Local Air Quality Management

LOCAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2006

April 2006 Local Air Quality Management

Updating and Screening Assessment

April 2006

Prepared by: Dacorum Borough Council Author: Alison J King

Environmental Health Division Civic Centre Marl owes Hemel Hempstead Herts HP1 1HH CONTENTS

PAGE

Executive Summary 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 Background 1.2 Legislative Background 1.3 Scope of the USA 1.4 Dacorum Borough Information 1.5 Findings from Previous Assessment 1.6 Overall findings from this Assessment 1.7 Reporting of USA 1.8 Data Sources

Chapter 2 Source Information 7

2.1 Part A Processes 2.2 Part B Processes 2.3 Petrol Stations 2.4 Major Fuel Storage Depots 2.5 Areas of domestic coal burning 2.6 Shipping 2.7 Airports 2.8 Railways 2.9 Narrow and Congested Streets 2.10 Other sources

Chapter 3 Monitoring Data 10

3.1 Data Sources

Chapter 4 Carbon Monoxide 11

4.1 Monitoring Data 4.2 Very busy roads or junctions

Chapter 5 Lead 13

5.1 Monitoring Data 5.2 New Industrial Resources 5.3 Industrial Sources with Substantially Increased Emissions Chapter 6 Benzene 15

6.1 Monitoring Data 6.2 Very Busy Roads or Junctions 6.3 Industrial Sources 6.4 Petrol Stations 6.5 Major Oil Depots

Chapter 7 1, 3 - Butadiene 17

7.1 Monitoring Data 7.2 New Industrial Sources 7.3 Existing Industrial Sources with significantly Increased Emissions

Chapter 8 Nitrogen Dioxide 19

8.1 Monitoring Data 8.2 Narrow congested Streets 8.3 Junctions 8.4 Busy Roads 8.5 Roads with high flow of buses and/or HGV's 8.6 New roads constructed or proposed 8.7 Roads close to objective during last round Of review and assessment 8.8 Roads with significantly changed traffic flow 8.9 Bus Stations 8.10 New Industrial Sources 8.11 Existing Industrial Sources with significantly Increased Emissions 8.12 Airports

Chapter 9 Sulphur Dioxide 24

9.1 Monitoring data 9.2 New Industrial Sources 9.3 Existing Industrial Sources with substantially increased Emissions 9.4 Areas of domestic coal burning 9.5 Small boilers 9.6 Shipping 9.7 Railway Locomotives Chapter 10 PM 10 Particulates 27

10.1 Monitoring data 10.2 Busy Roads or Junctions 10.3 Roads with high flows of buses and/or HGV's 10.4 New Roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment 10.5 Roads close to objective during last round Of review and assessment 10.6 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows 10.7 New Industrial Sources 10.8 Industrial Sources with substantially increased emissions 10.9 Areas with Domestic Solid Fuel Burning 10.10 Quarries/Landfill sites 10.11 Airport

Chapter 11 Buncefield Oil Depot Report 31

Appendices

A Petrol Stations in Dacorum Borough 33

B Part A and Part B Processes 35

c Hertfordshire County Council Traffic Data 37

D Harwell Scientifics Diffusion Tube Data 38

E Laboratory Analysis Report for Buncefield Depot 39

F Benzene Diffusion Tube Results St Albans District Council 40

Glossary t>r c. Ui

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 requires each local authority to review and assess air quality within its geographical area. Predicted concentrations for seven key pollutants; carbon monoxide, lead, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and PM10 particles must be compared against the standards and objectives specified in the Air Quality Regulations 2000 (as amended).

The review and assessment for each pollutant has been carried out in accordance with the methodology laid out in Technical Guidance Local Air Quality Management. (LAQM) TG (03).

Although national data shows a decline in air pollution levels in recent years, there is still a concern about potential hot spots mainly related to road transport emissions and certain industrial processes. In the Dacorum Borough and generally across Hertfordshire, industrial sources only represent a small percentage of total emissions for most air pollutants.

This Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) provides an update with respect to air quality issues within Dacorum Borough Council since the 2"d round of review and assessment. This report is the 3rd round of review and assessment.

Table 1 Results of Update and Screening Assessment for Each Pollutant.

Pollutant See Section Detailed Assessment Required? Carbon Monoxide 4 No Lead 5 No Benzene 6 No 1,3 Butadiene 7 No Nitrogen Dioxide 8 No Sulphur Dioxide 9 No

PM10 Particles 10 No I I' I i111 ·llh'llf I) I( 11lllll l~(lll•'l •Ii ( llllll ii

The overall findings of the Update and Screening Assessment process within Dacorum Borough is that there are no exceedences of the specified pollutants and that there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.

At present monitoring is only undertaken by the use of single tubes. A single tube in a location does not give us sufficient true data to establish the true quality of air in each location; therefore diffusion tubes will be co-located in areas of potential concern to give more balanced data. An Automatic Roadside Monitor has also been purchased and will be used within the Borough.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

This updating review and screening assessment of local air quality was carried out by Dacorum Borough Council as part of the next phase of the continuing local air quality management process, as prescribed in Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 and subsequent Regulations. The purpose of this review and assessment of air quality is to enable local authorities to appraise current and future air quality for their geographical area, against the current Air Quality Regulations 2000 and Air Quality (Amendment) Regulations 2002 that are reported in Table 2.

Table 2 Air Quality Objectives from the Air Quality Regulations 2000 (As amended)

Pollutant Objective To be achieved by the encl of year Carbon Monoxide I Omg/mj ru nning 8 hour mean 2003 Lead 0.5 µg/m3 annual mean concentration 2004

0.25 11g/m3 annual mean concentration 2008 Benzene 16.25 µg/mj annual mean concentration 2003

5 ~1 g/m3 annual mean concent ration 2010 1,3-Butadiene 2.25 11g/mj annual mean concentration 2003 Nitrogen Dioxicle1 200 11g/m3 one hour mean max imum of 2005 35 exceedences per year

40 ug/1113 annual mean 2005 Sulphur Dioxide 266 11glmj - 15 mi nute mean maximum of35 exceedences per year 2005

350 11g/m3 one hour mean max imum of 24 exceedences per year 2004

125 11g/m3 24 hour mean maximum of 2004 3 exceedences per year 3 PM10 Particles 50 11g/m fi xed 24 hour mean, maximum of35 exceedences per year. 2004

40 11g/m3 annual mean 2004

1 The obj ectives fo r nitrogen dioxide are provisional

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1.2 Legislative Background

Part IV of the Environment Act 1990 places a statutory duty on local authorities to periodically review and assess the air quality within their area. This involves consideration of present and likely future air quality against air quality standards and objectives. Guidelines for the review and Assessment of local air quality were published in the 1997 National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS)2 and associated guidance and technical guidance. In 2000, the Government reviewed the NAQS and set down a revised Air Quality 3 Strategy (AQS) for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern lreland . This set down a revised framework for air quality standards and objectives for seven pollutants, which were subsequently set in Regulation 2000 through the Air 4 5 Quality regulations 2000 . These were subsequently amended in 2002 . In February 2003 the Government published its Addendum to the AQS which proposed new objectives for PM 10 in 2010 whilst also setting down new objectives for benzene and carbon monoxide.

