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8

SCIENCE

Quarter 3 - Module 8

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

OF ELEMENTS

Name of Learner: ______

Grade & Section: ______

Name of School: ______

Science- Grade 8 Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE) Quarter 3 - Module 8: Periodic Properties of Elements First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Galo M. Salinas Editor: Teodelen S. Aleta Reviewers: Teodelen S. Aleta, Zyhrine P. Mayormita Lay-out Artists: Zyhrine P. Mayormita, Chris Raymund M. Bermudo Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I. Poculan - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero - Chief Education Supervisor, CID Nur N. Hussien - Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag - Education Program Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita - Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo Martinno O. Alejo - Project Development Officer II, LRMS Janette A. Zamoras - Public Schools District Supervisor Adrian G. Refugio - School Principal, Zamboanga del Norte NHS

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region IX - Dipolog City Schools Division Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte, 7100 Telefax: (065) 212-6986 and (065) 212-5818 E-mail Address: [email protected]

What I Need to Know

The modern is a very valuable tool for predicting the of elements. It summarizes relationships that exist among elements and their compounds. Thus, many individual properties of elements need not be memorized if periodic relationships are known.

This module will further broaden your knowledge about the elements. It allows you to explore the modern periodic table in terms of the following periodic properties of the elements: atomic size, , metallic character, , and affinity. After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Use the periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element (S8MT- IIIi-j-12).

Specifically, this module will let you recognize the trends in atomic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electronegativity, and of elements across the and down the family.

What's In In the previous module, you were able to identify the elements in the modern periodic table arranged in groups and periods; representative and transition elements, , , and non-metals. In this module, we focus on the variations in atomic properties that are useful in predicting the chemical behavior of elements.

Activity 1: The Periodic Properties Direction: Use the clues to solve the puzzle.

Across 1. ability to attract 4. repeating trends in element properties Down 2. ability to accept electrons 3. adj., the character of an to readily lose an electron 5. energy to remove an electron from an atom

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What's New

The periodic properties of elements can be related to human behavior. Below is a short excerpt from the chapter in Primo Levi's book "The Periodic Table".

“The little I know about my ancestors presents many similarities to these . Not all of them were materially inert, for that was not granted them. On the contrary, they were—or had to be— quite active, in order to earn a living and because of a reigning morality that held that “he who does not work shall not eat.” But there is no doubt that they were inert in their inner spirits, inclined to disinterested speculation, witty discourses, elegant, sophisticated, and gratuitous discussion. It can hardly be by chance that all deeds attributed to them, though quite various, have in common a touch of the static, an attitude of dignified abstention, of voluntary (or accepted) relegation to the margins of the great river of .” Adopted from: What Element Are You Lesson Plan. https://kenanfellows.org//kfp-cp-sites/cp04/cp04/sites/kfp-cp- sites.localhost.com.cp04/files/What%20Element%20are%20You%20Lesson%20Plan.pdf

According to Levi, a , and writer, each element had an associative value—its properties symbolizing certain thoughts and activating specific memories. He describes Argon as a rare , part of the we breathe and need to survive but not always noticed or appreciated. In what way does Levi identify with Argon? What does the element symbolize about his Jewish background?

The rotations of , seasons, high and low are periodic processes in our and . Ancient astronomers and astrologers used these observations to regulate the activities of individuals or even of nations. Periodicity is an essential part of our life, as evidenced by the beating of the heart and our eating, sleeping, and waking patterns. The elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing . These elements display several other trends, and we can use the periodic table to predict their chemical, physical, and atomic properties.

Activity 2: Connecting circles! Direction: Using graphs A and , connect all circles by increasing atomic number with a thin straight line.

