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Chemistry in the World Chemistry in the World Edited by Kirstin Hendrickson Included in this preview: • Copyright Page • Table of Contents • Excerpt of Chapter 1 For additional information on adopting this book for your class, please contact us at 800.200.3908 x501 or via e-mail at [email protected] Chemistry in the World First Edition by Kirstin Hendrickson Arizona State University Copyright © 2011 by Kirstin Hendrickson. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permis- sion of University Readers, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2011 by Cognella, a division of University Readers, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identi- fi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-935551-35-5 For my students, from whom I have learned more than I could ever teach. About the Cover he pictures on the cover of this text are some examples of the chemistry that surrounds us in the real world. At top left, poppies bloom in the Sonoran desert of Arizona in the spring as plants Tincrease their growth rate. Not only does this depend on the chemical process of photosynthesis, it also increases the rate at which the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. At top right and bottom left, we see two examples of water in nature—in liquid form as it cascades over Upper Mesa Falls in Idaho, and in solid form as snow in Bryce Canyon in Utah. Th ere’s also water vapor in the atmosphere, where it serves the important role of helping to keep the Earth warm and habitable. Water has many interesting and unique chemical properties, and fresh surface water, as in this waterfall, is rare and valuable. At bottom right, aspen leaves in the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff , Arizona, turn vibrant shades of yellow in the fall. As seasons change, changing intensity of light prompts trees to adjust concentrations of light-harvesting chemicals in the leaves. Th is leads to the yellows, oranges, and reds that decorate the trees as the air turns crisp. Photo credits: Sonoran desert poppies, Arizona © Scott Lefl er, 2008; Upper Mesa Falls, Idaho © Scott Lefl er, 2008; Bryce Canyon, Utah © Scott Lefl er, 2009; aspens in the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona © Scott Lefl er, 2006. ContentsC Acknowledgments xiii To the Student and the Instructor: How to Use this Book 1 Unit 1: All Around Us and Inside Us 3 Chapter 1: Chemistry Is Everywhere 5 1.1 Classifi cations of Matter 7 1.2 Th e Periodic Table 14 1.3 Th inking About Chemicals, Chemical Reactions, and Chemical Equations 16 1.4 Balancing Chemical Equations 18 1.5 Nomenclature 20 1.6 Th e Last Word—Chemical Free? 23 Chapter 2: Chemistry Around Us—The Atmosphere 29 2.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 30 2.2 Chemistry of High Altitude 31 2.3 Atomic and Molecular Mass 32 2.4 Counting Atoms and Molecules—Th e Mole 33 2.5 Molar Mass 35 2.6 Interconversions: Grams to Moles to Molecules and Atoms 37 2.7 Stoichiometric Equivalents 38 2.8 Subatomic Particles 40 2.9 Th e Last Word—Land Animals Breathe Air, Aquatic Animals Breathe Water? 45 Chapter 3: Chemistry Inside Us—The Elements of Life 53 3.1 Carbon-Based Life Forms 53 3.2 Electron Shells 55 3.3 Lewis Dot Structures 59 3.4 Covalent Bonding 60 3.5 Multiple Covalent Bonds 62 3.6 So Why Are We Carbon Based? 65 3.7 Molecular Shapes 67 3.8 Th e Paradox of Bond Formation 70 3.9 Th e Last Word—Love and Other Chemical Reactions 72 Unit 2: Community Chemistry 79 Chapter 4: Water—The Solvent of Life 81 4.1 Solutions and Solubility 81 4.2 Dipole Moments 82 4.3 Hydrogen Bonds 88 4.4 Unique Properties of Water 90 4.5 Ionic Compounds 94 4.6 Electrolytes 98 4.7 Water Distribution and Safety 100 4.8 Hard Water 102 4.9 Bottled Versus Tap Water—Social Implications 103 4.10 Th e Last Word—Superwaters 105 Chapter 5: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases 111 5.1 Acids 111 5.2 Polyatomic Ions 114 5.3 Bases 115 5.4 Acids, Bases, and Taste 117 5.5 Molarity and Concentration 118 5.6 Th e pH of a Solution 120 5.7 Neutralization 121 5.8 Chemistry of Baking 123 5.9 Acid and Microbes 124 5.10 Acid Spills and Industrial Acid Disasters 126 5.11 Th e Last Word—Fermentation 127 Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Pollution 135 6.1 Common Pollutants—Carbon Monoxide 135 6.2 Common Pollutants—NOx 137 6.3 Common Pollutants—Volatile Organic Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 138 6.4 Common Pollutants—Ozone 139 6.5 Common Pollutants—Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) 140 6.6 Common Pollutants—Sulfur Dioxide 140 6.7 Common Pollutants—Mercury and Lead 141 6.8 Pollutant Ramifi cations—Acid Rain 143 6.9 Th e Industrial Revolution 146 6.10 Pollution Regulation 147 6.11 Air Quality Index 149 6.12 Changing Perceptions of Risk 151 6.13 Th e Last Word—Smoking 153 Unit 3: Personal Chemistry 161 Chapter 7: Pharmaceuticals and Poisons 163 7.1 From Tea to Tablets 163 7.2 Pharmaceutical Design 168 7.3 Wonder Drugs 171 7.4 Drug Solubility 172 7.5 Receptors and Pharmacophores 174 7.6 Early Pharmaceutical Regulation 176 7.7 Th rough the Looking Glass—Healer or Killer? 178 7.8 What Does “Natural” Mean, Anyway? 184 7.9 Th e Last Word—Th e Paracelsus Principle 187 Chapter 8: The Chemistry of What We Eat 197 8.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 197 8.2 Entropy 199 8.3 Energy of Chemical Reactions 201 8.4 How Molecules Provide Energy 204 8.5 Protein 205 8.6 Protein in Food 208 8.7 Carbohydrates 209 8.8 Carbohydrate Digestion 211 8.9 Carbohydrate Absorption 212 8.10 Fats 215 8.11 Types of Fatty Acids 218 8.12 Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones 222 8.13 Soap 224 8.14 Vitamins 225 8.15 Minerals 228 8.16 Th e Last Word—Vitamin Enriched! 229 Chapter 9: The Body as a Beaker—Nutrition, Health, and Wellness 237 9.1 Body Fat—Too Much, Too Little, and Just Right 237 9.2 Body Composition Metrics 240 9.3 Nutritional Recommendations 241 9.4 What We’re Eating—Th e Typical American Diet 244 9.5 Trying to Change What We’re Eating— Weight- Loss Diets 245 9.6 Th e Low- Fat Di et 246 9.7 Stimulant Diet Pills 247 9.8 Low- Carbohydrate Di et 249 9.9 Sugar Substitutes 250 9.10 Sustainability 253 9.11 Th e Other Half of the Equation—Caloric Expenditure 256 9.12 Exercise 257 9.13 Muscle Types 261 9.14 Th e Last Word—Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 264 Unit 4: Global Chemistry 275 Chapter 10: Changing the World with Chemistry 277 10.1 Refrigeration 277 10.2 UV Light and EMR 280 10.3 Th e Ozone Layer 285 10.4 CFCs and UV Light 287 10.5 Th e Montreal Protocol 290 10.6 Refrigerants—Moving Forward 292 10.7 Th e Nitrogen Cycle 293 10.8 Th e Haber- Bosch P rocess 294 10.9 Risks and Benefi ts of the Haber-Bosch Process 296 10.10 Th e Precautionary Principle Revisited 297 10.11 Th e Last Word—Sunlight in the Troposphere 299 Chapter 11: “Current” Events—Electrochemistry 307 11.1 Redox 308 11.2 Galvanic Cells 312 11.3 Electrolytic Cells 316 11.4 Photovoltaic Cells 319 11.5 Plants—Natural Solar Power Generators 322 11.6 Human Batteries—Respiration 324 11.7 Anaerobic Metabolism—Fermentation 326 11.8 Th e Last Word—Lightning 328 Chapter 12: From Alchemists to Oppenheimer and Beyond—Nuclear Chemistry 337 12.1 Rise of Nuclear Chemistry 337 12.2 Radioactive Decay 339 12.3 Radioactive Decay Series 344 12.4 Nuclear Fission 345 12.5 Th e Atom Bomb 347 12.6 Nuclear Fusion 350 12.7 Nuclear Energy 351 12.8 Half-Life 353 12.9 Storing Nuclear Waste 356 12.10 Nuclear Disasters 358 12.11 Th e Future of Nuclear Power 359 12.12 Health Eff ects of Irradiation 360 12.13 Nuclear Medicine 362 12.14 Carbon Dating 364 12.15 Irradiation of Food 364 12.16 Th e Last Word—Microwaves 365 Chapter 13—Energy, Chemistry, and Society 373 13.1 An Important Introductory Note from the Author 373 13.2 Our Global Energy Dependence and Fossil Fuels 374 13.3 Th e Greenhouse Eff ect 377 13.4 Th e Carbon Cycle 381 13.5 Measuring Atmospheric Carbon 383 13.6 Evidence of Climate Change 387 13.7 Climate Modeling 391 13.8 Causality 393 13.9 Why Focus on CO2? 395 13.10 Making Sense of Rhetoric 395 13.11 Th e Kyoto Protocol 397 13.12 Global and National Strategies 398 13.13 Community and Individual Strategies 401 13.14 Th e Last Word—Stomping or Tiptoeing? 402 Glossary 409 Credits 427 Index 435 Acknowledgments uthoring this book has been a work in progress for the last ten or more years, though the actual writing took (thankfully!) somewhat less than that.
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