New Policy Guidance (LAQM.TG (05))6 has replaced the (LAQM.TG (03)) which was issued on behalf of DEFRA in January 2006. The guidance sets the framework for the requirements of review and assessment for future years, taking account of experiences from previous review and assessments.

1.3 Scope of the Updating and Screening Assessment (USA)

The USA should be used to identify those matters that have changed since the previous rounds of review and assessment and to identify those sources that may lead to an air quality objective being exceeded. A series of checklist pollutants and different screening tools for industrial and road traffic sources are used in order to determine those remaining sources that may have significant contributions to potential exceedences of the air quality objectives.

The USA should, if possible, determine what has changed since the last round of review and assessment. It is important to note that previous assessments, information such as road traffic data may only have been collated for those roads considered to be important at the time of the previous assessments and in

2 DoE ( 1997) The United Kingdom National Ai r Quality Strategy. The Stationery Office 3 DETR (2000) The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland - Working together for Clean Air, The Stationery Offi ce. 4 DETR (2000) The Air Quality Regulations 2000, The Stationery Offi ce 5 Defra (2002) The Air Quali ty Strategy fo r England, Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland: Addendum , The Stationary Office 6 Defra (2006) Po licy Guidance LAQM.TG(05), Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 , Local Air Quali ty Management, The Stationery Offi ce

4 I I l 11111:· .Ill I 1( I l l'lllll" \. ~:'illll'lll f) ,, ll ll l H1 I ll II i I relation to risk of exceedences of objectives set at the time. The focus was on motorways and roads with greater than 20,000 vehicles per day. However the new guidance indicates that in some cases, where there is relevant exposure, roads with approximately 10,000 vehicles per day may lead to exceedences of the objectives, particularly N02 and PM 10. Therefore the author is taking the opportunity to collate a new set of baseline information for the major sources of air pollution within the authorities boundary. This includes all Part A and Part B processes and reviewing traffic data available for locations within the authorities boundary. This will include all new substantially changed sources.

Where a risk of exceeding an air quality objective at relevant exposure locations has been identified through the USA, a Detailed Assessment is required (due to be reported by April 2007). The Detailed Assessment should identify, with reasonable certainty, whether or not an exceedence is likely to occur.

The following sections of this report give an updating and screening assessment for each of the seven pollutants. Each section begins with a description of the air quality objective(s) for the particular pollutant and describes the main pollutant sources and the overall trend in concentrations. There is a review and assessment of the specific pollutant according to the specific criteria laid down in the technical guidance issued by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) LAQM.TG (03))

1.4 Dacorum Borough Information

Dacorum Borough is situated on the western edge of Hertfordshire, it has a population of circa 140,000. It has major rail and road communication links with a mainline railway line running through the centre of the Borough. The major roads within the Borough are the M1 which crosses into the area on the eastern side, the M25 on the southern outskirts of the Borough boundary and the A41 which by-passes the main towns of Herne! Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring.

The Borough is a mixture of urban and rural areas with the majority of the population concentrating in Herne! Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring.

A list of the prescribed processes currently operating in the Borough are shown in Appendix B together with any emissions that may be of concern. No new process that could give rise to any of the pollutants have commenced operation since the previous reviews and assessment.

Due to the explosion at the Buncefield Oil Depot (See Chapter 11 ), There are now less industrial sources working within the area of Herne! Hempstead Industrial Estate since the last round of review and assessment.

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1.5 Findings from Previous Assessments

Previous assessments undertaken have not revealed any relevant exceedences of the National Objective or the need to continue to a detailed assessment.

There are no Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA's) declared in the Borough of Dacorum.

1.6 Overall Findings From this Assessment

The overall findings from this assessment are that there is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any of the specified pollutants. However some areas within the Borough have revealed an increase in Nitrogen Dioxide readings. Whilst these locations do not meet the criteria as specified in the Technical Guidance, further monitoring will be undertaken by co-locating diffusion tubes in these locations. The Council has also purchased an Automatic Roadside Monitor.

1. 7 Reporting of USA

The USA is reported in the following order so that the data used for sources can be clearly identified and the process of deciding and justifying the need for any further action is set out clearly.

1.8 Data Sources

Monitoring Data

Industrial Sources Part A Processes Part B Processes Major Fuel Storage depots Areas of domestic coal burning Railways Any other sources

Road Traffic Sources Main Roads Significant Junctions Narrow and congested streets Bus Stations Other roads

Airports Conclusions and Recommendations

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CHAPTER 2 SOURCE INFORMATION

The following sub sections explain the criteria for each of the sources as defined in the checklist.

2.1 Part A Processes

A number of different tools are available to help assess the significance of industrial processes depending on the amount of available information, which includes details on stack height, stack diameter and building height information, as well as background levels. The Technical Guidance lists those processes likely to give rise to significant emissions and an assessment should be made of such processes where there are new significant processes or emissions have substantially increased (>30%) or particular issues/complaints have arisen from a process.

There is only 1 Part A2 process within Dacorum Borough which is shown in Appendix B of this report.

The Environment Agency deals with Part A2 processes. These are shown in Appendix B of this report.

2.2 Part B Processes

The potential for each of the processes to emit pollutants that may lead to exceedences of the relevant air quality objectives have been assessed using the LAQM.TG (05) technical guidance. However knowledge based on experience of the types of processes, many of which are small-scale operations has also been drawn upon and whether there is any potential exposure in the vicinity. Part B processes within Dacorum Borough are shown in Appendix B of this report.

2.3 Petrol Stations

Petrol-engined vehicles, petrol refining and the distribution and uncontrolled emission from petrol station forecourts without vapour recovery systems are the main sources of benzene emission within the UK.

Since January 2000, EU legislation has reduced the maximum benzene content of petrol from 5% to 1% and the European Auto-Oil Program will further reduce emissions from vehicles and due to the storage and distribution of petrol in the future.

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Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(05) indicates that levels of benzene are significantly below the 2003 objective of 16.25 µg/m3 at all urban and roadside locations. The much tighter 2010 objective of 5 µg/m3 (for England and Wales) is also expected to be achieved at most urban locations, the main exception being at kerbside locations of very busy roads in central London.

Petrol stations are sources of emissions of benzene during the filling of the storage tanks (Stage 1 emissions) and when petrol is pumped into vehicles during refuelling (Stage 2 emissions).