Figure 1. Graphical Representation of vs Atomic Number Source: http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pdf

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Figure 2. Graphical Representation of First Ionization Energy vs Atomic Number Source: http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pdf

Interpret the data as presented in the graph and answer these questions:

1. How do you describe the line that connects all circles in Graph A? What about Graph B? ______2. What does the line in Graph A mean? What about the line in Graph B? You may refer to the periodic table for your answer. ______

What is It

The periodic law states that when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their physical and chemical properties vary periodically. In this module, we will look at the following physical and chemical properties of an atom, namely; atomic size, ionization energy, metallic character, electronegativity, and electron affinity. are specific patterns present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element. The trends provide with an invaluable tool to quickly predict an element's properties. These trends exist because of the similar atomic structure of the elements within their respective families or periods and because of the periodic nature of the elements.

Atomic Size The atomic radius of a chemical element is the measure of the size of its . The atomic radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms (just like a radius is half the diameter of a circle). Thus, based on the atomic radii, the atomic size patterns are observed throughout the periodic table. The following are the general trends in the size of atomic radii: Periodic table showing trends in atomic size Image Source: https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.

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1. Within each period (horizontal row), the atomic radius tends to decrease with the atomic number (nuclear charge). The largest atom in a period is a Group IA atom and the smallest is a Group VIIIA or atom. 2. Within each group (vertical column), the atomic radius tends to increase with the period number. Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous phase. Conceptually, ionization energy is the opposite of electronegativity. The lower this energy is, the more readily the atom becomes a cation. Therefore, the higher this energy is, the more unlikely it is that the atom becomes a cation (kat·ai·aan). Generally, Periodic table showing ionization energy trends Source: https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic. elements on the right side of Chemistry/Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry) /Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends the periodic table have higher ionization energy because their outermost level occupied by the electron is nearly filled. Elements on the left side of the periodic table have low ionization because of their willingness to lose electrons and become cations. Thus, ionization energy increases from left to right on the periodic table.

Metallic Character The metallic character of an element can be defined as how readily an atom can lose an electron. From right to left across a period, the metallic character increases because the attraction between the outermost electron and the is weaker, enabling it easier to lose electrons. Metallic character increases as you move down a group because the atomic size is increasing. When the atomic size increases, the outer level of an atom occupied by an electron is farther away. The principal energy level of an atom occupied by an electron increases, and average electron moves farther from the nucleus. The electrons of the shell have less attraction to the nucleus Periodic table trends in metallic character and, as a result, can lose electrons more readily. This causes an increase in metallic character. ● Metallic characteristics decrease from left to right across a period. This is caused by the decrease in radius of the atom that allows the outer electrons to ionize more readily

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● Metallic characteristics increase down a group. Electron shielding causes the atomic radius to increase, so the outer electrons ionize more readily than electrons in smaller atoms. ● Metallic character relates to the ability to lose electrons, and nonmetallic character relates to the ability to gain electrons.

Electronegativity Electronegativity can be understood as a describing an atom's ability to attract and bind with electrons. In 1934, Robert S. Mulliken, an American physicist, and chemist suggested on theoretical grounds that the electronegativity (X) of an atom be given as half its ionization energy (I.E.) minus electron affinity (E.A.). 퐼.퐸. − 퐸.퐴. X = 2

Periodic table trends in electronegativity The nature of electronegativity is effectively described thus: the more inclined an atom is to gain electrons, the more likely that atom will pull electrons toward itself. ● From left to right across a period of elements, electronegativity increases. ● From top to bottom down a group, electronegativity decreases. ● Important exceptions to the above rules include the noble gases, , and . The noble gases possess a complete valence shell and do not usually attract electrons. The lanthanides and actinides possess more complicated chemistry that does not generally follow any trends. Therefore, noble gases, lanthanides, and actinides do not have electronegativity values. ● As for the transition metals, although they have electronegativity values, there is little variance among them across the period and up and down a group. This is because their metallic properties affect their ability to attract electrons as easily as the other elements.

