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Hendrickson SP.Pdf
CHEMISTRY IN THE WORLD THIRD EDITION BY Dr. Kirstin Hendrickson ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Bob Farrell, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Kaela Martin, Allie Kiekhofer, and Rachel Singer, Associate Editors Kat Ragudos, Interior Designer Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © 2011 Depositphotos/Nadezda Razvodovska. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-540-0 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-541-7 (br) For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. DEDICATION CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi To the Student and the Instructor: xiii How to Use This Book UNIT 1: ALL AROUND US AND INSIDE OF US 1 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 3 1.1 Classifications of Matter 5 1.2 The Periodic Table 12 1.3 Thinking About Chemicals, Chemical 14 Reactions, -
The Periodic Table of Elements
The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 6 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons HYDROGENH HELIUMHe 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 Atomic Weight 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SODIUMNa MAGNESIUMMg ALUMINUMAl SILICONSi PHOSPHORUSP SULFURS CHLORINECl ARGONAr 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 POTASSIUMK CALCIUMCa SCANDIUMSc TITANIUMTi VANADIUMV CHROMIUMCr MANGANESEMn FeIRON COBALTCo NICKELNi CuCOPPER ZnZINC GALLIUMGa GERMANIUMGe ARSENICAs SELENIUMSe BROMINEBr KRYPTONKr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 RUBIDIUMRb STRONTIUMSr YTTRIUMY ZIRCONIUMZr NIOBIUMNb MOLYBDENUMMo TECHNETIUMTc RUTHENIUMRu RHODIUMRh PALLADIUMPd AgSILVER CADMIUMCd INDIUMIn SnTIN ANTIMONYSb TELLURIUMTe IODINEI XeXENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 CESIUMCs BARIUMBa HAFNIUMHf TANTALUMTa TUNGSTENW RHENIUMRe OSMIUMOs IRIDIUMIr PLATINUMPt AuGOLD MERCURYHg THALLIUMTl PbLEAD BISMUTHBi POLONIUMPo ASTATINEAt RnRADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 FRANCIUMFr RADIUMRa RUTHERFORDIUMRf DUBNIUMDb SEABORGIUMSg BOHRIUMBh HASSIUMHs MEITNERIUMMt DARMSTADTIUMDs ROENTGENIUMRg COPERNICIUMCn NIHONIUMNh -
Element Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82
LEAD Element Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KERRY LAMB www.raci.org.au LEAD Element symbol: Pb Atomic number: 82 Lead has atomic symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is located towards the bottom of the periodic table, and is the heaviest element of the carbon (C) family. The chemical symbol for lead is an abbreviation from the Latin word plumbum, the same root word as plumbing, plumber and plumb-bob still commonly used today. Two different interpretations are associated with the word plumbum, namely “soft metals” and “waterworks”. No-one knows who discovered lead, the metal having been known since ancient times. Archaeological pieces from Egypt and Turkey have been found dating to around 5000 BC. Lead is also mentioned in the book of Exodus in the Bible. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were floored with soldered sheets of lead, while there is evidence to suggest the Chinese were manufacturing lead around 3000 BC. Some reports suggest that lead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man, and this is likely so given its worldwide occurrence and its relative ease of extraction. In alchemy, lead was considered the oldest metal and was associated with the planet Saturn. Lead makes up ~0.0013% of the earth’s crust. It is rare that metallic lead occurs naturally. Lead is typically associated with zinc, copper and silver bearing ores and is processed and extracted along with these metals. When freshly cut pure lead is a bluish-white shiny metal that readily oxidises in air to the grey metal that is more typically known. -
Ni Symbol Periodic Table
Ni Symbol Periodic Table Allopathically deprecating, Franz anticipating editions and maturating humidistats. If scrawliest or tangible Nicholas usually suggests his spice totes goddamned or commandeer inadvertently and moreover, how fussiest is Rees? Inexplicable or sostenuto, Lonnie never ranged any uncongeniality! Liberty head of periodic table of discovery of the symbol for the skin may negatively impact crater aristarchusis a few angstroms wide temperature behavior. For producing hydrochloric acid, and bright silver, plus a connection with periodic table elements included scheele also used in trace quantities of periodic table information and temperature include hydrogen. To blow this, garnierite, beautiful sanctuary and grease prevent corrosion. The electrons located in the outermost shell are considered as valence electrons. Iron or nickel can summarize its compounds it is readily by heating in concentrated phosphoric acids. Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library. Nickel is also used in electroplating, inert, but it does develop a green oxidecoating that spalls off when exposed to air. Does not unpublish a symbol ni symbol periodic table of periodic table. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and suspected carcinogens. Even Union soldiers were being open with notes by the government. Molecule and communication background. Detect mobile device window. It has a yellow color to work codes areobserved, ni symbol periodic table. This promises to find many metals and color and for vapor. May we suggest an alternative browser? Elements in more. Lookup the an element in the periodic table using its symbol. When freshly cutstrontium has more modern periodic table. The periodic table represent groups and ruthenium is not your email or annual, ni symbol periodic table can be useful material. -
Toxic Metals in the Environment: the Role of Surfaces
Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces Donald L. Sparks1 etals are prevalent in the environment. They are derived from both such as density, weight, atomic number, and degree of toxicity natural and anthropogenic sources. Certain metals are essential for (Roberts et al. 2005). Certain met- Mplant growth and for animal and human health. However, if present als and metalloids are essential for in excessive concentrations they become toxic. Metals undergo an array of plant growth and for animal and human health. With respect to biogeochemical processes at reactive natural surfaces, including surfaces of plants, these are referred to as clay minerals, metal oxides and oxyhydroxides, humic substances, plant roots, micronutrients and include B, Cu, and microbes. These processes control the solubility, mobility, bioavailability, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo. In addition, and toxicity of metals in the environment. The use of advanced analytical As, Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Sn, and V are essential in animal nutrition. techniques has furthered our understanding of the reactivity and mobility Micronutrients are also referred to of metals in the near-surface environment. as trace elements since they are required in only small quantities, Keywords: critical zone, metals, sorption, surface complexation, biogeochemical processes unlike major nutrients such as N, P, and K. In excess, trace elements INTRODUCTION can be toxic to plants, microbes, animals, and humans. Metals comprise about 75% of the known elements and can Problems also arise when there is a deficiency in essential form alloys with each other and with nonmetals (Morris elements. 1992). Metals have useful properties such as strength, mal- Important trace elements in the environment are As, Ag, B, leability, and conductivity of heat and electricity. -
Elements Make up the Periodic Table
Page 1 of 7 KEY CONCEPT Elements make up the periodic table. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Atoms have a structure • How the periodic table is • Every element is made from organized a different type of atom • How properties of elements are shown by the periodic table VOCABULARY EXPLORE Similarities and Differences of Objects atomic mass p. 17 How can different objects be organized? periodic table p. 18 group p. 22 PROCEDURE MATERIALS period p. 22 buttons 1 With several classmates, organize the buttons into three or more groups. 2 Compare your team’s organization of the buttons with another team’s organization. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • What characteristics did you use to organize the buttons? • In what other ways could you have organized the buttons? Elements can be organized by similarities. One way of organizing elements is by the masses of their atoms. Finding the masses of atoms was a difficult task for the chemists of the past. They could not place an atom on a pan balance. All they could do was find the mass of a very large number of atoms of a certain element and then infer the mass of a single one of them. Remember that not all the atoms of an element have the same atomic mass number. Elements have isotopes. When chemists attempt to measure the mass of an atom, therefore, they are actually finding the average mass of all its isotopes. The atomic mass of the atoms of an element is the average mass of all the element’s isotopes. -
Carbon and Silicon
