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Hendrickson SP.Pdf CHEMISTRY IN THE WORLD THIRD EDITION BY Dr. Kirstin Hendrickson ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Bob Farrell, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Kaela Martin, Allie Kiekhofer, and Rachel Singer, Associate Editors Kat Ragudos, Interior Designer Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © 2011 Depositphotos/Nadezda Razvodovska. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-540-0 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-541-7 (br) For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. DEDICATION CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi To the Student and the Instructor: xiii How to Use This Book UNIT 1: ALL AROUND US AND INSIDE OF US 1 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 3 1.1 Classifications of Matter 5 1.2 The Periodic Table 12 1.3 Thinking About Chemicals, Chemical 14 Reactions, and Chemical Equations 1.4 Balancing Chemical Equations 15 1.5 Nomenclature 18 1.6 The Last Word—Chemical Free? 20 Chapter 2: Chemistry Around Us—Of Atoms and The 29 Atmosphere 2.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 31 2.2 Chemistry at High Altitude 31 2.3 Atomic and Molecular Mass 33 2.4 Counting Atoms and Molecules—The Mole 35 2.5 Molar Mass 36 2.6 Interconversions: Grams to Moles to Molecules and Atoms 38 2.7 Stoichiometric Equivalents 39 2.8 Subatomic Particles 40 2.9 The Last Word—Land Animals Breathe Air, 45 Aquatic Animals Breathe Water? Chapter 3: Chemistry Inside Us—The Elements of Life 55 3.1 Carbon-Based Life Forms 56 3.2 Electron Shells 58 3.3 Valence 60 3.4 Lewis Dot Structures 62 3.5 Covalent Bonding 63 3.6 Multiple Covalent Bonds 65 3.7 So Why Are We Carbon Based? 68 3.8 Molecular Shapes 71 3.9 The Paradox of Bond Formation 74 3.10 The Last Word—Love and Other Chemical Reactions 76 UNIT 2: COMMUNITY CHEMISTRY 89 Chapter 4: Water—the Solvent of Life 91 4.1 Solutions and Solubility 91 4.2 Dipole Moments 92 4.3 Hydrogen Bonds 98 4.4 Unique Properties of Water 99 4.5 Ionic Compounds 104 4.6 Electrolytes 108 4.7 Water Distribution and Safety 109 4.8 Hard Water 112 4.9 Bottled Versus Tap Water—Social Implications 114 4.10 The Last Word—Superwaters 116 Chapter 5: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases 127 5.1 Acids 127 5.2 Polyatomic Ions 129 5.3 Bases 131 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Taste 133 5.5 Molarity and Concentration 134 5.6 The pH of a Solution 135 5.7 Neutralization 136 5.8 Chemistry of Baking 138 5.9 Acid and Microbes 140 5.10 Acid Spills and Industrial Acid Disasters 142 5.11 The Last Word—Fermentation 143 Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Pollution 155 6.1 Common Pollutants—Carbon Monoxide 155 6.2 Common Pollutants—NOx 157 6.3 Common Pollutants—Volatile Organic Compounds and 159 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 6.4 Common Pollutants—Ozone 159 6.5 Common Pollutants—Particulate Matter (PM and PM ) 160 10 2.5 6.6 Common Pollutants—Sulfur Dioxide 161 6.7 Common Pollutants—Mercury and Lead 162 6.8 Pollutant Ramifications—Acid Rain 163 6.9 The Industrial Revolution 166 6.10 Pollution Regulation 168 6.11 Air Quality Index 169 6.12 Changing Perceptions of Risk 171 6.13 The Last Word—Smoking 174 UNIT 3: PERSONAL CHEMISTRY 187 Chapter 7: Pharmaceuticals and Poisons 189 7.1 From Tea to Tablets 189 7.2 Pharmaceutical Design 193 7.3 Wonder Drugs 196 7.4 Drug Solubility 196 7.5 Receptors and Pharmacophores 198 7.6 Early Pharmaceutical Regulation 200 7.7 Through the Looking Glass—Healer or Killer? 201 7.8 What Does “Natural” Mean, Anyway? 207 7.9 The Last Word—The Paracelsus Principle 209 Chapter 8: The Chemistry of What We Eat 223 8.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 223 8.2 Entropy 225 8.3 Energy of Chemical Reactions 226 8.4 How Molecules Provide Energy 229 8.5 Protein 230 8.6 Protein in Food 232 8.7 Carbohydrates 233 8.8 Carbohydrate Digestion 236 8.9 Carbohydrate Absorption 237 8.10 Fats 240 8.11 Types of Fatty Acids 243 8.12 Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones 246 8.13 Soap 249 8.14 Vitamins 250 8.15 Minerals 253 8.16 The Last Word—Vitamin Enriched! 