Electron Affinity As the name suggests, electron affinity is the ability of an atom to accept an electron. Unlike electronegativity, electron affinity is a quantitative measurement of the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral gas atom. The more negative the electron affinity value, the higher an atom's affinity for electrons.

Electron affinity generally decreases down a group of elements because each atom is larger than the atom above it. This means that when an atom is getting larger due to an added electron, this makes an electron to be farther away from the atom's nucleus compared with its position in the smaller atom. With a larger distance between the negatively-charged electron and the positively-charged nucleus, the force of attraction is relatively weaker. Therefore, electron affinity decreases. Moving from left to right across a period, atoms become smaller as the forces of attraction

5 become stronger. This causes the electron to move closer to the nucleus, thus increasing the electron affinity from left to right across a period.

● Electron affinity increases from left to right within a period. This is caused by the decrease in atomic radius. ● Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom within a group. This is caused by the increase in atomic radius.

Figure 6. Periodic table showing electron affinity trend. Source: https://socratic.org/chemistry/the-periodic-table/periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity

What's More

Activity 3. Chart Chat Values of Ionization Energy, Atomic Size & Electron Affinities for Ionization Atomic Size Electron Affinity Energy (nm) (eV) (eV) F 17.18 0.072 4.27 Cl 13.01 0.099 4.01 Br 11.84 0.114 3.78 I 10.454 0.133 3.43

From the given chart above, answer the following questions. 1. What trend in the electron affinity values of the halogen elements do you observe from top to bottom of the family? 2. Which atoms release more energy as they gain or accept electrons, the smaller or bigger atoms? Why? 3. Which atoms easily gain or accept electrons, the smaller or bigger atoms? Why?

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4. Which atoms have greater electron affinity, those with low ionization energy or those with high ionization energy? Why? 5. Which atoms have the greater electron affinity, metals or non-metals? Why?

What I Have Learned

Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element, including its size and its electronic properties.

The atomic size of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms. Within each period (horizontal row), the atomic size through its radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number (nuclear charge). The largest atom in a period is a Group IA atom, and the smallest is a noble-gas atom. Within each group (vertical column), the atomic size tends to increase with the period number. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous phase. Conceptually, ionization energy is the opposite of electronegativity. Ionization energy increases from left to right (across the period) on the periodic table because of increasing attraction between the positive nucleus and negative outermost electron of the atom. On the other hand, as a family is descended, the number of energy levels occupied by the electron of an atom increases because this outweighs the effect of a higher nuclear charge. As the distance of the outer electrons from the nucleus increases, ionization energy decreases. The metallic character of an element can be defined as how readily an atom can lose an electron. From right to left across a period, the metallic character increases because the attraction between the level of an atom occupied by the electron and the nucleus is weaker, enabling an easier loss of electrons. Metallic character increases as you move down a group because the atomic size is increasing. Electronegativity can be understood as a chemical property describing an atom's ability to attract and bind with electrons. It increases from bottom to top in groups and increases from left to the right across periods. Electron affinity is the ability of an atom to accept an electron. Electron affinity increases from left to right within a period and decreases from top to bottom within a group.

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Supply me! Direction: Answer what is asked in each of the items below. 1. Order the following elements by increasing atomic radius according to what you expect from periodic trends: Se, S, As. 2. Using periodic trends, arrange the following elements by increasing ionization energy: Ar, Na, Cl, Al. 3. In terms of electron affinity, which member of each of the following pairs has the greater negative value: (a) As, Br (b) F, Li.

