DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemistry in the World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemistry in the World Chemistry in the World Edited by Kirstin Hendrickson Included in this preview: • Copyright Page • Table of Contents • Excerpt of Chapter 1 For additional information on adopting this book for your class, please contact us at 800.200.3908 x501 or via e-mail at info@cognella.com Chemistry in the World First Edition by Kirstin Hendrickson Arizona State University Copyright © 2011 by Kirstin Hendrickson. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permis- sion of University Readers, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2011 by Cognella, a division of University Readers, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identi- fi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-935551-35-5 For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. About the Cover he pictures on the cover of this text are some examples of the chemistry that surrounds us in the real world. At top left, poppies bloom in the Sonoran desert of Arizona in the spring as plants Tincrease their growth rate. Not only does this depend on the chemical process of photosynthesis, it also increases the rate at which the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. At top right and bottom left, we see two examples of water in nature—in liquid form as it cascades over Upper Mesa Falls in Idaho, and in solid form as snow in Bryce Canyon in Utah. Th ere’s also water vapor in the atmosphere, where it serves the important role of helping to keep the Earth warm and habitable. Water has many interesting and unique chemical properties, and fresh surface water, as in this waterfall, is rare and valuable. At bottom right, aspen leaves in the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff , Arizona, turn vibrant shades of yellow in the fall. As seasons change, changing intensity of light prompts trees to adjust concentrations of light-harvesting chemicals in the leaves. Th is leads to the yellows, oranges, and reds that decorate the trees as the air turns crisp. Photo credits: Sonoran desert poppies, Arizona © Scott Lefl er, 2008; Upper Mesa Falls, Idaho © Scott Lefl er, 2008; Bryce Canyon, Utah © Scott Lefl er, 2009; aspens in the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona © Scott Lefl er, 2006. ContentsC Acknowledgments xiii To the Student and the Instructor: How to Use this Book 1 Unit 1: All Around Us and Inside Us 3 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 5 1.1 Classifi cations of Matter 7 1.2 Th e Periodic Table 14 1.3 Th inking About Chemicals, Chemical Reactions, and Chemical Equations 16 1.4 Balancing Chemical Equations 18 1.5 Nomenclature 20 1.6 Th e Last Word—Chemical Free? 23 Chapter 2: Chemistry Around Us—The Atmosphere 29 2.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 30 2.2 Chemistry of High Altitude 31 2.3 Atomic and Molecular Mass 32 2.4 Counting Atoms and Molecules—Th e Mole 33 2.5 Molar Mass 35 2.6 Interconversions: Grams to Moles to Molecules and Atoms 37 2.7 Stoichiometric Equivalents 38 2.8 Subatomic Particles 40 2.9 Th e Last Word—Land Animals Breathe Air, Aquatic Animals Breathe Water? 45 Chapter 3: Chemistry Inside Us—The Elements of Life 53 3.1 Carbon-Based Life Forms 53 3.2 Electron Shells 55 3.3 Lewis Dot Structures 59 3.4 Covalent Bonding 60 3.5 Multiple Covalent Bonds 62 3.6 So Why Are We Carbon Based? 65 3.7 Molecular Shapes 67 3.8 Th e Paradox of Bond Formation 70 3.9 Th e Last Word—Love and Other Chemical Reactions 72 Unit 2: Community Chemistry 79 Chapter 4: Water—The Solvent of Life 81 4.1 Solutions and Solubility 81 4.2 Dipole Moments 82 4.3 Hydrogen Bonds 88 4.4 Unique Properties of Water 90 4.5 Ionic Compounds 94 4.6 Electrolytes 98 4.7 Water Distribution and Safety 100 4.8 Hard Water 102 4.9 Bottled Versus Tap Water—Social Implications 103 4.10 Th e Last Word—Superwaters 105 Chapter 5: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases 111 5.1 Acids 111 5.2 Polyatomic Ions 114 5.3 Bases 115 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Taste 117 5.5 Molarity and Concentration 118 5.6 Th e pH of a Solution 120 5.7 Neutralization 121 5.8 Chemistry of Baking 123 5.9 Acid and Microbes 124 5.10 Acid Spills and Industrial Acid Disasters 126 5.11 Th e Last Word—Fermentation 127 Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Pollution 135 6.1 Common Pollutants—Carbon Monoxide 135 6.2 Common Pollutants—NOx 137 6.3 Common Pollutants—Volatile Organic Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 138 6.4 Common Pollutants—Ozone 139 6.5 Common Pollutants—Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) 140 6.6 Common Pollutants—Sulfur Dioxide 140 6.7 Common Pollutants—Mercury and Lead 141 6.8 Pollutant Ramifi cations—Acid Rain 143 6.9 Th e Industrial Revolution 146 6.10 Pollution Regulation 147 6.11 Air Quality Index 149 6.12 Changing Perceptions of Risk 151 6.13 Th e Last Word—Smoking 153 Unit 3: Personal Chemistry 161 Chapter 7: Pharmaceuticals and Poisons 163 7.1 From Tea to Tablets 163 7.2 Pharmaceutical Design 168 7.3 Wonder Drugs 171 7.4 Drug Solubility 172 7.5 Receptors and Pharmacophores 174 7.6 Early Pharmaceutical Regulation 176 7.7 Th rough the Looking Glass—Healer or Killer? 