Petrol stations may be significant if:

• They have a throughput of greater than 2000m3 per year and; • Are near a road with greater than 30,000 vehicles per day and; • There are residential properties within 10 metres.

The above criteria has been used to determine the significance of petrol stations within the Borough of Dacorum.

Details of the petrol stations (authorised for >1000m3 throughput of petrol) in the Borough of Dacorum are provided in Appendix A

Petrol stations require no assessment if they are below 1000m3 I year fuel capacity and therefore these have not been considered.

2.4 Major Fuel Storage Depots

Dacorum Borough Council has one major fuel storage depot within its boundary - The Buncefield Oil Depot. Due to the explosion that occurred on 11 th December 2005 the depot is no longer running as a storage depot, although some oil and fuel remains on site. Refer to Chapter 11 of this report for a summary of the explosion and the air quality monitoring undertaken.

2.5 Areas of Domestic Coal Burning

No significant areas of domestic coal burning have been identified within the Borough of Dacorum. The area of Hemel Hempstead is predominately a Smoke Control Zone with the majority of the Borough on mains gas.

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2.6 Shipping

There are no ports or local sources of shipping emissions within the Borough of Dacorum

2.7 Airports

There are no airports within the Borough of Dacorum; however Luton Airport in the county of Bedfordshire, is approximately 10 km from the Northern boundary of our Borough. No air quality monitoring is undertaken by Dacorum Council specifically relating to the airport.

2.8 Railways

The railway that runs through the Borough is the mainline rail network through to London Euston. There are no periods of idle coal fired locomotives or diesel trains to be an issue as the trains are electrically powered. There has been no change in train services or exposure since the 2003 USA.

2.9 Narrow and Congested Streets

Dacorum Borough does not have any roads that come under this specification.

2.10 Other sources

Quarries, landfill sites, open-cast coal mines, major construction works and areas where dusty cargos are handled may lead to significant emissions of dust, some of which will be emitted as PM 10. These sources are often termed 'fugitive' sources, as they often are emitted over areas (as opposed to defined stack emissions) and may also be intermittent (depending on activities), uncontrolled and/or affected by external conditions such as wind strength. Emissions from these sources are difficult to quantify and screening of these sources is based on an assessment of exposure, consideration of background concentrations and local knowledge.

There are no landfill sites, quarries, waste transfer stations or other sources of significance, as all are of small scale, within the Borough of Dacorum.

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CHAPTER 3 MONITORING DATA

3.1 Data Sources

The principal data sources for this phase of the Updating and Screening Assessment have been:

i) National network data contained in Technical Guidance LAQM. TG (03) & (05)

ii) Ratified local pollution monitoring data obtained from the Herts and Beds Air Pollution Network and its associated website http://www.hertsbedsair.org.uk/hertsbeds/asp/home.asp

iii) Traffic data provided by Hertfordshire County Council

Dacorum Borough Council is an active member of the Herts and Beds Air Pollution Network. The monitoring data obtained from the Herts and Beds Air Pollution Network is set out in tables located within the review and report for each specific pollutant. This data can be assessed via the website as listed above.

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CHAPTER4 CARBON MONOXIDE

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM .TG(03) was used, as shown in table 3. The table also shows the conclusions reach ed for each part of th e Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 3

Reference Source, location or See Section Proceed to No data that need to be detailed assessed assessment A Monitoring data 4.1 No B Very busy roads 4.2 No

Road transport is the main source of carbon monoxide in the UK. Annual emissions of this pollutant have been falling since the 1970's and this fall is 7 expected to continue . Over the period 1970-2003 emissions decreased by 78% reflecting significant reduction in emissions from road transport, domestic and 8 agricultural sectors .

While traffic levels have been increasing across the country in recent years, a number of technological improvements have been made to vehicles to improve engine efficiency and limit exhaust emissions.

Objective: 1Omg/m 3 expressed as a maximum daily running 8 -hour mean concentration.

4.1 Monitoring Data

The Government and the Devolved Administrations have adopted an 8- hour running mean concentration of 10 mg/m3 as the air quality standard. CO is monitored at a number of sites across th e UK as part of the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN). These levels remained within the 'low' band at all 9 monitoring sites during 2004 .

There is no monitoring of Carbon Monoxide (CO) undertaken within the Borough of Dacorum .

7 (LAQM.TG (03)) 8 http://www.nae i.org.uk/pollutantdetail.php 9 http ://www.defra.gov. uk/enviro nment/stati st ics/a irqu al/aqcarbond .ht m

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Monitoring data for Carbon Monoxide has been taken from the Herts and Beds Air Quality Network. The data is shown in table 4

Table 4

Number of excceclence Annual Maximum Daily Running 8-hour mean 3 Values (mg/m )

Location 2002 2003 2004 Luton 0 0 0 (Background) St Albans 0 0 0 (background)

The monitoring data above shows that there is no maximum daily concentration 3 greater than 10 mg/m .

4.2 Very Busy Roads or Junctions

Traffic data obtained from Hertfordshire County Council is shown in Appendix C. Unfortunately there is not enough traffic data available to allow the compilation of a definitive list of all junctions with a total traffic flow greater than 10,000 vehicles per day.

There are small areas of the M1 within the Borough of Dacorum, which are considered to be 'busy roads', however these sections of roads do not have the relevant exposure within 1Orn of a kerbside.

Conclusion

There is no need to move to a detailed assessment for carbon monoxide.

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CHAPTER 5 LEAD

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in table 5 below. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 5: Summary of the updating and Screening Assessment

Reference Source, location or See Proceed to No data that need to be Section detailed assessed assessment A Monitoring data 5.1 No outside an AQMA B New Industrial 5.2 No Sources c Industrial Sources with 5.3 No Increased emissions

Since the banning of sales of leaded petrol across Member States of the European Union on 151 January 2000 road traffic emissions are no longer considered as a significant source of lead in the air. Although results from previous assessments indicate that there is likely to be certain hot spot locations in the vicinity of industrial processes such as from the manufacturers of batteries. Other industrial resources include pigment for paints and glazing, in alloys and tank lining and piping.

Within Dacorum Borough lead concentrations are unlikely to be a problem in future years, as there are no major industrial sources of this type within the Borough.

5.1 Monitoring Data

There are no lead monitoring sites within the Herts and Beds Air Quality Monitoring Network. National monitoring sites annual average data for lead are generally below the 2004 & 2008 objectives.

5.2 New Industrial Sources

A list of the Prescribed Processes currently operating in the Borough is shown in Appendix B of this report. No new processes that could give rise to lead

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5.3 Industrial Sources with Substantially Increased Emissions

There has been no increase in industrial sources within the Borough that could give rise to increased lead concentration.

Conclusion

There is no need to proceed to a detailed assessment for Lead within the Borough.