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Assessment

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Consider the following sequence: I. Al < Si < P < S II. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr III. I < Br < Cl < F Which of these give(s) a correct trend in increasing atomic size? a. I only c. III only b. II only d. I and II only

2. Compared with the of the elements on the left side of the period, the electronegativities of the elements on the right side of the same period tend to be _____. a. lower c. the same b. higher d. unpredictable

3. Which of the following is NOT a trend that varies periodically in the periodic table? a. Electronegativity c. Ionization energy b. Symbols of elements d. Atomic radius

4. Use the periodic table to predict which element has the largest ionization energy. a. c. b. d.

5. Use the periodic table to predict which element has the largest atomic size. a. c. b. d.

6. Electronegativity tends to increase as you: a. go down a column of the periodic table b. go from left to right across the periodic table c. go toward the middle of the periodic table d. go from upper left-hand corner to the lower right-hand corner of the periodic table

7. From the position of elements in the periodic table, the most metallic element is ___. a. c. b. d.

8. The willingness of an atom to receive electrons is measured by its ____. a. electron affinity c. ionization energy b. atomic size d. electronegativity

9. Given the elements inside the box below, which order shows an increasing electronegativity? [S, Se, Cl, Br and P] a. P, Se, S, Br, Cl c. S, P, Se, Cl, Br b. S, Br, P, Se, Cl d. P, Se, Br, S, Cl

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10. Which of the following elements has the lowest electron affinity? a. c. b. d.

Additional Activities

Activity 5: Graphing Periodic Trends Directions: Do at least one of the three graphs. Remember that the Periodic Table arranged the elements according to the Periodic Law: when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, their physical and chemical properties show a periodic pattern.

Graph 1 – Atomic Radius as a function of Atomic Number

A. Create a graph of the atomic radius as a function of atomic number. Plot atomic number on the X axis and atomic radius on the Y axis. Remember to label the axes!

B. Use a colored pen, or highlighter to trace over the element's period (horizontal row on the periodic table). For example: use GREEN to trace for all of the elements in row 1, then use to trace for all of the elements in row 2, then use ORANGE to trace for all the elements in row 3, then use BLUE to trace for all the elements in row 4.

Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Symbol Symbol Number Radius(pm) Number Radius(pm) H 1 37 Na 11 157 He 2 50 Mg 12 136 Li 3 123 Al 13 125 Be 4 89 Si 14 117 B 5 80 P 15 110 C 6 77 S 16 104 N 7 70 Cl 17 99 O 8 66 Ar 18 98 F 9 64 19 203 Ne 10 67 Ca 20 174

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1. Describe the trend in atomic radius as the atomic number increases across a period.

2. Describe the trend in atomic radius as the atomic number increases down a group.

Graph 2 – First Ionization Energy as a function of Atomic Number

A. Create a graph of the ionization energy as a function of atomic number. Plot atomic number on the X axis and ionization energy on the Y axis. Remember to label the axes!

B. Use a colored pen, pencil or highlighter to trace over the element's period (horizontal row on the periodic table). For example: use GREEN to trace for all of the elements in row 1, then use YELLOW to trace for all of the elements in row 2, then use ORANGE to trace for all the elements in row 3, then use BLUE to trace for all the elements in row 4.

First First Atomic Ionization Atomic Ionization Symbol Symbol Number Energy Number Energy (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) H 1 314 Na 11 119 He 2 688 Mg 12 176 Li 3 124 Al 13 138 Be 4 215 Si 14 188 B 5 191 P 15 242 C 6 260 S 16 239 N 7 335 Cl 17 299 O 8 314 Ar 18 363 F 9 402 K 19 100 Ne 10 497 Ca 20 141

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3. Describe the trend in ionization energy as the atomic number increases across a period. 4. Describe the trend in ionization energy as the atomic number increases down a group.

Graph 3 – Electronegativity as a function of Atomic Number A. Create a graph of the electronegativity as a function of atomic number. Plot atomic number on the X-axis and electronegativity on the Y-axis. Remember to label the axes! B. Use a colored pen, pencil, or highlighter to trace over the element's period (horizontal row on the periodic table). For example: use GREEN to trace for all of the elements in row 1, then use YELLOW to trace for all of the elements in row 2, then use ORANGE to trace for all the elements in row 3, then use BLUE to trace for all the elements in row 4.

