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The Increasing Intolerance Towards Religious Minorities in Indonesia: Have the Existing Laws Been Protecting Or Marginalising Them?

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The Increasing Intolerance Towards Religious Minorities in Indonesia: Have the Existing Laws Been Protecting Or Marginalising Them? The Increasing Intolerance towards Religious Minorities in Indonesia: Have the existing laws been protecting or marginalising them? Master’s Thesis LLM International and European Law Tilburg Law School Namira Puspandari ANR 734291 Thesis supervisor: Mrs. Dr. A.K. Meijknecht Tilburg 2015 Abbreviations CCI Communion of Churches in Indonesia (Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia) ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EIDHR European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights EU European Union FPI Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front) GKI Gereja Kristen Indonesia (Indonesian Christian Church) ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICRP Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace JAI Jemaah Ahmadiyah Indonesia (Members of Indonesian Ahmadiyah Congregation) KUHP Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Indonesian Criminal Code) LSI Lembaga Survey Indonesia (Indonesian Survey Foundation) MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulama Council) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PCA The EU – Indonesia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations 1 Table of Content Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………....... 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………………............ 3 1.1 Background ………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.2 Purpose and Research Goal …………………………………………………. 4 1.3 Methodology ………………………………………………………………… 5 Chapter 2: Persons Belonging to Religious Minorities ……………………....……………………... 6 2.1 Definition of Persons Belonging to Religious Minorities …………………… 6 2.2 Religious Minorities in Indonesia ………………………...……….…....….. 11 Chapter 3: State Responsibilities to Promote the Right to Religious Freedom ……………………. 20 3.1 The Promotion of the Right to Religious Freedom in Indonesia …………... 23 Chapter 4: State Failure to Protect Religious Minorities within its Territory ……………………... 29 4.1. Religious Intolerance ……………………...……………………...……….. 29 4.2 The Ambiguous Legal System …………………………………………....... 30 4.2.1 Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution ……………………...………….. 30 4.2.2 The Presidential Decree No. 1/PNPS/1965 (the Blasphemy Law) …... 33 4.2.3 The Joint Ministerial Decrees on Regulating Houses of Worship …… 40 4.2.4 The 2008 Joint Ministerial Decree and Regional Regulations that Banning the Ahmadiyah ……………...…………………...………..... 45 1. The 2008 Joint Ministerial Decree …………………………………. 45 2. Other Regional Regulations ………………………………………... 47 Chapter 5: Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………... 51 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………...… 54 2 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background As an immense archipelagic country, Indonesia is well known for its religious diversity and tolerance. However, it cannot be ignored that over the last years a worrying trend of religious intolerance and violence made its presence felt in the country. The victims of this growing intolerance are religious minorities in Indonesia, like the Ahmadis, Shias, Christians and Baha’is. Cases vary across Indonesia, ranging from discrimination based on religious affiliation having to be listed on ID cards, or difficulties with attaining permits to build houses of worship, to a brutal assault on a non-Sunni Muslim minority groups. The right to religious freedom itself has been part of the constitution since Indonesia’s independence in 1945. Subsequently, this right is enshrined in Article 28 E and 29(2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia1 (the 1945 Constitution). To strengthen this right, in 2005 Indonesia ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which under Article 18 acknowledges the right to freedom of religion and under Article 27 specifically expresses the importance of the freedom of religion in regard to religious minorities. Nonetheless, given the factual situation in Indonesia lately, this right has been under threat. The heart of the problem lies within the legal system in Indonesia itself, where many regulations contravene each other. The situation is made even much more dangerous through the existence of religious militant groups, the establishment of religious institutions that facilitate discriminations and the actions of the Indonesian government, which often took erroneous approaches to address this issue and in the end further contributed to making these religious minorities more vulnerable amid the majority group. Basically, violations on the rights of religious minorities do not merely happen in Indonesia. Many nations are still unable to adequately protect their religious minorities. Therefore, this issue has gained international concern, even in General Comment 22, the 1 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 2 Y. Dinstein (ed.) and M. Tabory (Associate ed.), ‘The Protection of Minorities and Human Rights’, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992, p. 145 3 independent experts of the United Nations Human Rights Committee have expressed its concern regarding the growing discrimination towards minority religions or belief, which religious minorities may be the subject of such hostility. And this thesis will focus on the condition of the right to freedom of religion in Indonesia regarding its religious minorities. 1.2 Purpose and Research Goal One of the aims of this thesis is to enlighten people to understand the core problem of growing intolerance towards religious minorities and also to stress out the State’s responsibility to ensure that every individual in its territory has the same right to freedom of religion. Moreover, this thesis is expected to contribute the best possible remedy, for the Government and religious minorities themselves, through the suitable legal provisions. I will also try to come up with a possible solution for the pitfall that the legal system in Indonesia does not adequately protect its religious minorities to profess and practice their religions, while in fact Indonesia is a state party to ICCPR and thus would be obliged to guarantee such rights. The above-mentioned goals lead to the following research question: To what extent are the current legal measures able to counter the increasing intolerance of religious freedom in Indonesia? In order to answer this question, I will use the following sub-questions: 1. What are the characteristics of persons belonging to religious minorities? 2. How is the current situation of religious minorities in Indonesia? 3. What are the State’s responsibilities in regard to the promotion of the right to religious freedom as a country that is bound by international law? 4. Why does State fail to protect religious minorities within its territory? 5. How can the Constitution and regulations in Indonesia be able to adequately promote religious freedom and the protection of religious minorities? 4 1.3 Methodology In order to obtain an answer to the research question mentioned above, thus the following issues will be discussed: In chapter two, I will start with the definitions of persons belonging to religious minorities and provide a discussion of the international documents, which regulate the right to freedom of religion. Moreover, I will also describe the situation of religious minorities in Indonesia, the problems that they have as a minority and whether the Government take any measures to maintain religious diversity in its territory. In chapter three, I will describe the State’s responsibility to uphold the right to freedom of religion in regard to the fact that Indonesia is a party to several international covenants. Moreover, I will also analyse the parts of Indonesia’s constitution, which aim at promoting religious freedom. In the fourth chapter, I will analyse whether current local regulations are able to fairly protect every individuals to profess and practice their religions. To come up with an answer, several cases will be discussed in this thesis, which are Tajul Muluk case and Sampang case, judicial review of regional regulations that ban the activities of Ahmadiyah, and government regulation on places of worship. Finally, chapter five will contain my conclusions. 5 Chapter 2 Persons Belonging to Religious Minorities 2.1 Definition of Persons Belonging to Religious Minorities Freedom of religion is one of the primary human rights and fundamental freedoms2, which is preserved in Article 18 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), in Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and also in Article 27 of the ICCPR in regard to the minorities’ rights. Moreover, Article 2(2) and Article 13(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) likewise recognises rights of individuals regardless their religious views, and then Article 13(3) also guarantees the right of parents and guardian to choose the education for their children, which includes religious and moral education. The freedom of religion is considered as a non-derogable right 3 in international human rights law, although none of international human rights treaties specifically devote to freedom of religion, nor freedom of thought and conscience.4 Freedom of religion is an individual right, yet simultaneously it also has a collective right characteristic. Although freedom of religion is granted to every individual, the case is that those who depend on its protection the most are mainly members of religious minorities.5 In regard to the religious affiliation of the global population, 32 per cent are Christian, 23 per cent Muslim, 15 per cent Hindu, around 7 per
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