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CHAPTER 6 BENZENE

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in Table 6 below. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 6: Summary of the Updating and checklist approach for Benzene

Reference Source, location See Section Proceed to No or data that need detailed to be assessed assessment A Monitoring data 6.1 No B Very busy roads 6.2 No or junctions in built up areas c Industrial Sources 6.3 No D Petrol Stations 6.4 No E Major Fuel 6.5 No storaQe depots

Benzene is found in petrol and the main sources of emissions in the UK are therefore petrol engined vehicles, petrol refining and the distribution and uncontrolled emissions from petrol station forecourts without vapour recovery systems. National and international policy measures are resulting in an ongoing lowering of benzene emissions. However the results from previous national reviews and assessments have shown that emissions from petrol stations in the vicinity of residential properties should be considered in closer detail. Consequently it is these two sources that provide the focus of attention with respect to benzene in the current work.

6.1 Monitoring Data

Dacorum Borough Council does not undertake monitoring for benzene.10 There are no continuous analysers currently in use to monitor Benzene within the Herts and Beds network.

10 Bunce fi eld Oil Depot Explosion Report Benzene Monitoring Chapter 11

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6.2 Very Busy Roads or Junctions

Herts County Council supplied traffic flow data shown in Appendix C of this report. There are small areas of the M 1 within the Borough of Dacorum, which are considered to be 'busy roads', however these sections of roads do not have the relevant exposure within 1Orn of a kerbside.

Traffic data obtained from Hertfordshire County Council is shown in Appendix C. Unfortunately there is not enough traffic data available to allow the compilation ~f a definitive list of all junctions with a total traffic flow greater than 10,000 vehicles per day.

6.3 Industrial Sources

A list of the Prescribed Processes currently operating in the Borough is shown in Appendix B of this report. There are no new industrial sources in the Borough with which benzene emissions are associated.

6.4 Petrol Stations

There are 17 petrol stations within the Borough that have local authority permits. These stations are shown in Appendix A, however none of these stations meet the criteria as given in the LAQM TG(03).

6.5 Major Oil Depots

Buncefield Oil Storage Depot7 is located on the eastern border of the Borough. Part of the site is within the boundary of St Albans District. Dacorum Borough Council does not hold any benzene emission data for this depot. St Albans District Council undertook monitoring for benzene. These results are shown in Appendix F. There as no exceedence of the National objective. Please refer to Section 11 of this report for the Buncefield Oil Depot explosion summary.

There are no other industrial sources within or close to the borders of the Borough which need further consideration regarding benzene in accordance with the guidance.

Conclusion

There is no need to move to a detailed assessment for benzene.

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CHAPTER 7 1 ,3 BUTADIENE

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in Table 7 below. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table?: Summary of the updating and checklist Approach for 1. 3- Butadiene

Reference Source, location See Section Proceed to No or data that need detailed to be assessed assessment A Monitoring data 7.1 No B New Industrial 7.2 No Sources c Existing Industrial 7.3 No sources with significantly increased emissions

The main source of 1, 3-butadiene in the UK is emissions from motor vehicle exhausts. There has been a substantial decrease in 1, 3-butadiene emissions from vehicles due to the fact that an increasing number of vehicles are fitted with 3-way catalysts. The other source of 1, 3-butadiene is industrial processes that handle, store or emit 1, 3-butadiene. In the UK 1, 3-Butadiene is monitored at a number of sites across as part of the UK national network monitoring sites

7.1 Monitoring Data

There is no monitoring of 1, 3-butadiene undertaken in the Borough and there is no urban network for 1,3-butadiene within the Herts or Beds Air Quality Network.

7.2 New Industrial Sources

There are no new sources identified in accordance with the guidance with significantly increased emissions of 1, 3-butadiene within the Borough of Dacorum.

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7.3. Existing Industrial Sources with Significantly Increased Emissions.

There are no existing industrial sources identified in accordance with the guidance with significantly increased emissions of 1, 3-butadiene within the Borough of Dacorum.

Conclusion

There is no need to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for 1, 3-butadiene.

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CHAPTER 8 NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in Table 8 below. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 8: Summary of the updating and checklist Approach for N itrogen Dioxide

Reference No Source, location or data See Proceed to a that need to be assessed Section Detailed Assessment A Monitoring data outside an 8.1 No AQMA B Monitoring data within an N/A N/A AQMA c Narrow congested streets 8.2 No with properties close to the kerb D Junctions 8.3 No E Busy streets where people 8.4 No spend more than 1 hour or more close to traffic F Roads with high flows of 8.5 No buses and/or HGV's G New roads constructed or 8.6 No proposed since the first round of review and assessment H Roads close to the objective 8.7 No during the first round of review and assessment I Roads with significantly 8.8 No changed traffic flows J Bus stations 8.9 No K New industrial sources 8.10 No L Industrial sources with 8.11 No substantially increased emissions M Aircraft 8. 12 No

19 Nitrogen dioxide (N02) and nitric oxide (NO) are both oxides of nitrogen. Together they are collectively referred to as. NOx. All combustion processes produce NOx emissions, largely in the form of NO which is then converted in the atmosphere to N02.

The principal source of NOx emissions is road transport. Motorways which carry large volumes of high speed traffic are a predominant source, as are roads in congested city centres where there are large volumes of slow moving traffic combined with poor natural dispersion.

The contribution of road transport to NOx emissions has declined significantly in recent years due to the introduction of tighter vehicle emission standards. Further reductions are expected to occur up to and beyond 2010. For example, urban traffic NOx emissions are estimated to fall by about 20% between 2000 and 2005 and by 46% between 2000 and 2010.

Other significant sources of NOx emissions include the electricity supply industry and the commercial sector. Emissions from both these sectors have also been dramatically reduced in recent years due to the introduction of low NOx burners and the widespread replacement of solid fuel boiler plant with natural gas.

8.1 Monitoring Data

Dacorum Borough Council maintains and analyses N02 diffusion tubes at 20 locations across the Borough. These sites are currently monitored by the use of single diffusion tubes, however co-location diffusion tube monitoring and the use of a continuous roadside monitor will be used from 2006/07.

Using diffusion tubes is a relatively low technological way of monitoring air quality. Results from them must be 'bias corrected' to allow comparison with most 'robust' chemiluminescence analysers. The Councils diffusion tubes are analysed by Harwell Scientifics of Oxon. Their preparation of the diffusion tubes is by utilising the 50% TEA - (Triethanolamine) in acetone method. (Appendix D). The 'bias correction' factor for this laboratory for 2005 data is 0.92. This factor has been applied to the data as shown in Table 8.1.