178 7.8 What Does “Natural” Mean, Anyway? 184 7.9 Th e Last Word—Th e Paracelsus Principle 187 Chapter 8: The Chemistry of What We Eat 197 8.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 197 8.2 Entropy 199 8.3 Energy of Chemical Reactions 201 8.4 How Molecules Provide Energy 204 8.5 Protein 205 8.6 Protein in Food 208 8.7 Carbohydrates 209 8.8 Carbohydrate Digestion 211 8.9 Carbohydrate Absorption 212 8.10 Fats 215 8.11 Types of Fatty Acids 218 8.12 Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones 222 8.13 Soap 224 8.14 Vitamins 225 8.15 Minerals 228 8.16 Th e Last Word—Vitamin Enriched! 229 Chapter 9: The Body as a Beaker—Nutrition, Health, and Wellness 237 9.1 Body Fat—Too Much, Too Little, and Just Right 237 9.2 Body Composition Metrics 240 9.3 Nutritional Recommendations 241 9.4 What We’re Eating—Th e Typical American Diet 244 9.5 Trying to Change What We’re Eating— Weight- Loss Diets 245 9.6 Th e Low- Fat Di et 246 9.7 Stimulant Diet Pills 247 9.8 Low- Carbohydrate Di et 249 9.9 Sugar Substitutes 250 9.10 Sustainability 253 9.11 Th e Other Half of the Equation—Caloric Expenditure 256 9.12 Exercise 257 9.13 Muscle Types 261 9.14 Th e Last Word—Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 264 Unit 4: Global Chemistry 275 Chapter 10: Changing the World with Chemistry 277 10.1 Refrigeration 277 10.2 UV Light and EMR 280 10.3 Th e Ozone Layer 285 10.4 CFCs and UV Light 287 10.5 Th e Montreal Protocol 290 10.6 Refrigerants—Moving Forward 292 10.7 Th e Nitrogen Cycle 293 10.8 Th e Haber- Bosch P rocess 294 10.9 Risks and Benefi ts of the Haber-Bosch Process 296 10.10 Th e Precautionary Principle Revisited 297 10.11 Th e Last Word—Sunlight in the Troposphere 299 Chapter 11: “Current” Events—Electrochemistry 307 11.1 Redox 308 11.2 Galvanic Cells 312 11.3 Electrolytic Cells 316 11.4 Photovoltaic Cells 319 11.5 Plants—Natural Solar Power Generators 322 11.6 Human Batteries—Respiration 324 11.7 Anaerobic Metabolism—Fermentation 326 11.8 Th e Last Word—Lightning 328 Chapter 12: From Alchemists to Oppenheimer and Beyond—Nuclear Chemistry 337 12.1 Rise of Nuclear Chemistry 337 12.2 Radioactive Decay 339 12.3 Radioactive Decay Series 344 12.4 Nuclear Fission 345 12.5 Th e Atom Bomb 347 12.6 Nuclear Fusion 350 12.7 Nuclear Energy 351 12.8 Half-Life 353 12.9 Storing Nuclear Waste 356 12.10 Nuclear Disasters 358 12.11 Th e Future of Nuclear Power 359 12.12 Health Eff ects of Irradiation 360 12.13 Nuclear Medicine 362 12.14 Carbon Dating 364 12.15 Irradiation of Food 364 12.16 Th e Last Word—Microwaves 365 Chapter 13—Energy, Chemistry, and Society 373 13.1 An Important Introductory Note from the Author 373 13.2 Our Global Energy Dependence and Fossil Fuels 374 13.3 Th e Greenhouse Eff ect 377 13.4 Th e Carbon Cycle 381 13.5 Measuring Atmospheric Carbon 383 13.6 Evidence of Climate Change 387 13.7 Climate Modeling 391 13.8 Causality 393 13.9 Why Focus on CO2? 395 13.10 Making Sense of Rhetoric 395 13.11 Th e Kyoto Protocol 397 13.12 Global and National Strategies 398 13.13 Community and Individual Strategies 401 13.14 Th e Last Word—Stomping or Tiptoeing? 402 Glossary 409 Credits 427 Index 435 Acknowledgments uthoring this book has been a work in progress for the last ten or more years, though the actual writing took (thankfully!) somewhat less than that.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hendrickson SP.Pdf
    CHEMISTRY IN THE WORLD THIRD EDITION BY Dr. Kirstin Hendrickson ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Bob Farrell, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Kaela Martin, Allie Kiekhofer, and Rachel Singer, Associate Editors Kat Ragudos, Interior Designer Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © Scott Lefler. copyright © 2011 Depositphotos/Nadezda Razvodovska. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-540-0 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-541-7 (br) For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. DEDICATION CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi To the Student and the Instructor: xiii How to Use This Book UNIT 1: ALL AROUND US AND INSIDE OF US 1 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 3 1.1 Classifications of Matter 5 1.2 The Periodic Table 12 1.3 Thinking About Chemicals, Chemical 14 Reactions,
