific as the real estate industry develops as a populations – and, indeed, the opportunities for opportunities for innovation that were identified service; the real estate sector. for the real estate industry include: 2 | Mass migration and real estate in European cities Infrastructure Increased knowledge and housing and collaboration Spaces for interaction between existing and Increased knowledge Equitable distribution new residents and collaboration across of resources in existing and within the public and and new communities private sectors Use of low-cost/flexible Planning involvement housing solutions and different types of incentives Positive media portrayal Recommendations Preparation for secondary Active sharing of migration and family best practices building and unification Better use of Planning that is clearer Strategies of dispersal distressed urban and more responsive or concentration of areas/brownfield land to change migrants Role of planning • the scope to bring social integration and two areas. There is a real need to develop a new considered to have added to the problems of housing together, with the potential for ideas generation of migration/land use experts to an already overstretched residential market. and practice to be used to develop truly help cities respond to migration in a more In many European cities, ongoing urbanisation inclusive societies; and sustainable manner, especially given the processes have led to extreme pressure on current high inflows of migrants. affordable housing. • the opportunity to provide migrants and others who move into cities with the A significant theme emerging from the study Research participants emphasised the need to appropriate housing and amenities that findings is the perceived gap between the incentivise the private sector to provide new people need to integrate and build up a concerns that people from host communities residential units in order to shift the focus to successful life, such as affordable housing often have about increased migration and the affordable or social housing. Participants also and schools. reality. The vast majority of study participants raised significant concerns about the need for indicated that they had not yet observed a the real estate industry to be adequately Findings from this research demonstrate a clear significant impact on land use resulting from supported by the government financially lack of specialist expertise
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From?
    客家 My China Roots & CBA Jamaica An overview of Hakka Migration History: Where are you from? July, 2016 www.mychinaroots.com & www.cbajamaica.com 15 © My China Roots An Overview of Hakka Migration History: Where Are You From? Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 3 Five Key Hakka Migration Waves............................................................................................. 3 Mapping the Waves ....................................................................................................................... 3 First Wave: 4th Century, “the Five Barbarians,” Jin Dynasty......................................................... 4 Second Wave: 10th Century, Fall of the Tang Dynasty ................................................................. 6 Third Wave: Late 12th & 13th Century, Fall Northern & Southern Song Dynasties ....................... 7 Fourth Wave: 2nd Half 17th Century, Ming-Qing Cataclysm .......................................................... 8 Fifth Wave: 19th – Early 20th Century ............................................................................................. 9 Case Study: Hakka Migration to Jamaica ............................................................................ 11 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 Context for Early Migration: The Coolie Trade...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Two Centuries of International Migration
    IZA DP No. 7866 Two Centuries of International Migration Joseph P. Ferrie Timothy J. Hatton December 2013 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Two Centuries of International Migration Joseph P. Ferrie Northwestern University Timothy J. Hatton University of Essex, Australian National University and IZA Discussion Paper No. 7866 December 2013 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Migration and Regionalization, 1840-1940
    UC Santa Cruz Mapping Global Inequalities Title Global Migration and Regionalization, 1840-1940 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t49t5zq Author McKeown, Adam Publication Date 2007-11-27 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California GLOBAL MIGRATION AND REGIONALIZATION, 1840-1940 Paper for conference on Mapping Global Inequalities Santa Cruz, California December 13-14, 2007 Adam McKeown Associate Professor of History Columbia University [email protected] The mass migrations of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a global phenomenon. From the North Atlantic to the South Pacific, hardly any corner of the earth was untouched by migration. These migrations similar in quantity and organization, and all linked through the processes of globalization: the peopling of frontiers, new transportation technologies, the production and processing of material for modern industry, the shipment and marketing of finished goods, and the production of food, shelter and clothing for people who worked in those industrial and distribution networks. It was a truly global process. Yet, the processes and cycles of migration grew increasingly integrated across the globe, the actual patterns and directions of migration grew more regionally segregated. These segregated regions experienced different patterns 2 of development and growth associated with migration. Moreover, this segregation helped to erase many of the non-Atlantic migrations from the historical memory, thus helping to obscure inequalities that were created as part of historical globalization by depicting certain parts of the world as having been outside of globalization. Most histories have recounted the age of mass migration as a transatlantic age. When migrations beyond the Atlantic are remembered at all, it is usually as a limited number of indentured laborers pressed into the service of Europeans.