Atomic Symbol Electronegativity Number H 1 2.1 He 2 0 Li 3 1.0 Be 4 1.5 B 5 2.0 C 6 2.5 N 7 3.0 O 8 3.5 F 9 4.0 Ne 10 0 Na 11 0.9 Mg 12 2.0 Al 13 1.5 Si 14 1.8 P 15 2.1 S 16 2.5 Cl 17 3.0 Ar 18 0 K 19 0.8 Ca 20 1.0

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5. Describe the trend in electronegativity as the atomic number increases across a period. 6. Describe the trend in electronegativity as the atomic number increases down a group. 7. Why do you think the electronegativity of He, Ne, and Ar is 0?

Answer Key Gr8Q3 Module 8

Activity 1. The Periodic Properties

the gained electron is stronger. is electron gained the

Across 1. Electronegativity

Across 4. Periodicity and nucleus the between attraction the for

Down 2. Affinity electrons accept to prefer will Down 3. Metallic because is It Nonmetals.

Down 5. Ionization to release an electron is likewise stronger. likewise is electron an release to

accept electron is stronger, then its ability ability its then stronger, is electron accept

Activity 2. Connecting circles

o o t atom an of ability the when because

Answers may vary. is It energy. ionization High

The line is crooked (like the saw

attraction stronger as it gains electron. gains it as stronger attraction

teeth with sharp edges or amplitude

of a speaker) for both the graphs. their making nucleus, the to closer

Both graphs also show a periodic is shell outermost the smaller, is atom the pattern. when because is It atom. Smaller

In Graph A, atomic radius is electron.

greater at certain atomic numbers. the negative incoming incoming negative the and nucleus

It shows that as x increases, y positive the between attraction stronger

sometimes increases and has it therefore, is; shell outermost

sometimes decreases. With

reference to the periodic table, the the closer the is, atom the smaller pattern is indeed periodic showing the because is It atom. Smaller

that atomic radius decreases from

Decreasing

right to left and bottom to top. In

Activity 3. Chart Chat Chat Chart 3. Activity Graph B, at certain atomic numbers, first ionization energy appears to be higher. With

reference to the periodic table,

B

ionization energy increases from left

D

to right and from bottom to top.

A

A b. F b.

B

C

a. Br a.

C

B

Na, Al, Cl, Ar Cl, Al, Na,

B

S, Se, As Se, S,

B me! me!

ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT Supply 4. Activity

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References

Book

Ebbing, D. D., & Gammon, S. D. (2009). Ninth Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Mendoza, E.E., & Religioso, T.F. (1990). Chemistry, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc, Quezon City.

DECS, SEDP. (1991). Science and Technology III Textbook, First Edition. Instructional Materials Corporation.

DepEd. (2009). Chemistry Textook, Science and Technology for Third Year High School.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2021. "The Periodic Table." Britannica. Accessed January 10, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Periodic-Table.

The Jewish Community Library. n.d. "Guide to Primo Levi Periodic Table." The Periodic Table. Accessed January 10, 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54402d4fe4b0f9a2742ba309/t/564639a6e 4b09d684e5c50d1/1447442854437/Periodic+Table+Guide.pdf.

Online Sources https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Websites_(Ino rganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties /Periodic_Trends https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/atomic-size/ http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pdf https://studylib.net/doc/5891887/graphing-periodic-trends

Images http://homework.sdmesa.edu/dgergens/chem100l/periodicity/periodic_table_lab.pdf https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Introductory_ Chemistry_(Tro)/09%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table/9.09%3A_Pe riodic_Trends-_Atomic_Size_Ionization_Energy_and_Metallic_Character https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Websites_(Ino rganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Propertie s/Periodic_Trends https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelv es%2FInorganic_Chemistry%2FModules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)%2F Descriptive_Chemistry%2FPeriodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties%2FPeriodic_Tr ends&psig=AOvVaw2Zk_o_xuKumKJzxtwW07OT&ust=1610536106701000&sourc e=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjhxqFwoTCKDEndiglu4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD https://socratic.org/chemistry/the-periodic-table/periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity

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Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos, Ilongos, Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care All of them are proud and true Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset Region IX our Eden Land The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget Oh! That’s Region IX Region IX Our.. Here the Badjaos roam the Hardworking people Abound, Eden... Here the Samals live in peace Every valleys and Dale Land... Here the Tausogs thrive so free Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos, With the Yakans in unity

My Final Farewell Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the caress'd Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky, Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!, And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best, Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.