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Table 8.1 Diffusion Tube Data for Nitrogen Dioxide within Dacorum

LOCATION DATA USING BIAS CORRECTED DATA 3 2005 ( ua/m ) Plough Roundabout ( R ) (AEA) 63.7 Bennetts End Roundabout ( R ) (AEA)* 63.7 Sawyers Way (US) 28 .9 Maylands Avenue ( R) 49.3 Wood Lane End (UB) 27.8 Roman Way Markyate (UB) 21.4 Leighton Buzzard Road ( R) 42.1 High Street Bovingdon ( R) 25.4 High Street Berkhamsted ( R) 42 Prince Edward Street Berkhamsted 30.4 (UB) St Johns Well Lane Berkhamsted 27.9 ( R) High Street Northchurch ( R) * 47.4 High Street Tring ( R ) 33.7 Charles Street Tring (UB) (AEA) 20.5 Watford Road Kings Langley ( R ) 48.2 London Road Apsley ( R) 43.8 Lawn Lane Hemel Hempstead ( R ) * 51 .5 High Street Kings Langley ( R) 39.4

* Locations requiring co location of diffusion tubes R= Roadside UB = Urban Background AEA = Recorded for the National Air Quality Network

There are two locations within the Borough that have showed an increased level of Nitrogen Dioxide since the last round of review and assessment; Lawn Lane Hemel Hempstead and High Street Northchurch, which have residential properties within 5 metres of the kerbside. There is no traffic data available for these specific locations; however local knowledge and information from Herts County Council does not predict that these locations exceed 10,000 vehicle movements per day. Therefore these areas do not meet the criteria as specified in the National Objectives. However as these areas are only monitored by a single diffusion tube, further monitoring will be undertaken using triplicate diffusion tubes.

2 1 I hro1 u111 I ~PI 11u ·h ( 1llllll ii

8.2. Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb

There are no roads within the Borough that meet the criteria as listed in the guidance.

8.3 Junctions

Herts County Council supplied traffic flow data shown in Appendix C of this report. There are small areas of the M1 and M25 within the Borough of Dacorum, which are considered to be 'busy roads', however these sections of roads do not have the relevant exposure within 1Orn of a kerbside.

Traffic data obtained from Hertfordshire County Council is shown in Appendix C. There is not enough traffic data available to allow the compilation of a definitive list of all junctions with a total traffic flow greater than 10,000 vehicles per day.

8.4. Busy Roads where people spend 1 hour or more close to traffic

There are no roads within the Borough that meet the criteria of having more than 10,000 vehicles per day where people may spend more than 1 hour.

8.5 Roads with High Flow of Buses and/or HGV's

Hertfordshire County Council provided data from 2004 for roads within the Borough (Appendix C). The data does not identify any roads within the Borough where heavy goods vehicles are more than 20% of the traffic flow.

8.6 New Roads Constructed or Proposed since the Last Review and Assessment

There has not been any roads constructed or proposed since the last round of review and assessment.

8.7 Roads close to the objective during the last round of review and assessment

No roads within the Dacorum Borough were considered to be close to the objective in the previous review and assessment.

22 8.8 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Flows.

The LAQM. TG (03) defines 'significantly changed' traffic flows as increasing by 25% since the previous review and assessment. There are no roads within the Borough that have significantly changed traffic flows since the last round of review and assessment.

8.9 Bus Stations

The LAQM TG (03) states that only bus stations with more than 1OOO movements per day should be considered. There is no bus station within the Borough that needs to be considered for this report.

8.10 New Industrial Sources

A list of the prescribed processes currently operating within the Borough is shown in Appendix B. There has been no significant new industrial sources since the previous review and assessment with the capacity to influence air quality for nitrogen dioxide within the Borough.

8.11 Existing Industrial Sources With Substantially Increased Emissions

There are no new processes that could give rise to Nitrogen Dioxide emissions within the Borough.

8.12 Airports

There are no airports within the Borough of Dacorum however Luton Airport in the county of Bedfordshire, borders the Northern boundary of our Borough. No monitoring is undertaken in Dacorum Borough for the airport.

Conclusion

There is no need to proceed with a detailed assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide within the Borough.

23 11 l I' I 111 1: 1 .111.I ...,. It I 11111 I ,, ,,. Ill 'Ill I) 1~'lll llP\ I~ 1 t111 1 ( llll ll ii

CHAPTER 9 SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in Table 9 below. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 9: Summary of the updating anf checklist approach for Sulphur Dioxide

Reference Source, location or data that See Proceed to No need to be assessed section detailed assessment A Monitoring data outside an AQMA 9.1 No B Monitorinq data inside an AQMA N/A N/A c New industrial sources 9.2 No D Industrial sources with 9.3 No substantially increased emission E Areas of domestic coal burninq 9.4 No F Small boilers (>5MV (thermal)) 9.5 No burning coal or oil G Shipping 9.6 No H Railway Locomotives 9.7 No

The main source of S02 in the UK is power stations. Emissions of S02 from large combustion plants fell by 78 per cent between 1980 and 2002 compared with EC Directive target of a 60 per cent reduction by 2003;

Other significant emissions include combustion sources and domestic sources where solid fuels may be used for heating purposes. (Road transport is not considered a significant source of S02 emissions).

Measured concentrations of S02 have been reducing across the UK over recent years and exceedences of the national objectives were only recorded at Belfast and are associated with significant levels of domestic coal burning.

There are no industrial processes of relevance for Sulphur Dioxide (S02) in the authority. There has been no change in this position therefore monitoring of Sulphur Dioxide (S02) is not undertaken in the Borough of Dacorum.

24 l pi 11111" .1111 '•l IC..'Ullil!' \ "''•ltlc.. ltl I >·11 n1u111 H1•11111 •h ( 1i1111l.il

9.1 Monitoring Data

3 Objectives: 15-minute mean of 266 µg/m , not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year, by the end of 2005

3 1 - hour mean of 350 µg/m , to be exceeded no more than 24 times per year, by the end of 2004

3 24 hour mean of 125 µg/m , to be exceeded no more than 3 times per year, by the end of 2004.

Monitoring data has been taken from the Herts and Beds Air Quality Monitoring Network. This data is subject to a detailed validation and ratification. The data is shown in Table 9.1 where no exceedences were recorded.

Table 9.1 Number of Exceedences of Sulphur Dioxide within Herts and Beds.

Number of Exceedences Year ' Luton St Albans Fleetville (Background) (Background) 15 minute >266 2002 0 0 µg/m3 (IOOppb) 2003 0 0 2004 0 0 1 hour >350 µg/m3 2002 0 0 (132ppb) 2003 0 0 2004 0 0 24 hour > 125 µg/m 3 2002 0 0 (47ppb) 2003 0 0 2004 0 0

9.2 New Industrial Sources

A list of the prescribed processes currently operating within the Borough is shown in Appendix B. No new processes that could give rise to Sulphur Dioxide emissions have commenced operating since the previous review and assessment.

25 I )al'n1u111 l~(llP\I I ( lllll1t·il

9.3 Industrial Sources with substantially increased emissions

There are no new processes that could give rise to Nitrogen Dioxide emissions within the Borough.