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Metals in the Environment: the Role of Surfaces
    Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces Donald L. Sparks1 etals are prevalent in the environment. They are derived from both such as density, weight, atomic number, and degree of toxicity natural and anthropogenic sources. Certain metals are essential for (Roberts et al. 2005). Certain met- Mplant growth and for animal and human health. However, if present als and metalloids are essential for in excessive concentrations they become toxic. Metals undergo an array of plant growth and for animal and human health. With respect to biogeochemical processes at reactive natural surfaces, including surfaces of plants, these are referred to as clay minerals, metal oxides and oxyhydroxides, humic substances, plant roots, micronutrients and include B, Cu, and microbes. These processes control the solubility, mobility, bioavailability, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo. In addition, and toxicity of metals in the environment. The use of advanced analytical As, Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Sn, and V are essential in animal nutrition. techniques has furthered our understanding of the reactivity and mobility Micronutrients are also referred to of metals in the near-surface environment. as trace elements since they are required in only small quantities, Keywords: critical zone, metals, sorption, surface complexation, biogeochemical processes unlike major nutrients such as N, P, and K. In excess, trace elements INTRODUCTION can be toxic to plants, microbes, animals, and humans. Metals comprise about 75% of the known elements and can Problems also arise when there is a deficiency in essential form alloys with each other and with nonmetals (Morris elements. 1992). Metals have useful properties such as strength, mal- Important trace elements in the environment are As, Ag, B, leability, and conductivity of heat and electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon and Silicon
    INTERCHAPTER M Carbon and Silicon Carbon nanotubes have potential applications ranging from new composites for use in ultralight automobiles and bullet-proof clothing to ultrathin wires. The discovery of carbon nanotubes helped launch the newly emerging field of nanotechnology. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com M. CARBON AND siLICON M1 Carbon is widely distributed in nature both as the free M-1. Diamond and Graphite Are Allotropic element and in compounds. The great majority of nat- Forms of Carbon urally occurring carbon is found in coal, petroleum, As discussed in Section 15-10, the two most impor- limestone, CaCO3(s), dolomite, MgCa(CO3)2(s), and a few other deposits. Carbon is also a principal ele- tant allotropic forms of solid carbon are diamond ment in all living matter, and the study of its com- and graphite. Recall that diamond has an extended, pounds forms the vast fields of organic chemistry covalently bonded tetrahedral structure and that and biochemistry. Carbon is decidedly nonmetallic, graphite has a layered structure. Because diamond whereas silicon is a semimetal. is the hardest naturally occurring mineral known, it Silicon constitutes 28% of the mass of the earth’s is extensively used as an abrasive and cutting mate- mantle and is the second most abundant element in rial where a very high resistance to wear is required. the mantle, exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon does not Graphite, however, is the stable form of carbon at occur as the free element in nature; it occurs primar- ordinary temperatures and pressures. It exists as a solid at a higher temperature than any other material ily as silicon dioxide, SiO2(s) and in numerous sili- cates.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Element
    Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Иркутский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Кафедра иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного М.О. Наймушина CHEMICAL ELEMENT Учебное пособие Иркутск ИГМУ 2017 УДК 615.011 (075.8)=111 ББК 24.12я73 Н 12 Рекомендовано ЦКМС ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России в качестве учебного пособия для обучающихся по основным профессиональным образовательным программам высшего образования по специальности «Фармация», при изучении дисциплины «Иностранный (английский) язык» (протокол № 1 от 12.10.2017) М.О. Наймушина - старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России Рецензенты: Е.Г. Горячкина – канд. фарм. наук, доцент кафедры фармакогнозии и ботаники ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России В.В. Литвиненко - к.филол.н., доцент кафедры общеобразовательных дисциплин Байкальского гуманитарного института Наймушина, М.О. Н 12 Chemical Element: учебное пособие / М.О. Наймушина; ФГБОУ ВО ИГМУ Минздрава России, кафедра иностранных языков с курсами латинского языка и русского как иностранного. – Иркутск: ИГМУ, 2017. – 50 с. Учебное пособие включает в себя сокращенные адаптированные тексты на английском языке, сопровождаемые системой лексико-грамматических упражнений и коммуникативных заданий, предназначено для развития навыков различных видов чтения, перевода, аннотирования статей, а также для развития умений монологического
    [Show full text]
  • AP Chemistry!!! Summer Assignment Inside This Packer You Will Find A
    Welcome to AP Chemistry!!! Mr. Seck Summer Assignment Inside this packer you will find a summary of chapters 1, 2 and 3 of your textbook. Please read the summary of each topic before answering the questions that follow in each chapter and check your answers in the packer. A good understanding of these topics will help you in further topics. Enjoy working on your summer packet. Have a wonderful summer!!! Thank you 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement ​ Most of this material was probably learned in first-year chemistry. Quickly review the differences between elements, compounds and mixtures. The separation of mixtures based on their physical properties is important and so are SI units for measurement. Significant figures and dimensional analysis are also introduced here. Pay particular attention to these sections: 1.2 Classification of Matter 1.3 Properties of Matter 1.4 Units of Measurement 1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement 1.6 Dimensional Analysis Classification of Matter Section 1.2 Matter is classified as pure substances or mixtures. ​ Pure substances are either elements or compounds. ​ An element is a substance all of whose atoms contain the same number of protons. ​ ​ A compound is a relatively stable combination of two or more chemically bonded ​ ​ elements in a specific ratio. Mixtures consist of two or more substances. ​ Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout. Air, sea water and a nickel coin ​ (a mixture of copper and nickel metals called an alloy) are examples. Heterogeneous mixtures vary in texture and appearance throughout the sample. ​ Rocks, wood, polluted air and muddy water are examples. 2 Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Physical properties can be measured without changing the identity or ​ composition of the substance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table and Periodicity
    The Periodic Table and Periodicity Department of Chemistry The Open University of Sri Lanka Published by The Open University of Sri Lanka 2015 1 1. The Periodic Table Introduction In this lesson, we will discuss the classification of elements in the Periodic Table. The Periodic Table helps us in the prediction of the properties of new compounds by comparison of the properties of known compounds. The modern Periodic Table is an arrangement of all the chemical elements in the order of increasing atomic number with elements having similar properties (i.e. of the same chemical family) in the same vertical column. In this session, we will learn about the group numbers, s, p, d and f blocks, and the electronic configuration. Some physical properties of elements such as atomic and ionic sizes/radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, melting and boiling points will be discussed in the next lesson. First of all we will briefly look at the history of the development of the Periodic Table. 1.1 Brief history of the development of the Periodic Table In the early 19th century many new elements were being discovered and chemists were looking for similarities between these new elements and the existing elements. Dobereiner (1829) suggested that elements could be grouped in three (triads), in which each member of the triad shows similar properties. e.g.: Lithium, sodium, potassium, Calcium, strontium, barium Chlorine, bromine, iodine Dobereiner7 Newlands (1863) arranged the elements in the order of increasing relative atomic mass. He noticed that there was some similarity between every eighth elements (octet rule).
    [Show full text]
  • Element of the Day
    Element of the Day Tungsten, also known as wolfram (wuul­frәm), is a chemical element with the chemical W symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone. A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the non­alloyed metals. Also remarkable is its high density of 19.3 times that of water. The unalloyed elemental form is used mainly in electrical applications. Tungsten's many alloys have numerous applications, most notably in incandescent light bulb filaments, X­ ray tubes (as both the filament and target), and superalloys. Tungsten compounds are most often used industrially as catalysts. Question: If tungsten is used as the cathode of a galvanic cell, then is it being oxidized or reduced? 1 Chemistry 1. Element of the Day ­ W 2. Review Notes 2. Continue POGIL Activity Announcements Due Tuesday: POGIL Activity through question 10. 2 Lecture Notes Oxidation States: Electronegativity Rules for Assigning Oxidation States 1. The oxidation state of an atom in an uncombined element is 0. 2. The oxidation state of a monoatomic ion is the same as its charge. 3. Oxygen is assigned an oxidation state of ­2 in most of its covalent compounds. 4. In its covaent compounds with nonmentals, hydrogen is assigned an oxidation state of +1.
    [Show full text]
  • Metals on the Periodic Table
    All Metals On The Periodic Table When Red resonate his microfarads gybing not timely enough, is Rock corrective? Unforeknown and conductible Simeon naphthalises her hayfork forgives while Dominique perspiring some artifact nonsensically. Renal Giffie remised down. Because their outer energy levels of filled to capacity with valence electrons. Wikipedia for one period. Observable universe as periodic table of period or across a member of all know. Stay plan to clip on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up from our newsletter today. Review the latest IPTEI element-by-element review including a or of lumber known. This strong bond holds the metal atoms closer together forming a solid state. The atomic number and therefore different set each element. The periodic table is used to group elements with similar properties together For emergency the elements in the shot column are called the alkali metals The last. Unlike the alkali metals hydrogen atoms can also gain an electron to form the negatively charged hydride ion. Every other metal with so it is lustrous appearance, and isolated as periodic table. Periodic table but-to-navigate comprehensive elements corrosion materials oil gas production cracking chemical process industry corrosion information. Such struggle the laws of nature. Iodine, mercury and salt. Facts About Silicon Live Science. The alkaline earth metals represent the second column on the periodic table. Finally everyone who lived through tons of period table? Depending on conditions are all rights controlled by other. Can also called periodic table organizes elements in this activity. In disaster case manage the alkali metals of Group 1 however one finds that lithium sodium potassium rubidium cesium and francium all exhibit despite a vital degree typically.
    [Show full text]
  • XRF Spectrometry
    XRF Spectrometry X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Lodovico Lappetito Theremino System – XRFSpec_ENG- 26/02/2016– Page 1 Table of Contents XRF Spectrometry .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Theory ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 K-level and L-level emission lines in KeV ....................................................................................................... 6 Equipment ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Measurements Parameters ........................................................................................................................... 9 Spectrum of the XRF excitation source ....................................................................................................... 10 XRF spectrum of “light” materials such as wood ........................................................................................ 10 XRF spectrum of water ................................................................................................................................ 11 XRF Spectrometry of Chemical Elements ........................................................................................................ 12 Chromium (Z=24) ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • XRF Spectrometry
    XRF Spectrometry X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Theremino System Theremino System – XRFSpec_ENG- 2/17/2015 – Page 1 Table of Contents XRF Spectrometry .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Theory ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 K-level and L-level emission lines in KeV ....................................................................................................... 5 Equipment ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Measurements Parameters ........................................................................................................................... 8 Spectrum of the XRF excitation source ......................................................................................................... 9 XRF spectrum of “light” materials such as wood .......................................................................................... 9 XRF spectrum of water ................................................................................................................................ 10 XRF Spectrometry of Chemical Elements ........................................................................................................ 11 Manganese (Z=25) (alkaline battery) .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of Metals
    Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al ; its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after oxygen and silicon. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth’s solid surface. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as a free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[4] The chief source of aluminium is bauxite ore. Aluminium is remarkable for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation and for the metal's low density. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and very important in other areas of transportation and building. Its reactive nature makes it useful as a catalyst or additive in chemical mixtures, including being used in ammonium nitrate explosives to enhance blast power. Aluminium alloys Aluminium alloys are mixtures of aluminium with other metals (called an alloy), often with copper, zinc, manganese, silicon, or magnesium. They are much lighter and more corrosion resistant than plain carbon steel, but not as corrosion resistant as pure aluminium. Bare aluminium alloy surfaces will keep their apparent shine in a dry environment due to the formation of a clear, protective oxide layer. Galvanic corrosion can be rapid when aluminium alloy is placed in electrical contact with stainless steel, or other metals with a more negative corrosion potential than the aluminium alloy, in a wet environment.
    [Show full text]