Metals on the Periodic Table
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Hendrickson SP.Pdf
CHEMISTRY IN THE WORLD THIRD EDITION BY Dr. Kirstin Hendrickson ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Bob Farrell, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Kaela Martin, Allie Kiekhofer, and Rachel Singer, Associate Editors Kat Ragudos, Interior Designer Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © 2011 Depositphotos/Nadezda Razvodovska. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-540-0 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-541-7 (br) For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. DEDICATION CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi To the Student and the Instructor: xiii How to Use This Book UNIT 1: ALL AROUND US AND INSIDE OF US 1 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 3 1.1 Classifications of Matter 5 1.2 The Periodic Table 12 1.3 Thinking About Chemicals, Chemical 14 Reactions, -
Rare Earth Elements: the Global Supply Chain
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Marc Humphries Analyst in Energy Policy September 30, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41347 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain Summary The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to U.S. national security and economic well-being? There are 17 rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. While more abundant than many other minerals, REE are not concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable economically. The United States was once self-reliant in domestically produced REEs, but over the past 15 years has become 100% reliant on imports, primarily from China, because of lower-cost operations. There is no rare earth mine production in the United States. U.S.-based Molycorp operates a separation plant at Mountain Pass, CA, and sells the rare earth concentrates and refined products from previously mined above-ground stocks. Neodymium, praseodymium, and lanthanum oxides are produced for further processing but these materials are not turned into rare earth metal in the United States. -
The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1. -
Corrosion Protection of Steel
Issue 73 February 2018 Corrosion Protection of Steel Introduction commercially available galvanized coatings used for cold-formed Carbon steel is widely used in all aspects of building construction steel framing members. due to its low cost, high strength and ease of fabrication. Corrosion is an inevitable phenomena that must be controlled to prolong the life of carbon steel components. Corrosion Corrosion is the natural process of the iron in steel combining with oxygen to form iron oxide. Corrosion occurs when steel is exposed to oxygen and water, which may be in the form of humid air. There are a number of factors that affect the rate of corrosion including the Figure 1: Zinc Coatings Weights and Thickness¹ composition of the steel alloy and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, salinity, pH, pollution). If the zinc coating is damaged during fabrication or installation the area should be coated with zinc-rich paint or another accepted Corrosion is accelerated when carbon steel is in contact with a more repair method. cathodic metal, such as copper or stainless steel. Corrosion is detrimental for a number of reasons including: Interior Applications The risk of corrosion should be assessed and galvanized steel used • Corrosion weakens an item by replacing high-strength steel accordingly. The expected corrosion rate in most building interiors with lower-strength iron oxide, thereby reducing the effective area and cross section. is relatively low due to the controlled environment. Many laboratory • Iron oxide occupies greater volume than steel, so steel areas, however, are subject to high humidity, exposure to water and expands as it corrodes. -
High-Temperature Structural Evolution of Caesium and Rubidium Triiodoplumbates D.M
High-temperature structural evolution of caesium and rubidium triiodoplumbates D.M. Trots, S.V. Myagkota To cite this version: D.M. Trots, S.V. Myagkota. High-temperature structural evolution of caesium and rubidium tri- iodoplumbates. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Elsevier, 2009, 69 (10), pp.2520. 10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.05.007. hal-00565442 HAL Id: hal-00565442 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565442 Submitted on 13 Feb 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Author’s Accepted Manuscript High-temperature structural evolution of caesium and rubidium triiodoplumbates D.M. Trots, S.V. Myagkota PII: S0022-3697(08)00173-X DOI: doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.05.007 Reference: PCS 5491 To appear in: Journal of Physics and www.elsevier.com/locate/jpcs Chemistry of Solids Received date: 31 January 2008 Revised date: 2 April 2008 Accepted date: 14 May 2008 Cite this article as: D.M. Trots and S.V. Myagkota, High-temperature structural evolution of caesium and rubidium triiodoplumbates, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2008.05.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. -
Improvement in Retention of Solid Fission Products in HTGR Fuel Particles by Ceramic Kernel Additives
