Minato Mirai 21 Iconic Image Yokohama, Japan
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Minato Mirai 21 Iconic Image Yokohama, Japan Minsoo Doo, Kristina Feliciano Image Sources: Above: Jupiter Images website, http://www.jupiterimages.com/Im- age/royaltyFree/200505106-001 Left: Yokohama, Japan”, Pixdaus website, http://pixdaus.com/single. php?id=144040 Below: Japan - “A Guide to Japan”, http://www.hcteurope.com/japan/ travel.htm; Yokohama - “Yokohama Minato Mirai 21: Plans and Proj- ects” Brochure, vol. 81, 2010 Minato Mirai 21 is a 1.2-mile urban redevelopment of the waterfront of Yokohama, “MM21’s ambition is to Japan’s second largest city behind Tokyo. Minato Mirai 21 literally translates to become an international “the future port city of the 21st century”. Since the mid-19th century, Yokohama has cultural centre active remained Japan’s main trading port and industrial base, the country’s “gateway around the clock, an to the world” 1. Minato Mirai 21 is the core of Yokohama’s comprehensive ‘Plan for information city of the the 21st century’, an initiative by the municipal government in 1981 to revitalize 21st century, and a human Yokohama’s port area, establish the city’s independence from Tokyo, and environment surrounded by water, greenery, and decentralize business functions from central Tokyo. This vibrant development history”. continues to evolve and grow, exhibiting “elements of smart growth, public/private partnerships, an extensive transportation network, mixed-use programming, and - Zhong-Jie Lin, “From Megas- 24-hour nodes of activity” 2, which attract new businesses, residents, and more tructure to Megalopolis: than 50 million visitors every year. Formation and Transformation of Mega-projects in Tokyo Bay”, 1, 2 Journal of Urban Design, Vol. Rebecca Green and Tatsuo Nishimoto, “Reviving Japan’s Gateway”, Urban Land, 12, No. 1, Feb. 2007, p. 80. Mar. 2005, p. 65. PAGE 1 | MINATO MIRAI 21 “After studying the prominent waterfront developments of the world, Minato Mirai 21 SITE, EARLY PLANNING, AND DESIGN IDEOLOGY we had a better understanding of what was needed to make this project work.” – Shiro Hamano, GM, Yokohama Urban Planning Bureau (Green, p. 66) History of Yokohama A Disconnected City Design Ideology History of Minato Mirai 21 In the 1960s, Yokohama was a disconnected city; the North was a strong trans- The planning and design for an improved Yokohama was inspired by the megas- 1854 - Commodore Mat- portation hub that linked to Tokyo with rail lines extending into the growing sub- tructural movement of the 1960s, which “ . represented an idealistic effort to Feb. 1965 - City of Yokoha- thew Perry of the U.S. Navy urbs, the South was a center for businesses and local government, and the create total environments that serve as model cities of their eras.” (Lin, p. 73). ma announces Redevelop- negotiates a trade treaty central waterfront area was largely occupied by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Cor- These urban schemes for autonomous urban cities were by a group of architects ment Plan, one of six major with Japan, and Yokohama projects. becomes a commercial trad- porations shipbuilding dockyards and industrial functions, separating the North known as ‘Metabolism’, which included their mentor Kenzo Tenge (1913-2005). ing city. and South into “two isolated cores without a true city center” (Lin, p. 65). The city’ The term “Megastructure” was coined by Fumihiko Maki who defined it as “a 1970s - The Yokohama was also unable to cope with an increasing population size; people went to Tokyo large frame in which all the functions of a city or part of a city are housed . ports face increasing for businesses, commerce, entertainment and culture. Yokohama was regarded made possible by present technology” (Maki, Investigations in Collective Form, demands to accept larger as a “huge suburban town” (Lin, p. 80). 1964, p. 8). ships and to adapt to changes in international trade. National government is pushing for Tokyo Bay waterfront reform and de- centralization of Tokyo. Cdre. Matthew Perry’s meeting Nov. 1978 - City of Yoko- with Japanese officials in 1853. hama and various national Image Source: “About Japan”, A Teacher’s Resource website, organizations form the http://aboutjapan.japansociety. Planning and Investigatory org/ Committee for the Overall Improvement of Yokohama 1868 - The Yokohama port City Center and Waterfront is developed for trading Area. Basic plans are an- silk, particularly with Great nounced. Britain. 