On the of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight, Pray for all those that hapless have died, Others have given their , without doubt or heed; For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain; The place not-cypress or laurel or lily white, For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried, Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight, For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need. And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain

I die just when I see the dawn break, And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; With only the dead in their vigil to see And if is lacking my blood thou shalt take, Break not my repose or the mystery profound Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound To dye with its crimson the waking ray. 'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.

My dreams, when life first opened to me, And even my grave is remembered no more My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high, Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free; That my ashes may carpet eart hly floor, No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye. Before into nothingness at last they are blown.

Dream of my life, my living and burning desire, Then will oblivion bring to me no care All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight; As over thy vales and plains I sweep; All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ; Throbbing and cleansed in thy and air To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire; With color and , with song and lament I fare, And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night. Ever repeating the faith that I keep.

If over my grave some day thou seest grow, My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends In the grassy sod, a humble flower, Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by! Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so, I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends, The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power. Where faith can never kill, and God reig ns e'er on high!

Let the beam over me soft and serene, Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away, Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes, Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed! Let the with sad lament over me keen ; Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day! And if on my cross a bird should be seen, Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way; Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes. Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest!

I Am a Filipino, by Carlos P. Romulo I am a Filipino–inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain I am a Filipino, child of the marriage of the East and the West. The future. As such I must prove equal to a two-fold task–the task of East, with its languor and mysticism, its passivity and endurance, meeting my responsibility to the past, and the task of performing was my mother, and my sire was the West that came thundering my obligation to the future. across the seas with the Cross and Sword and the Machine. I am of

I sprung from a hardy race, child many generations removed of the East, an eager participant in its spirit, and in its struggles for ancient Malayan pioneers. Across the centuries the memory comes liberation from the imperialist yoke. But I also know that the East rushing back to me: of brown-skinned men putting out to sea in must awake from its centuried sleep, shake off the lethargy that has bound his limbs, and start moving where destiny awaits. ships that were as frail as their hearts were stout. Over the sea I see them come, borne upon the billowing wave and the whistling wind, I am a Filipino, and this is my inheritance. What pledge shall I give carried upon the mighty swell of hope–hope in the free abundance that I may prove worthy of my inheritance? I shall give the pledge of new land that was to be their home and their children’s forever. that has come ringing down the corridors of the centuries, and it

I am a Filipino. In my blood runs the immortal seed of heroes–seed shall be compounded of the joyous cries of my Malayan forebears that flowered down the centuries in deeds of courage and defiance. when first they saw the contours of this land loom before their eyes, In my veins yet pulses the same hot blood that sent Lapulapu to of the battle cries that have resounded in every field of combat from Mactan to Tirad Pass, of the voices of my people when they sing: battle against the first invader of this land, that nerved Lakandula in the combat against the alien foe, that drove Diego Silang and “I am a Filipino born to freedom, and I shall not rest until freedom Dagohoy into rebellion against the foreign oppressor. shall have been added unto my inheritance—for myself and my

The seed I bear within me is an immortal seed. It is the mark of my children and my children’s children—forever.” manhood, the symbol of dignity as a human being. Like the seeds that were once buried in the tomb of Tutankhamen many thousand years ago, it shall grow and flower and bear fruit again. It is the insignia of my race, and my generation is but a stage in the unending search of my people for freedom and happiness. 14