FORMAL REPORT GERHTR-159 UNITED STATES-GERMAN HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR RESEARCH EXCHANGE PROGRAM Original report number ______________________ Title Improvement in Retention of Solid Fission Products in HTGR Fuel Particles by Ceramic Kernel Additives Authorial R. Forthmann, E. Groos and H. Grobmeier Originating Installation Kemforschtmgsanlage Juelich, West Germany. Date of original report issuance August 1975_______ Reporting period covered _ _____________________________ In the original English This report, translated wholly or in part from the original language, has been reproduced directly from copy pre pared by the United States Mission to the European Atomic Energy Community THIS REPORT MAY BE GIVEN UNLIMITED DISTRIBUTION ERDA Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. GERHTR-159 Distribution Category UC-77 CONTENTS page 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES 3 3. IRRADIATION EXPERIMENT FRJ2-P17 5 3.1 Results of the Fission Product 8 Release Measurements Improvement in Retention of Solid 3.2 Electron Microprobe Investigations Fission Products in HTGR Fuel Particles 8 by Ceramic Kernel Additives. 4. IRRADIATION EXPERIMENT FRJ2-P18 16 4.1 Release of Solid Fission Products 19 4.2 Electron Microprobe Studies 24 by R. Forthmann, E. Groos, H. GrObmeier 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 27 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 28 7. REFERENCES 29 2 - X. INTRODUCTION Kernforschungs- anlage JUTich JOL - 1226 August 1975 Considerations of the core design of advanced High-Temperature Gas-cooled GmbH IRW Reactors (HTGRs) led to increased demands concerning solid fission product retention in the fuel elements. This would be desirable not only for HTGR power plants with a helium-turbine in the primary circuit (HHT project), but also for the application of HTGRs as a source of nuclear process heat. -
The Symbols of the Chemical Elements
42 THE SYMBOLS OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DARRYL FRANCIS Sutton, Surrey, England [email protected] The names of the chemical elements have received a certain amount of attention in Word Wa s over the years. The very first issue of Word Ways in February 1968 presented a quiz on 20 transposed element names. Later articles have offered more extensive transpositions, trnsadditions, old names for some of the elements, elements in US placenames, and words composed solely of the element symbols, such as CoAgULaTe. In this article, I want to examine the symbols of the chemical elements as an ordered coUection of letters. Many earlier items in Word Ways have treated the typewriter (computer) keyboard as an ordered sequence of letters (QWERTYillOPASDFGHJKLZXCVBNM) and have posed ques tions such as: • What is the longest word with its letters spelled in keyboard order? • What is the longest word with its letter spelled in rever e keyboard order? • What is the longest word with letters from the first letter row? Similar questions can be raised with regard to the elemental symbols. First off let's take a look at the periodic table, the listing of chemical elements in atomic number order and the corre ponding symbols. The list below contains 109 elements, with atomic numbers from 1 to 109. For three f the elements (aluminum, sulfur, cesium) there exist variant Briti h pellings (aluminium ulphur, caesium). For elements 104 to 109 I have used the new provisional name rather than the earlier suggested names. My 1998 printing of the Merriam-Webster ollegiate Di tionary lOth editi n. -
Scholarship Essay Andreas Nilsson 3.31.14 Hot Dip Galvanization Is The
Scholarship Essay Andreas Nilsson 3.31.14 Hot dip galvanization is the process of dipping fabricated steel in molten zinc in order to protect the steel from corrosion. This process can be very beneficial to the architecture industry, and is critical that people understand the process in order be able to appreciate the benefits. Dipping the steel in zinc that has been raised to 830 degrees Fahrenheit allows the zinc to fully coat the steel and provide a barrier between the steel and the environmental elements that surround it. A common problem with steel is that it stands no chance when it comes into contact with moisture and oxygen. As the iron in the steel reacts with the oxygen and water, it produces a hydrated ferric oxide, also known as rust. Hot dip galvanization has been implemented for years in the industry to prevent this reaction of corrosion. Although the primary purpose of hot dip galvanization is to protect the steel from corrosion; there are also many other benefits such as providing a maintenance free and sustainable solution. The longevity of the materials used when erecting or designing a building is crucial. Since steel is made of iron, it reacts easily with moisture and air, which makes corrosion inevitable. Thankfully for the process of galvanizing metals; architects, contractors, and owners do not need to worry about the corrosion of their structures. Once the metal is fully coated in zinc, the metal will be protected from the surrounding environmental elements that threaten it. The zinc does not just offer protection from the environment by providing a barrier, but it also offers cathodic protection. -
Density Functional Theory Metadynamics of Silver, Caesium and Palladium Diffusion at B-Sic Grain Boundaries ⇑ Jeremy Rabone A, , Eddie López-Honorato B