254 Chapter 9: The Body as a Beaker—Nutrition, Health, 267 and Wellness 9.1 Body Fat—Too Much, Too Little, and Just Right 268 9.2 Body Composition Metrics 270 9.3 Nutritional Recommendations 272 9.4 What We’re Eating—The Typical American Diet 275 9.5 Trying to Change What We’re Eating—Weight-Loss Diets 277 9.6 The Low-Fat Diet 278 9.7 Stimulant Diet Pills 279 9.8 Low-Carbohydrate Diet 280 9.9 Sugar Substitutes 282 9.10 Eating-Pattern Sustainability 285 9.11 The Other Half of the Equation—Caloric Expenditure 288 9.12 Exercise 289 9.13 Muscle Types 292 9.14 The Last Word—Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 295 UNIT 4: GLOBAL CHEMISTRY 313 Chapter 10: Changing the World with Chemistry 315 10.1 Refrigeration 315 10.2 UV Light and EMR 318 10.3 The Ozone Layer 322 10.4 CFCs and UV Light 325 10.5 The Montreal Protocol 329 10.6 Refrigerants—Moving Forward 332 10.7 The Nitrogen Cycle 334 10.8 The Haber-Bosch Process 335 10.9 Risks and Benefits of the Haber-Bosch Process 337 10.10 The Precautionary Principle Revisited 338 10.11 The Last Word—Sunlight in the Troposphere 341 Chapter 11: “Current” Events—Electrochemistry 353 11.1 Redox 354 11.2 Voltaic (Galvanic) Cells 358 11.3 Electrolytic Cells 363 11.4 Photovoltaic Cells 366 11.5 Plants—Natural Solar Power Generators 369 11.6 Human Batteries—Respiration 372 11.7 Anaerobic Metabolism—Fermentation 374 11.8 The Last Word—Lightning 376 Chapter 12: From Alchemists to Oppenheimer and 391 Beyond—Nuclear Chemistry 12.1 Rise of Nuclear Chemistry 392 12.2 Radioactive Decay 393 12.3 Radioactive Decay Series 399 12.4 Nuclear Fission 400 12.5 The Atom Bomb 402 12.6 Nuclear Fusion 405 12.7 Nuclear Energy 407 12.8 Half-Life 409 12.9 Storing Nuclear Waste 412 12.10 Nuclear Disasters 414 12.11 The Future of Nuclear Power 415 12.12 Health Effects of Irradiation 416 12.13 Nuclear Medicine 418 12.14 Carbon Dating 420 12.15 Irradiation of Food 421 12.16 The Last Word—Microwaves 422 Chapter 13: Energy, Chemistry, and Society 433 13.1 An Important Introductory Note from the Author 433 13.2 Our Global Energy Dependence and Fossil Fuels 434 13.3 The Greenhouse Effect 437 13.4 The Carbon Cycle 441 13.5 Measuring Atmospheric Carbon 444 13.6 Evidence of Climate Change 450 13.7 Climate Modeling 454 13.8 Causality 455 13.9 Why Focus on CO2? 458 13.10 Making Sense of Rhetoric 458 13.11 The Kyoto Protocol 461 13.12 Global and National Strategies 463 13.13 Community and Individual Strategies 466 13.14 A Parting Thought 468 13.15 The Last Word—Stomping or Tiptoeing? 468 Glossary 481 Index 499 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Developing this book has been a labor of love over the last ten or more years, though the actual writing took (thankfully!) somewhat less than that. There are many without whom this text would never have transitioned from dream to reality—you know who you are, and I thank you. A few individuals, though, require special mention. To Scott for being the catalyst, and provid- ing the gorgeous photographs that bring the ideas to life. To Megan…for so many reasons. I need not list, because you know. Finally, to my beautiful daughter: you are a newcomer to this planet since the book was first pub- lished, but you inspire me daily to look at the world around me in a different way, and your sense of wonder kindles mine. I look forward to so much more kitchen chemistry with you. Please never stop asking, “WHY?” …and I will never stop answering. TO THE STUDENT AND THE INSTRUCTOR—HOW TO USE THIS BOOK This text was written to provide a perspective on socially important topics in the field of chemistry, which as the student will soon ascertain, is a broad field indeed! Of course, even an applications-based approach (as this book is) must by necessity introduce suf- ficient principle and theory to allow for meaningful discussion. It was a primary goal in writing this text to include only those principles absolutely necessary to understanding observable chemical phenomena and relevant chemical issues. At every step of the way, I strove to make readily apparent the answer to the question, When am I ever going to use this again? For this reason, I recommend reading this book more like literature than a science text—it tells a story.
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