    [Show full text]
  • (IOM) (2019) World Migration Report 2020
    WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This flagship World Migration Report has been produced in line with IOM’s Environment Policy and is available online only. Printed hard copies have not been made in order to reduce paper, printing and transportation impacts. The report is available for free download at www.iom.int/wmr. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 9111 Fax: +41 22 798 6150 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 e-ISBN 978-92-9068-789-4 Cover photos Top: Children from Taro island carry lighter items from IOM’s delivery of food aid funded by USAID, with transport support from the United Nations. © IOM 2013/Joe LOWRY Middle: Rice fields in Southern Bangladesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia
    15 mm front 153 mm 8 mm 13 mm 8 mm front 153 mm 15 mm 15 mm GLOBAL ASIA 6 GLOBAL ASIA Pietsch & Clark (eds) Publications Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia: A Comparative Perspective brings together a group of scholars from a wide range of disciplines to address crucial questions of migration flows and integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Comparative analysis of the three regions and their differing approaches and outcomes yields important insights for each region, as well as provokes new questions and suggests future avenues of study. Juliet Pietsch is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University. Southeast Asia, and Australia Migration and Integration in Europe, Marshall Clark is a Senior Lecturer at the Research School of Humanities and the Arts of the Australian National University in Canberra. Edited by Juliet Pietsch and Marshall Clark Migration and Integration 240 mm in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia A Comparative Perspective ISBN: 978-90-8964-538-8 AUP.nl 9 7 8 9 0 8 9 6 4 5 3 8 8 15 mm Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia Publications The International Institute for Asian Studies is a research and exchange platform based in Leiden, the Netherlands. Its objective is to encourage the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia and to promote (inter)national cooperation. IIAS focuses on the humanities and social sciences and on their interaction with other sciences. It stimulates scholarship on Asia and is instrumental in forging research networks among Asia Scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • VA Foundation for the Humanities | Gold Rush MASTER
    VA Foundation for the Humanities | Gold Rush MASTER NATHAN: Major funding for BackStory is provided by an anonymous donor, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the University of Virginia, the Joseph and Robert Cornell Memorial Foundation, and the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations. JOANNE: From the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, this is BackStory. ED: Welcome to BackStory, the show that explains the history behind today's headlines. I'm Ed Ayers. JOANNE: I'm Joanne Freeman. NATHAN: And I'm Nathan Connolly. JOANNE: If you're new to the podcast, we're all historians and each week we explore the history of one topic that's been in the news. NATHAN: And we're going to start off today in Coloma, California a little town up in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. 170 years ago this month, a man named James Marshall was working outside a sawmill. He saw something about the size of a pat of butter glinting under the water flowing from the mill. He called to a man named James Brown, who was working on the mill. MALE SPEAKER: Mr. Marshall called me to him. I went and found him examining the bedrock. He said, "this is a curious rock, I'm afraid that it will give us some trouble." Said I to him, "What makes you think so?" He said he had seen the blossom of gold. JAMES That sun-struck speck of gold would spark the biggest mass migration of humanity by sea DELGADO: since the Crusades. ED: That's maritime archaeologist James Delgado, and that mass migration he's talking about, that's, of course, the California Gold Rush.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Circuits of Empire: The
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CIRCUITS OF EMPIRE: THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AND THE MAKING OF AMERICA’S PACIFIC A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY MINYONG LEE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2018 To My Loving Parents, Lee Jae Eun and Yim You Kyoung TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1. Colonizing the Pacific: Indigenous Labor and the Settler Colonial Societies in California and Hawaii After 1848 .................................................................................................................................... 27 1.1. California before 1848: Indians, Kanakas, and Settlers .................................................................. 31 1.2. Anglo-American Settler Colonialism and the Freedom to Move in California........................... 38 1.3. The California Gold