Journal of Nuclear Materials 458 (2015) 56–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Nuclear Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jnucmat Density functional theory metadynamics of silver, caesium and palladium diffusion at b-SiC grain boundaries ⇑ Jeremy Rabone a, , Eddie López-Honorato b a European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany b Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Unidad Saltillo, Industria Metalúrgica 1062, Parque Industrial, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Coahuila, Mexico highlights DFT metadynamics of diffusion of Pd, Ag and Cs on grain boundaries in b-SiC. The calculated diffusion rates for Pd and Ag tally with experimental release rates. A mechanism of release other than grain boundary diffusion seems likely for Cs. article info abstract Article history: The use of silicon carbide in coated nuclear fuel particles relies on this materials impermeability towards Received 22 May 2014 fission products under normal operating conditions. Determining the underlying factors that control the Accepted 9 November 2014 rate at which radionuclides such as Silver-110m and Caesium-137 can cross the silicon carbide barrier Available online 4 December 2014 layers, and at which fission products such as palladium could compromise or otherwise alter the nature of this layer, are of paramount importance for the safety of this fuel. To this end, DFT-based metadynam- ics simulations are applied to the atomic diffusion of silver, caesium and palladium along a R5 grain boundary and to palladium along a carbon-rich R3 grain boundary in cubic silicon carbide at 1500 K. For silver, the calculated diffusion coefficients lie in a similar range (7.04 Â 10À19–3.69 Â 10À17 m2 sÀ1) as determined experimentally. -
An 18-Month Analysis of Bond Strength of Hot-Dip Galvanized Reinforcing Steel B500SP and S235JR+AR to Chloride Contaminated Concrete
materials Article An 18-Month Analysis of Bond Strength of Hot-Dip Galvanized Reinforcing Steel B500SP and S235JR+AR to Chloride Contaminated Concrete Mariusz Ja´sniok* , Jacek Kołodziej and Krzysztof Gromysz Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 5 Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (K.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article describes the comparative analysis of tests on bond strength of hot-dip galva- nized and black steel to concrete with and without chlorides. The bond effect was evaluated with six research methods: strength, electrochemical (measurements of potential, EIS and LPR), optical, and 3D scanning. The tests were conducted within a long period of 18 months on 48 test elements reinforced with smooth rebars φ8 mm from steel grade S235JR+AR and ribbed rebars φ8 mm and φ16 mm from steel grade B500SP. The main strength tests on the reinforcement bond to concrete were used to compare forces pulling out galvanized and black steel rebars from concrete. This comparative analysis was performed after 28, 180, and 540 days from the preparation of the elements. The electrochemical tests were performed to evaluate corrosion of steel rebars in concrete, particularly in chloride contaminated concrete. The behaviour of concrete elements while pulling out the rebar was observed using the system of digital cameras during the optical tests. As regards 3D scanning of ribbed rebars φ8 mm and φ16 mm, this method allowed the detailed identification of their complex geometry in terms of determining the polarization area to evaluate the corrosion rate of reinforcement Citation: Ja´sniok,M.; Kołodziej, J.; Gromysz, K. -
Introduction to Chemistry
Introduction to Chemistry Author: Tracy Poulsen Digital Proofer Supported by CK-12 Foundation CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook Introduction to Chem... materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based Authored by Tracy Poulsen collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and 8.5" x 11.0" (21.59 x 27.94 cm) distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide Black & White on White paper an adaptive environment for learning. 250 pages ISBN-13: 9781478298601 Copyright © 2010, CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org ISBN-10: 147829860X Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made Please carefully review your Digital Proof download for formatting, available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share grammar, and design issues that may need to be corrected. Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), We recommend that you review your book three times, with each time focusing on a different aspect. which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Check the format, including headers, footers, page 1 numbers, spacing, table of contents, and index. 2 Review any images or graphics and captions if applicable. -
Science-8 Module-8 Version-3.Pdf
Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula 8 SCIENCE Quarter 3 - Module 8 PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ___________________________ Name of School: ___________________________ Science- Grade 8 Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Quarter 3 - Module 8: Periodic Properties of Elements First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Module Writer: Galo M. Salinas Editor: Teodelen S. Aleta Reviewers: Teodelen S. Aleta, Zyhrine P. Mayormita Lay-out Artists: Zyhrine P. Mayormita, Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor Adrian G.