9.4 Areas of domestic coal burning

There are no areas of domestic coal burning or boilers burning coal or oil of significance with the Borough.

9.5 Small Boilers ( > 5MW (thermal) burning coal or oil)

There is no significant domestic coal burning, boilers burning coal or oil of significance within the Borough.

9.6 Shipping

There are no ports, or any major shipping in the vicinity of the Borough.

9.7 Railway Locomotives

There are no locations in the Borough where diesel locomotives are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more.

Conclusion

There is no need to proceed to a detailed assessment for Sulphur Dioxide within the Borough.

26 pd 111" Ill(, I'll 'Ill I' \ ._, 111 111

...... C '""""H--A-....P...... T ~E R-...... ;. 1..-.0 _ .....PM-..;. 1o PARTICLES

Approach

The checklist laid out in the LAQM.TG(03) was used, as shown in Table 10. The table also shows the conclusions reached for each part of the Updating and Screening Assessment.

Table 10 Summary of the updating and checklist Approach for PM 10 Particles

Reference No Source, location or data See Proceed to a that need to be assessed Section Detailed Assessment A Monitoring data outside and 10.1 No AQMA B Monitoring data within and NIA No AQMA c Busy roads and Junctions in NIA N/A Scotland D Junctions 10.2 No E Roads with high flows of 10.3 No buses and/or HGV's F New roads constructed or 10.4 No proposed since the first round of review and assessment G Roads close to the objective 10.5 No during the first round of review and assessment H Roads with significantly 10.6 No changed traffic flows I New industrial sources 10.7 No J Industrial sources with 10.8 No substantially increased emissions K Areas with domestic coal 10.9 No burninq L Quarries, landfill sites, open 10.10 No cast coal, handling of dusty carqoes at ports M Aircraft 10.11 No

27 I ll I " • I I l ~ 1111 l I \ \ 11 l I I ( l I 1 I { I l 1 l ( ) Ill I

Results from previous review and assessments indicate that more than 50% of the Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA's) across the UK have included exceedences of the 24-hour mean PM 10 objective. The majority of these have been declared as a consequence of roadside emissions and are combined with exceedences of the annual mean objective for N02 although the geographic extent to which the exceedence of the PM 10 objective occurs is much smaller than that of the exceedences of the N02 objective.

10.1 Monitoring Data

Monitoring data has been taken from the Herts and Beds Air Quality Network as well as from the national monitoring network sites. Dacorum Borough Council does not monitor for PM 10.

3 Objectives: Annual mean of 40 µg/m .

3 Fixed 24 hour mean of 50 µg/m , to be exceeded no more than 35 times per year.

Data from the Herts and Beds Air Quality Network is subject to detailed validation and ratification and is shown in Table 10.1

Table 10.1 Particulate Monitoring data from the Herts and Beds Monitoring Network

2002 2003 2004 M "'l;f' M "'l;f' M "'l;f' E N E N I/) E N I/) .._ Q) Q) C> ..... C> (,) C> ..... (,) --:::s 0 :::s 0 c: -:::s 0 c: Q) ... Q) ... C'll Q) ... C'll - C> Q) - C> Q) "C - C> Q) "C C'll C'll .c C'll C'll .c Q) cu ns .c Q) :::s ... :J ... Q) :::s ... Q) c Q) E 5 c: Q) E 5 (,) c: Q) E 5 (,) c > :::s 0 c: > :::s 0 >< c: > :::s 0 >< << Z.c << z .c Q) <( <( z .c Q) South 24 15 23 20 18 1 Beds St 26 13 28 27 23 3 Albans Watford 25 6 28 26 25 7 Luton 25 5 27 24 23 1

28 1 I f l l Ill" Id ll'll ~·11111 \ ""Ill ·•11 I>

There are no sites within the Network that have an annual mean concentration 3 greater than 40 µg/m . There are no sites within the network that experienced more than 35 days where the 24 hour mean was greater than 50 ~tg/m 3 .

10.2 Busy Roads or Junctions

Herts County Council supplied traffic flow data shown in Appendix C of this report. There are small areas of the M1 within the Borough of Dacorum, which are considered to be 'busy roads', however these sections of roads do not have the relevant exposure within 1Orn of a kerbside.

10.3 Roads with high flows of buses and/or HGV's

10.4 New roads constructed or proposed since the first round of review and assessment

There has not been any roads constructed or proposed since the last round of review and assessment.

10.5 Roads close to the objective during the last round of review and assessment

No roads within the Dacorum Borough were considered to be close to the objective in the previous review and assessment.

10.6 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows

There are no roads within the Borough that have significantly changed traffic flows since the last round of review and assessment.

10.7 New Industrial Sources

A list of the prescribed processes currently operating within the Borough is shown in Appendix B. No new processes that could give rise to PM 10emissions have commenced operating since the previous review and assessment work carried out by the Council.

29 I ),11 o 11111 I~ 1ro11 1 I ( 1 111t ii

10.8 Industrial sources with substantially increased emissions

There are no new processes that could give rise to PM 10 emissions within the Borough.

10.9 Areas with Domestic Solid Fuel Burning

There are no significant area of solid fuel burning in the Borough. There are no industrial sources within or close to the borders of the Borough which need further consideration regarding PM 10 in accordance with the guidance There are no areas of domestic coal burning or boilers burning coal or oil of significance within the Borough.

10.10 Quarries landfill sites etc

There are no such activities within the Borough.

10.11 Airport

There are no airports within the Borough of Dacorum however Luton Airport in Bedfordshire borders the Northern boundary of our Borough. No monitoring is undertaken in the Borough of Dacorum for the airport.

Conclusion

There is no need to proceed to a detailed assessment for PM10 within the Borough.

30 I 1·~ 111 • 1,1d' l ··nil• '\ • -.,1111 111 l),i1111 111 lh 11u·Il11111lil

CHAPTER 11 BUNCEFI ELD OIL STORAGE DEPOT

Buncefield Oil Storage Depot is situated to the east of the Borough of Dacorum with a small area of the depot within the Borough of St Albans District Council.

Fuel depots such as Buncefield are strategic centres for the distribution of liquid fuels such as diesel, unleaded petrol and aviation fuel. Fuel comes to the depot via pipelines from refineries and is stored according to fuel type before being distributed to other places, typically points of use, such as petrol stations and airports, either by road tanker or by dedicated pipeline.

An explosion occurred at the Buncefield Depot on Sunday 11 th December 2005, resulting in a fire that continued for several days. Burning fuel from the fire formed and extensive plume of smoke that was detected at monitoring sites across the South East of England, in parts of East Surrey and Sussex with PM 10 particulate concentrations reaching 'moderate' levels in Horsham and Lewes.