INTERCHAPTER M Carbon and Silicon Carbon nanotubes have potential applications ranging from new composites for use in ultralight automobiles and bullet-proof clothing to ultrathin wires. The discovery of carbon nanotubes helped launch the newly emerging field of nanotechnology. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com M. CARBON AND siLICON M1 Carbon is widely distributed in nature both as the free M-1. Diamond and Graphite Are Allotropic element and in compounds. The great majority of nat- Forms of Carbon urally occurring carbon is found in coal, petroleum, As discussed in Section 15-10, the two most impor- limestone, CaCO3(s), dolomite, MgCa(CO3)2(s), and a few other deposits. Carbon is also a principal ele- tant allotropic forms of solid carbon are diamond ment in all living matter, and the study of its com- and graphite. Recall that diamond has an extended, pounds forms the vast fields of organic chemistry covalently bonded tetrahedral structure and that and biochemistry. Carbon is decidedly nonmetallic, graphite has a layered structure. Because diamond whereas silicon is a semimetal. is the hardest naturally occurring mineral known, it Silicon constitutes 28% of the mass of the earth’s is extensively used as an abrasive and cutting mate- mantle and is the second most abundant element in rial where a very high resistance to wear is required. the mantle, exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon does not Graphite, however, is the stable form of carbon at occur as the free element in nature; it occurs primar- ordinary temperatures and pressures. It exists as a solid at a higher temperature than any other material ily as silicon dioxide, SiO2(s) and in numerous sili- cates. -
Isotopic Composition of Some Metals in the Sun
SNSTITUTE OF THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS BLINDERN - OSLO REPORT .No. 35 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SOME METALS IN THE SUN by ØIVIND HAUGE y UNIVERSITETSFORLAqET • OSLO 1972 Universitetsfc lagets trykningssentral, Oslo INSTITUTE OF THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS BLINDERN - OSLO REPORT No. 35 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SOME METALS IN THE SUN by ØIVIND HAUGE UNIVERSITETSFORLAGET • OSLO 1972 Universitetsforlagets tryknlngssentral, Oslo CONTENTS Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Fine structure in spectral lines from atoms 5 1. Isotope shift 5 2. Hyperfine structure 6 3. Applications to atomic lines in photospheric spectrum .... 8 1. Elements with one odd isotope , 9 2. Elements with two odd isotopes 9 3. Elements with one odd and several even isotopes 11 k. Elements with several odd and even isotopes 11 h. Studies of elements in the Sun with two odd isotopes 1. Isotopes of rubidium 12 A. Observations lk B. Calculations 16 C. The Rb I line at 78OO Å 1. The continuum level 16 2. Line profiles and turbulent velocities 18 3. The asymmetry of the Si I line 19 h. Isotope investigations 21 P. The Rb I line at 79^7 A 28 E. The isotope ratio of rubidium 31 F. The abundance of rubidium 3k 2. Isotopes of antimony 35 A. Spectroscopic data 35 B. The Sb I lines at 3267 and 3722 A 37 3* Isotopes of europium 1*0 A. Observations and methods of analysis ^1 B. Spectroscopic data 1*1 C. Spectral line investigations 1. Investigations of four Eu II lines **3 2. The Eu II lines at Ul29 and U205 k ^6 D. The isotope ratio of europium 50 E. -
Chemical Element
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Кафедра иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного М.О. Наймушина CHEMICAL ELEMENT Учебное пособие Иркутск ИГМУ 2017 УДК 615.011 (075.8)=111 ББК 24.12я73 Н 12 Рекомендовано ЦКМС ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России в качестве учебного пособия для обучающихся по основным профессиональным образовательным программам высшего образования по специальности «Фармация», при изучении дисциплины «Иностранный (английский) язык» (протокол № 1 от 12.10.2017) М.О. Наймушина - старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России Рецензенты: Е.Г. Горячкина – канд. фарм. наук, доцент кафедры фармакогнозии и ботаники ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России В.В. Литвиненко - к.филол.н., доцент кафедры общеобразовательных дисциплин Байкальского гуманитарного института Наймушина, М.О. Н 12 Chemical Element: учебное пособие / М.О. Наймушина; ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России, кафедра иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного. – Иркутск: ИГМУ, 2017. – 50 с. Учебное пособие включает в себя сокращенные адаптированные тексты на английском языке, сопровождаемые системой лексико-грамматических упражнений и коммуникативных заданий, предназначено для развития навыков различных видов чтения, перевода, аннотирования статей, а также для развития умений монологического -
AP Chemistry!!! Summer Assignment Inside This Packer You Will Find A