    [Show full text]
  • ALBANIAN MIGRATION and DEVELOPMENT: STATE of the ART REVIEW Julie Vullnetari
    IMISCOE Working Paper ALBANIAN MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT: STATE OF THE ART REVIEW Julie Vullnetari Working Paper No. 18 September 2007 3 IMISCOE Working Paper Table of Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1. Albania – some background notes 6 2. Early Albanian migration until 1945 8 2.1 Forced migrations and displacements 9 2.2 Labour emigration 10 2.3 Destination countries and figures 14 2.4 Impact on communities of origin 18 2.5 Internal movements 20 3. Migration during 1945-1990 23 3.1 Internal movements 23 3.2 Emigration as an act of treason 28 4. Post-communist emigration: ‘Hello Europe! I hope to find 30 you well’ 4.1 Chronology of Albanian migration 31 1990: the ‘embassy migrants’ and others 31 1991: the boat exodus to Italy and the parallel mass migration to Greece 32 1993-96: migration stabilises as the economy grows 33 1997: mass emigration following the ‘pyramid crisis’ 33 1999: emigration following the Kosovo crisis 34 2000-07: relative stability and consolidation of emigrant communities abroad 34 4.2 Figures 35 Albanian sources 35 Greece 37 Italy 37 UK 38 USA 39 4.3 Characterisation of Albanian emigration 39 4.4 Continuing evolution and diversification 43 4.5 Migration of minority groups in Albania 44 4.6 How does Albanian migration fit into migration theories? 47 Push and pull factors derived from ‘neoclassical migration’ theory 47 Social networks, family and the ‘new economics of migration’ 47 Transnationalism and fluid identities 48 4.7 Reception and integration in the host societies 48 Integration in Greece 49 Integration in Italy 53 Integration in the UK 56 Integration in the USA 57 Albanian migration and development: state of the art review 4 5 Trends and patterns of internal migration 50 5.1 Figures 60 5.2 Typologies of internal movement 62 Inter-regional 62 Intra-regional 64 Inter-prefecture 65 Inter-district 65 Rural-urban 65 Urban-urban 67 Rural-rural 67 5.3 Characteristics of internal migrants 68 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Intra-Caribbean Migration and the Conflict Nexus
    Content.qxd 8/31/2006 7:37 AM Page i Intra-Caribbean Migration and the Conflict Nexus Migraciones Intra-Caribeñas y Conflictos Migrations Intra-Caribéennes et Conflits Edited by: Taryn Lesser Berta Fernández-Alfaro Lancelot Cowie Nina Bruni Content.qxd 8/31/2006 7:37 AM Page ii Intra-Caribbean Migration and the Conflict Nexus / Migraciones Intra-Caribeñas y Conflicto / Migrations Intra-Caribéennes et Conflits published in 2006 by Human Rights Internet, Ottawa, Canada, in collaboration with the International Organization for Migration, the Association of Caribbean States, and The University of the West Indies, Center for Latin America and the Caribbean. COPYRIGHT ©2006 by Human Right Internet Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 09 08 07 06 For more information contact Human Right Internet, One Nicholas Street, Suite 301 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 7B7, CANADA, telephone: 1-613-789-7407, fax: 1-613-789-7414, or find us on the Internet at http://www.hri.ca/ For comments or to request a copy of this publication, please contact Human Rights Internet or email: [email protected]. Printed in 2006 by Tri-Graphic Printing Ltd, Ottawa, Canada. Visit: http://www.tri-graphic.com/ ISBN 1-894253-62-0 While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the facts and data contained in this publication, no responsibility can be accepted by the publisher for errors and omissions or their consequences. The opinions expressed in each article are those of the authors alone, and may not represent the opinions of the institutions with which they are affiliated or the opinions of the publication's principal collaborators.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Global Migration and Its Implications for the United States
    Growing Global Migration and Its Implications for the United States NIE 2001-02D March 2001 NIE 2001-02D Growing Global Migration and Its Implications for the United States This Estimate was approved for publication by the National Foreign Intelligence Board under the authority of the Director of Central Intelligence. March 2001 Preface Growing Global Migration and Its Implications for the United States I am pleased to share with you this unclassified version of a new National Intelligence Estimate on the growing global movement of people and its implications for the United States. It is a follow-on study to our special publication, Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future With Non- government Experts, published in December 2000.1 Global Trends 2015 examined the broad features of the changing security