The plume was also detected at monitoring sites in North London and St Albans but concentrations in these areas remained low. (The Health and Safety Executive was the responsible authority for the investigation, (which is still ongoing at the time of writing this report) ).

Monitoring air quality of the incident was carried out by a number of organisations. The Health Protection Agency (HPA) was chiefly responsible for organising the air quality monitoring in the vicinity of the Buncefield Site. The Meteorological Office (Met Office) and the Natural Environment Research Council aircraft also sampled the plume. This was supplemented by local monitoring organised by the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (DEFRA).

DEFRA's Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) and local authority air monitoring networks monitored the impact of air quality over the wider region of southern England, including London. The Environment Agency also carried out modelling of the short range impacts in support of the Met Office. (This data has not been made available before the completion of this report) .

DEFRA is planning to publish a report on 'Air Quality Impact of Buncefield Oil Depot' explosion in May 2006. This report will describe the monitoring carried out in England (and also France), during the incident and assess the air quality impacts. It will also describe the modelling of the plume and estimate the emission of pollutants released in the fire. It is expected that concentrations of chemical contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons which would be expected from a fire of this nature are expected to

31 be low. The announcement from DEFRA and the HPA stated that the explosion 11 did not cause widespread pollution or lasting public health risks .

Concern was raised in the areas of Hemel Hempstead and the Borough of St 1 Albans from the fumes, so on 28 h December 2005 Dacorum Borough Council and St Albans District Council placed ten Benzene diffusion tubes around the vicinity of the depot.

1 The tubes remained in position for 4 weeks and were removed on 25 h January 2006. The tubes were sent to Gradko International Ltd of Hampshire for analysis. The locations and results can be seen in Appendix E.

The results from the Benzene monitoring revealed that the readings were considered to be 'very low' in accordance with the National Air Quality Objectives as defined in Part IV of the Environmental Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance.

Dacorum Borough Council also monitored for Particulate Matter PM 10, for a 2 1 week period from 14 h December 2005 using a TEOM monitor. This monitor is situated on the roof of the Civic Centre in Marlowes Hemel Hempstead and is approximately 2 miles Northwest from the Buncefield Oil Depot. The data was recorded by Kings College London Environmental Research 12 Group . The results concluded that there was no concern over the quality of air within the Borough as a result of the explosion. This is because favourable weather conditions and the nature of the smoke led it to being carried away upwards within minimal impact at ground level.

No further Air Quality monitoring has been undertaken by Dacorum Borough Council or St Albans District Council in relation to the incident. ·

II DEFRA 12 This information is available at http://www.erg.kcl.ac.uk/erg.htm

32 l I d.t 11' 11 ,1111 \I 1'1 11111•· \· Sl'' ,1111 II I ),Jl'ill lllll l!Cll\1 I •Ii ( tlllll ii

APPENDIX A

All Petrol Stations within Dacorum Borough Name & Location Date of Relevant Application Exposure to Regulator Bovingdon Service Station 1998 None Chesham Road Bovingdon Herts HP3 OEB BP Oil Ltd 1998 None Three Horseshoes Filling Station Leverstock Green Road Hemel Hempstead Herts HP3 8QE Esso Petroleum 1998 None Hall Park Service Station London Road Berkhamsted Herts HP4 2NB Flamstead Filling Station 1998 None London Road Flamstead St Albans Herts AL3 8HS Forest Service·s Bourne End Filling Station 2005 None London Road Bourne End Herts Hp1 2RQ Forest Services 1998 None 489 London Road Hemel Hempstead Herts HP3 5PG Marco Polo Enterprises None Jet Service Station 1998 Queen sway Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 5HD Pace Petroleum 1998 None London Road Northchurch Tring Herts HP23 5SR

33 I' I II I .1 1" l I <'lllll' Ill '111 D.i 11 l11 l\n (Iii

Name & Location Date of Relevant Application Exposure to Regulator

Shell UK 1998 None Breakspear Way Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 4TZ Shell UK 1998 None 14 London Road Apsley Hemel Hempstead Herts HP3 9SP Somerfield 1998 None Cupid Greeen Service Station Redbourne Road Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 7BA Star Services 1999 None Kings Langley Service Station 124 Hempstead Road Kings Langley Herts WD4 8AL Star Services 1999 None Plough Roundabout Hemel Hempstead Herts HP3 9BS Tesco Stores Ltd 1998 None Jarman way Hemel Hempstead Herts HP2 4JS Total UK 1998 None Cross Oak Service Station 345 High Street Berkhamsted Herts HP4 1AL Total UK 1998 None Tring Service Station Brook Street Tring Herts HP23 SEE Total UK 1998 None Total Convenience Store Warners End Road Warners End Hemel Hempstead

Herts HP1 3QF

34 I J't(

APPENDIX B

Authorised Processes within Dacorum Borough.

Part A1 (Environment Agency)

Address of Date of Application Type of Premises Emissions of Premises to Regulator Concern A & M Tungsten 1993 Non Ferrous Metals None Powders (2.2 Al (a)) 11 Maxted Road Inorganic Chemicals Herne! Hempstead (4.2 A l (a) (i)) Sappi Nash Mills 1997 Paper Pulp None Nash Mills Lower Road Hemel Hempstead Henkel Locite 1995 Non Ferrous Metals None Adhesives Ltd and (2.2 A (d) (i) Multicore Solders Ltd Wood Lane End Herne! Hempstead

Part A2 Processes

Address Of Premises Date of Type of Emissions Application to Premises of Concern Re_gulator Bovingdon Brickworks 1991 Brickworks None

35 j{!ll\\ll I ( I l Ill lr

Part B Processes

Address of Premises Date of Type of Emissions Application To Premises of Concern Regulator Abbey Motors 1992 Vehicle None Res prayer BP Oil UK Ltd 1999 Petroleum None Process Carecare Works 1998 Vehicle None Refinishing Chipperfield Garden 1999 Waste Oil None Machinery Burner Davis & Samson 1993 Concrete None Crushing G J Gaywood 1993 Concrete None Crushing He11fordshire Oil Storage 1999 Petroleum None process Hanson Quarry Products 1999 Cement None Batching Ison & Son 1993 Vehicle None Refinishing Hangreen Ltd 1998 Vehicle None Refinishing Pillings Bodyshop 1999 Vehicle None Respraying S J B Plant Hire 2002 Concrete None Crushing