Welcome to AP Chemistry!!! Mr. Seck Summer Assignment Inside this packer you will find a summary of chapters 1, 2 and 3 of your textbook. Please read the summary of each topic before answering the questions that follow in each chapter and check your answers in the packer. A good understanding of these topics will help you in further topics. Enjoy working on your summer packet. Have a wonderful summer!!! Thank you 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement Most of this material was probably learned in first-year chemistry. Quickly review the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures. The separation of mixtures based on their physical properties is important and so are SI units for measurement. Significant figures and dimensional analysis are also introduced here. Pay particular attention to these sections: 1.2 Classification of Matter 1.3 Properties of Matter 1.4 Units of Measurement 1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 1.6 Dimensional Analysis Classification of Matter Section 1.2 Matter is classified as pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances are either elements or compounds. An element is a substance all of whose atoms contain the same number of protons. A compound is a relatively stable combination of two or more chemically bonded elements in a specific ratio. Mixtures consist of two or more substances. Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout. Air, sea water and a nickel coin (a mixture of copper and nickel metals called an alloy) are examples. Heterogeneous mixtures vary in texture and appearance throughout the sample. Rocks, wood, polluted air and muddy water are examples. 2 Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Physical properties can be measured without changing the identity or composition of the substance. -
The Chemistry and Metallurgy of Beryllium Onyekachi Raymond, 1 Lakshika C
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato Chemistry in New Zealand July 2015 The chemistry and metallurgy of beryllium Onyekachi Raymond, 1 Lakshika C. Perera,2 Penelope J. Brothers,2 William Henderson, 1 Paul G. r- Plieger3·* r 1Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 2School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 3Chemistry, Institute of Fundamental Science, Massey University, Palmerston North (email: [email protected]) Keywords: beryllium, Ugands, chronic beryllium disease, coordination chemistry Introduction Aluminium Oxide Beryllium (Be), the first of the group 2 alkali-earth ele � ments, is a silver-gray metal possessing an unmatched Boron Nitride combination of physical and mechanical properties, which are vital for a variety of applications that offer tre Silicon Carbide � mendous benefits to society. It is the lightest workable Aluminium Nitride metal, only two-thirds the weight of aluminium, yet it has six times the stiffness of steel, making it an ideal mate Beryllium Oxide rial for stiffness-dependent and weight-limited applica tions. The chart in Fig. 1 illustrates how much beryllium 0 50 100 150 200 250 outclasses other engineering materials with respect to Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) thermal conductivity and dimensional stability (ability of a material to retain its uniformity under stress measured Magnesium as the Young's modulus to density ratio). These unique properties of beryllium translate into performance en Steel hancement in the end product, for instance the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST: see Fig. 2). -
Block Elements?
Chapter 10 S -BLOCK ELEMENTS Question and answers carrying 1 mark 1. What are s- block elements? s-block elements are those in which the last electron enters the outermost s-orbital . As the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons, two groups (1 & 2) belong to the s-block of the Periodic Table. 2. Name the elements present in the 1 st Group of the Periodic Table lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium. They are collectively known as the alkali metals . 3. Why I group elements are called alkali metals ? These are called so because they form hydroxides on reaction with water which are strongly alkaline in nature. 4. Name the elements present in the 2 nd Group of the Periodic Table: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. These elements with the exception of beryllium are commonly known as the alkaline earth metals . 5. Why II group elements are called alkaline earth metals ? These are called so because their oxides and hydroxides are alkaline in nature and these metal oxides are found in the earth’s crust. 6. What is the reason for the diagonal relationship ? Diagonal relationship is due to the similarity in ionic sizes and /or charge/radius ratio of the elements. 7. Which is smaller in size between a metal ion and its parent atom? The monovalent ions (M +) are smaller than the parent atom. 8. Which group elements show very low ionization enthalpy in the periodic table? First group elements (alkali metals) 9. How the ionization enthalpy varies in alkali metals Ionization enthalpy decrease down the group from Li to Cs.