environment and identified key global drivers and their likely impact over the next 15 years—including demography and natural resources, technology, global- ization and governance, likely conflicts and prospects for cooperation, and the role of the United States. It is intended to help senior US leaders rec- ognize and deal with longer term problems and uncertainties—and to inform the broader debate on these important issues. Migration will move higher on the policy agendas of many countries— including the United States—as new waves of legal and illegal migrants, asylum-seekers, and refugees flee poverty, conflict, and persecution in their native lands. The latest US census underscored this trend in the United States, and it is undoubtedly taking place elsewhere, as well. Rising migration will provide challenges and opportunities to both sending and receiving countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: Asia This Quarterly Mixed Migration Update (QMMU) Covers Southern and Southeast Asia
    MMC Asia QUARTER 2 2021 Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: Asia This Quarterly Mixed Migration Update (QMMU) covers Southern and Southeast Asia. Depending on the quarterly trends and migration-related updates, more attention may be given to any of the countries over the rest. The QMMUs offer a quarterly update on new trends and dynamics related to mixed migration and relevant policy developments in the region. These updates are based on a compilation of a wide range of secondary (data) sources, brought together within a regional framework and applying a mixed migration analytical lens. Similar QMMUs are available for all MMC regions. The Mixed Migration Centre is a global network consisting of six regional hubs and a central unit in Geneva engaged in data collection, research, analysis and policy development on mixed migration. For more information on the MMC, the QMMUs from other regions and contact details of regional MMC teams, visit mixedmigration.org and follow us at @Mixed_Migration MMC’s understanding of mixed migration “Mixed migration” refers to cross-border movements of people, including refugees fleeing persecution and conflict, victims of trafficking, and people seeking better lives and opportunities. Motivated to move by a multiplicity of factors, people in mixed flows have a range of legal statuses as well as a variety of vulnerabilities. Although entitled to protection under international human rights law, they are exposed to multiple rights violations along their journey. Those in mixed migration flows travel along similar routes, using similar means of travel - often travelling irregularly, and wholly, or partially, assisted by migrant smugglers. Front cover photo credit: Haroon Honari (2018) SUPPORTED BY: Quarterly Mixed Migration Update Q2 2021: Asia Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: Asia Quarter 2 - 2021 Key Updates • COVID-19 restrictions cast continued uncertainty over labor migration from South Asian countries: As the deadly surge of COVID-19 caused by the Delta variant sweeps across South Asia, labor migration grinds to a halt.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Centuries of Mass Migration Offers Insights Into the Future of Global
    Global Migration orld migration has demographic transition as modern develop- Two centuries been going on for centuries, ment unfolds: improved nutrition and health and free mass migration—of conditions cause child mortality rates to fall, of mass those not coerced, like slaves thereby raising the share of surviving children migration Wand indentured servants—has been going in the population. After a couple of decades, on for the past two. The reasons people move this glut of children becomes a glut of young offers insights are no big mystery: they do it today, as they adults, exactly those who are most responsive into the future did two centuries ago, to improve their lives. to emigration incentives. What has changed is who is migrating and These demographic events were impor- of global where they come from. tant in pushing poor Europeans overseas in movements Both the demand for long-distance moves swelling numbers in the late 19th century from poor to rich countries and the ability of and even more important in pushing poor of people the potential migrants to finance those moves third-world workers to the first world in the have soared over the past two centuries. As late 20th century. At the other end of this the gap in living standards between the third demographic transition are the rich indus- Jeffrey G. world and the first world widened in the 20th trial countries, where population aging con- Williamson century, the incentive to move increased. At tributes to a scarcity of working adults and the same time, improved educational lev- thus to a first-world immigration pull that els and living standards in poor parts of the reinforces the third-world emigration push.
    [Show full text]