36 ,., •. ;--,_.. :-...... ::: ' ·~

APPENDIX C

Hertfordshire County- Council Traffic Data Location AAWD %HGV %LCV % Speed Limit 85th Percentile Speed in 2004 Bus/Coach Weekday Weekend Junction 9-10, Friars Wash 132861 Watling St, Markyate 21212 9.84% 15.32% 0.62% Watford Road, Langleybury 17450 London Road, Bourne End 10388 60 59 60 Tring Road, Dudswell 8870 Aylesbury Road, Tring 4640 St Albans Road, Hemel Hempstead 36055 Kingshill Way, Berkhamsted 13633 Breakspear Way, Herne! Hempstead 49076 Leighton Buzzard Road, Water End 12692 Wingrave Road, Tring 7658 Box Lane, Boxmoor 12254 Northchurch Common, Northchurch 4695 3.25% 11.26% 0.39% Two Waters Road, Hemel Hempstead 26829 5.62% 11.06% 1.37% Maylands Avenue, Herne! Hempstead 15715 Queensway, Herne! Hempstead 9838 lcknield Way, Tring 8587 5.86% 11.93% 0.37% Bedmond Rd, Leverstock Gn 8251 2.48% 10.69% 1.35% Bypass, Kings Langley 40148 5.39% 11.07% 0.55% Bypass, Bourne End 40397 Bypass, Long Green 33478 Bypass, Wiggington 30988 St Albans Road, Herne! Hempstead 40207 40 45 46 Herne! Hempstead Road, Kings Langley 12972 40 45 45 Patten End Hill, Patten End 3679 Adeyfield Road. Herne! Hempstead 10846 30 34 35

37 I t l i 1• 1 • 111 d <.,' r t • 11111 11 \ ·l' ~ 111~·111

scientifics® Harwell Scientifics 551 South Becquerel Av enue Harwell International Business Centre Didcot Oxon OXl I OTB

Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tube Analysis Report for Jan 06

The samples have been analysed in accordance with Harwe ll Scientifics standard operating procedure HS/GWUI 015 issue I 0. The tubes were prepared by spiking acetone:triethanolamine (5 0: 50) onto the grids prior to the tubes being assembled. The tubes were desorbed with distilled water and the extract analysed using a segmented flow autoanalyser with ultraviolet detection.

This analysis of diffusion tube samples to determine the amount of nitrogen dioxide present on the tube is within the scope of our UKAS schedule. Any further calculations and assessments requiring exposure details and cond itions fa ll outside the scope of our accreditation. In the WA SP intercomparison scherne fo r comparing spiked Nitrogen Dioxide diffusion tubes, Harwell Scientifics is currently ranked as a Category Good laboratory.

The bias fo r this laboratory as compared to a chemiluminescence continuous monitor (Nitrogen Diox ide network fie ld comparison by Health and Safety Laboratory) is currently estimated to be 0.69 as determined by the equation; Adjustment factor (A)=Dircct measurement (Cm)/Diffusion tube (Dm) (Reference:DEFTRA Technical guidance)

Signed

Andy Parish Senior Analyst

38 I I l.iti11• ;11 I '-LI· 'Ill \ llh Iii 11! i I

APPENDIX E

GRAl>KO INTERNATIONAL LTD ST.MARTINS HOUSE, WALF.S STHEET WINCHESTim, HAM PSHIRE 8023 OlUI TEL : 01962 860331 fAX: 01962 841339 R-i\IAIL : diffusion@g1·n11l<0.co.uk I 2187 LABORATORY ANALYSIS REPORT DETERhllNATiml OF AMBIENT .

REPORT I lU>tB:R 17297

CUSTO~.~E R St Nbans Oty & CXWlct Ccmcil Ovlc Ceilte,st Pel..-s St St Nbans Hert•.

DATE S.WPl.ES RECEIVED 27/01Al6

~nz.ono location Twe Date D.lle E>:posu• ~une Tolume BIYJ! mp ldtRificalion Expos~ FirisMd Hour• Otn«M Xyt <00

t 1-1.ml«s Oa'< Hema 15t64 672.00 0.322 2 Arr•-ay Rd Hanel 28008 6n.oo 0.534 3 Woodane End Hanel t3655 an.oo 0.557 4 Boundaty Way Alcon Hemol N356 an.oo 0.700 5 BoundatyWay Northgate ~el tt044 672.00 0.740 6 Eaton Lodge 28065 sn.oo 0.530 7 Punci'boNI Lane Jcl 01954 an.oo o.n1 8 Southend Farm 28093 an.oo 0.426 9 Old Jerom es lt002 672.00 0.440 to H

(RESULTS ARE tlOT BLAllK CORRECTED)

Woeks exposed 4 UPTAKE RATES 1.28 (~ppm"min'')

OVERAl.L M.0.U t4.767% +/· Lit.Ill OF DETECTIOll

AllALYST SIGllATURE AllALYST NAME G Aikman

DATE OF AllALYSIS 01/0Z,Q6 DATE OF REPORT 03102/06

THE ANALYSIS HAS BEEH CARRIED OUT IN ACCOROAllCE wrn Ill -H OUSE hlETilOD GLM 4 Thr Dllfu.ron Tu ho• h.wr hl'<'n trslr< rriults obtained using u 11osurc data shall be lndlr-atrd by an astrrlsk. Any qutrles roncernlng the dala In this r

Form 1.QFJ2

39 l I I 11i 1~· 11d 'I 1111111 \,. 'i ,fl)l'lll I h ., 111111 II I llll ' l l l 111 I

APPENDIX F

Benzene Diffusion Tubes Results received from St Albans District Council

Site Aug 2004 Sept2004 Oct 2004 Nov 2004 Dec 2004

ppb Ug/mJ ppb Ug/ mJ ppb U~/ ppb U~/ ppb Ug/ m;i m m Eaton 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.7 0 0 0.3 1.1 Lodrie Cherry 0.4 1.2 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.4 0 0 0.3 1.1 Tree Lodrie

41 111" IH I I l \ 1111

GLOSSARY

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic flow (Vehicle movements per day).

Annual Mean The annual mean is a mean calculated from hourly average concentrations over a year, yielding on annual mean per calendar year for continuous data. Annual mean is based on 365 days with 90% capture required as a minimum.

AQS Air Quality Standard. The concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere achieving a certain level of environmental quality. The standards are based on assessment of the effects of each pollutant on human health.

AQMA Air Quality Management Area

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Devolved Administrations Comprises of the Scottish Executive, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland.

Diffusion Tube Bias Corrected National studies have found that there are considerable differences in the performance of diffusion tubes as they are supplied and analysed by different laboratories using different preparation methods. As there is a large variability in results a bias correction must be applied.

Hourly Mean The mean concentration for the following hour. For example the mean for 11 .00 will be the mean for the period 11.00 - 11 .59 . The hourly mean is calculated from 15 minute means so at least 3 valid 15 minute means are used to produce a valid hourly mean. mg/m3 Milligrams per cubic metre.

42 ·' l I I 11" \ l' I} II

Percentile A value that is at a particular point in a data 1 set. (The 98 h percentile is the value that 98% of all data in a year falls below or equals) ppm/ppb Parts per million/ parts per billion

TEOM Tapering Element Osciallting Microbalance - equipment used for measuring fine particulate matter i.e PM10

µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre.