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Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia 15 mm front 153 mm 8 mm 13 mm 8 mm front 153 mm 15 mm 15 mm GLOBAL ASIA 6 GLOBAL ASIA Pietsch & Clark (eds) Publications Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia: A Comparative Perspective brings together a group of scholars from a wide range of disciplines to address crucial questions of migration flows and integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Comparative analysis of the three regions and their differing approaches and outcomes yields important insights for each region, as well as provokes new questions and suggests future avenues of study. Juliet Pietsch is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University. Southeast Asia, and Australia Migration and Integration in Europe, Marshall Clark is a Senior Lecturer at the Research School of Humanities and the Arts of the Australian National University in Canberra. Edited by Juliet Pietsch and Marshall Clark Migration and Integration 240 mm in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia A Comparative Perspective ISBN: 978-90-8964-538-8 AUP.nl 9 7 8 9 0 8 9 6 4 5 3 8 8 15 mm Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia Publications The International Institute for Asian Studies is a research and exchange platform based in Leiden, the Netherlands. Its objective is to encourage the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia and to promote (inter)national cooperation. IIAS focuses on the humanities and social sciences and on their interaction with other sciences. It stimulates scholarship on Asia and is instrumental in forging research networks among Asia Scholars. Its main research interest are reflected in the three book series published with Amsterdam University Press: Global Asia, Asian Heritages and Asian Cities. IIAS acts as an international mediator, bringing together various parties in Asia and other parts of the world. The Institute works as a clearinghouse of knowledge and information. This entails activities such as providing information services, the construction and support of international networks and cooperative projects, and the organisation of seminars and conferences. In this way, IIAS functions as a window on Europe for non-European scholars and contributes to the cultural rapprochement between Europe and Asia. IIAS Publications Officer: Paul van der Velde IIAS Assistant Publications Officer: Mary Lynn van Dijk Global Asia Asia has a long history of transnational linkage with other parts of the world. Yet the contribution of Asian knowledge, values, and practices in the making of the modern world has largely been overlooked until recent years. The rise of Asia is often viewed as a challenge to the existing world order. Such a bifurcated view overlooks the fact that the global order has been shaped by Asian experiences as much as the global formation has shaped Asia. The Global Asia Series takes this understanding as the point of departure. It addresses contemporary issues related to transnational interactions within the Asian region, as well as Asia’s projection into the world through the movement of goods, people, ideas, knowledge, ideologies, and so forth. The series aims to publish timely and well-researched books that will have the cumulative effect of developing new perspectives and theories about global Asia. Series Editor: Tak-Wing Ngo, Professor of Political Science, University of Macau, China Editorial Board: Kevin Hewison, Sir Walter Murdoch Distinguished Professor of Politics and International Studies, Murdoch University, Australia / Hagen Koo, Professor of Sociology, University of Hawaii, USA / Loraine Kennedy, Directrice de recherche, Centre d’Études de l’Inde et de l’Asie du Sud, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, France / Guobin Yang, Associate Professor, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, USA Migration and Integration in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Australia A Comparative Perspective Edited by Juliet Pietsch and Marshall Clark Amsterdam University Press Publications Global Asia 6 Cover illustration: © Nanang Indra Kurniawan Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Typesetting: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 538 8 e-isbn 978 90 4852 817 2 (pdf) nur 741 | 763 © Juliet Pietsch and Marshall Clark / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Contents Contents 5 List of tables and figures 7 Acknowledgements 9 1 Introduction 11 The comparative study of migration flows Juliet Pietsch 2 Shifting migration flows and integration policies in Europe 25 An overview Paweł Kaczmarczyk, Magdalena Lesińska & Marek Okólski 3 Public opinion towards new migration flows in Europe and the increasing role of the EU 45 Juliet Pietsch 4 Shifting dilemmas 57 Multiculturalism and integration policies in Europe James Jupp 5 Malaysia 75 Labour migration, irregular movements and regional policies Amarjit Kaur 6 Labour migration flows and regional integration in Southeast Asia 99 Marshall Clark 7 Transiting asylum seekers in Indonesia 115 Between human rights protection and criminalisation Antje Missbach 8 Abrogating human rights responsibilities 137 Australia’s asylum-seeker policy at home and abroad Linda Briskman & Victoria Mason 9 Courting disaster? 161 Regional agreements for ‘protection elsewhere’ and the courts Penelope Mathew 10 Maritime pathways 187 Temporary migration flows from Indonesia to Australia Marshall Clark & Dedi Supriadi Adhuri Bibliography 203 Contributors 227 List of tables and figures Tables Table 3.1 Public support for EU institutions, 2009 51 Table 3.2 Public perception of the most important problems facing the Netherlands, 2009 54 Table 4.1 Foreign born and Muslim population of 21 selected democracies 60 Table 4.2 Support for anti-immigration parties in Europe and Australasia 70 Table 5.1 Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines: main economic indicators 2010 82 Table 5.2 Proportion of migrant workers in Malaysia’s main economic sectors 89 Table 5.3 Countries of origin of foreign workers approved for recruitment to Malaysia, 2008 89 Table 8.1 Asylum applications in Australia from Iraqis and Afghans 151 Figures Figure 3.1 Perceptions of respondents in EU countries of the impact of EU migration policies on their countries, 2009 52 Figure 3.2 Public support for decrease in immigration levels in EU countries, 2009 53 Figure 5.1 Malaysia: Foreign workers by country of origin (per cent), 1999-2008 91 Figure 10.1 The MoU Box 199 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the Australian National University’s College of Arts and Social Sciences for funding this project during the period 2010-2013. We are grateful for the support of Professor Jacqueline Lo and the ANU Centre for European Studies, which hosted several international workshops on global and regional migration flows. We thank Professor Timothy Hatton and Professor Ellen Percy Kraly for reading several chapters and provid- ing advice on various aspects of international migration and population movements, specifically within the European context. We acknowledge the helpful input of Richard Towle of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at an early stage in this project. We also acknowledge the contributors to this book, all of whom demonstrated unwavering support, which is unusual for long-term enterprises such as this. We much appreciate Martina van den Haak, Mary Lynn van Dijk and especially Paul van der Velde from the International Institute for Asian Studies for their ongoing support, guidance and encouragement in preparing this manuscript for publication. A warm thanks to Rachel Salmond for her final editing of our manuscript. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the anonymous reviewers at the Amsterdam University Press for their critical comments and valuable suggestions, all of which have much improved this project. 1 Introduction The comparative study of migration flows Juliet Pietsch Scholars and other commentators working within the field of comparative migration studies have long been evaluating the many national and regional trends of regular and irregular migration. Comparative studies of migration in the East and in the West, however, have been less prominent. Within a comparative East-West framework, this volume takes a multidisciplinary approach to the key issues relating to migration, in particular new migration trends, regional integration and citizenship, regional labour standards, irregular migration and human rights protections for refugees, with a particular focus on Europe, Southeast Asia and Australia. Why examine new migration flows at this particular moment in time? With increasing integration of trade, peoples and cultures both within and across regions, the acceptance and integration of new migrants and refugees are now pressing issues in Europe, Southeast Asia and Australia, where a number of national and regional frameworks on immigration have been implemented. The movement of refugees and asylum seekers, in particular, has become a heavily politicised issue as Western countries not only tighten their borders
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