1980s - Japan’s “bubble 1899 - Yokohama is the economy”. The value of land most international city in increases, resulting in a Japan, with foreign areas series of large-scale devel- stretching from Kannai to Minato Mirai 21 District prior to the start of construction work (1980) Aerial view of Yokohama featuring the Yokohama Station opments around Tokyo Bay the Yamate Bluff area and Image Source: “Yokohama Minato Mirai 21: Plans and Projects” Brochure, vol. 81, 2010 Image Source: Getty Images, http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/sb10066490q-001/ in rediscovered waterfront the large Yokohama China- areas. town. The solution was to look to the central waterfront area, which comprised of the Early Planning Process old harbor, industrial areas and freight handling areas stretching between the The early planners of Minato Mirai 21 considered the spatial organization of the Oct. 1981 - Project officially Sept 1923 - The Great modern district around Yokohama station and the old historical center at Kannai, whole district and desired spacious greenery, numerous cultural facilities, pres- named Minato Mirai 21. De- Kantō earthquake, killing an as a place to reinforce a city center. There were 3 main objectives: ervation of historic buildings, “ a carefully tailored skyline” (Lin, p. 87), and the tailed planning is finished estimated 23,000 people. use of advanced technologies that would showcase a new type of business and and infrastructure develop- - Create an economically independent Yokohama ment begins. cultural urban center in the age of information technology and economic global- 1930 - Yamashita Park on - Improve port functions and transform the waterfront into a citizen’s harbor ization. A grid street system was proposed, in contrast to the labyrinthian streets the waterfront is built, using - Decentralize Tokyo with respect to its official, commercial, and international Feb. 1983 - Urban plan of many Japanese towns where inadequate zoning resulted in overapping and reclaimed land from the conference functions (Lin, p. 66). including land readjustment rubble of the quake. undefined land uses. There was a strong desire to offer a traffic plan that would adopted. In the 1970s, the city was able to successfully negotiate with Mitsubishi to relo- support vibrant urban activities and make streets safe and comfortable for pe- 1930s - Rise of heavy cate their shipyards, and formalized planning of the city was able to begin. destrians while creating a more attractive vista. Mar. 1983 - Mitsubishi industries. Entrepreneurs Heavy Industries, Ltd.’s, a build factories along re- major port occupant, must claimed land to the north of relocate its shipyard, be- the city, which eventually cause the site could no lon- becomes the Keihin Indus- ger support further growth. trial Area. PAGE 2 | MINATO MIRAI 21 PAGE 3 | MINATO MIRAI 21 Possible area for text/quote, photo. establishes mood and continuity of “We understood that in times of uncertainty, forward progress was es- ProjectMinato MiraiTitleCity 21 name layout Verdana ItalicPLANNING 14 pt PROCESS sential. To do that, it needed to be clear that we were just as commit- (arial, white, 12 pt) ted then as we were on day one.” – Hiroshi Nakada, Mayor of Yokohama (Lin, p.68) tag line Minato Mirai 21, con’t. Minato Mirai 21 Corporation Funding Minato Mirai 21, con’t. In 1984, the Minato Mirai 21 Corporation was established as a third sector orga- At the onset, there were no govern- Feb. 1989 - Sakuragicho nization (a hybrid of the public sector and private enterprise) to coordinate the ment subsidies, so the city used fees Sep. 1996 - Yokohama Sky Station Plaza opens. design of this $20 billion project, to facilitate processes and ease cooperation assessed on surplus soil removed from Building opens (work initi- ated: 1994). among more than 50 government agencies involved in the project, as well as to other construction projects. Additional Mar. 1989 - Yokohama funds came from property sold to pri- Exotic Showcase (YES ‘89) coordinate governmental efforts at the municipal and national levels with those Apr. 1997 - City plan for of the private sector. “MM21 Corporation was able to take ideas and goals from vate investors. More than $84 billion Shinko District adopted. held (through October). Yo- 1983 kohama Maritime Museum all sides and produce tangible results. They were in a position to cut through the has been invested into megaprojects opens. Yokohama Minatomi- red tape and had the industry know-how to do it right.” – Toshihide Yoshimura, around Tokyo Bay. The 1st stage of de- July 1997 - Queen’s Square rai Railway Company is executive officer of Mitsubishi Eastate’s Yokohama Branch (Lin, p. 66). This was velopment took place during Japan’s Yokohama opens (work initi- established. a true model of public/private partnership: Yokohama was responsible for land bubble economy, which saw rapid de- ated: 1994). Whole of Mi- reclamation, land adjustment, and construction of infrastructure and public facili- velopment and rents skyrocket. In 1996, nato Mirai-odori Boulevard Oct. 1989 - Urban plan for ties; private companies invested in business and housing developments after the after the boom’s collapse, official land opens, including temporary Minato Mirai 21 Central infrastructure was built; and MM21 was responsible for planning of the project prices were half at 1991 peaks, rents two-lane zone. Kishamichi Promenade opens. District adopted. and operation of public facilities. The chief planner, Masato Otaka, one of the in the commercial sector were half or a third of what they had been, and there 1989 Nov. 1989 - Yokohama founding members of the Metabolist group, called for a multi-functional urban June 1998 - Yokohama Museum of Art opens (work district for 10,000 residents and 190,000 workers on 465 acres of waterfront, 190 was a 10% vacancy rate.