Krome Section
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127:14–17. 2014.
Physico-chemical Evaluation of Dovyalis
Tomas Ayala-Silva*1, Andrea Salas2, Stewart Reed3, Hamide Gubbuk4, and Michael Winterstein1 1National Germplasm Repository System, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158 2Department of Agroecology, School of Environment, Art and Society, Florida Interantional University, Miami, FL 3National Germplasm Repository System, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158 4Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey
Additional Index Words. Dovyalis spp., tritatable acidity, germplasm, brix, colorimeter. The purpose of this research was to establish physico-chemical characterization of Dovyalis hybrid fruits (MIA 25359). Samples of 30 fruits were characterized by evaluation of fruit and seed weight, length and width, percentage and number of seeds per fruit, peel and pulp percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, fresh/ dry weight ratio, and maturity index. Dovyalis fruit showed good physical quality for commercial purposes with an average of 90.5% pulp, 9.0 % skin, and 1% seed. Sugar content (TSS) ranged from 14.34 to 16.28, pH 2.44 to 3.63, and TA of 3.85% to 4.76%. Fruit color values for the luminosity (L) of Dovyalis accession (MIA 25359) ranged from 33.06 to 43.59. The values for a* and b* ranged from 15.50 to 22.16 and 10.0 to 27.28, respectively. Fresh/dry weight ratio ranged from 0.17 to 0.20 and maturity index from 3.22 to 4.03.
The genus Dovyalis belongs to the Salicaceae (formerly and the root system is not aggressive. The fruit harvest time is Flacourtiaceae) family. This genus is composed of 11 species indicated by changes in color from green to yellow/orange and including Dovyalis abyssinica, known as Aberia abyssinica or decreasing thickness (Orwa et al., 2009). Mukambua and is native to Africa (Kenya to Malawi); Dovyalis Dovyalis hebecarpa Warb. (Ceylon gooseberry) is native to caffra, known as Kei-apple or ketembilla and a native to South India and Ceylon. Like the Kei-apple, it becomes a tree under tropi- Africa (Morton, 1987; Lorenzi et al., 2006; Ortwa et al., 2009) and cal conditions. In southern Florida, it becomes a large spreading Dovyalis hebecarpa, known as Ceylon gooseberry or ketembila, shrub with over-extended branching becoming pendulous when indigenous to India and Sri Lanka. in fruit. The young leaves are pale green and velvety to the touch, Dovyalia abyssinica A. Rich, also know as African g becoming smooth and tough with full development. The Ceylon ooseberry, is a species Native to Africa that has attracted very gooseberry is much more productive than the Kei-apple, and there little attention until recently in southern Florida. The bush grows are seldom spines on the fruiting branchlets, especially on grafted about 3.5 meters high and is not as spiny as the Kei-apple (Morton, plants. The fruits are round, about 1.0–3.0 cm in diameter, and 1987, Kiamba et al., 2009). The medium green leaves are 5.11-7.6 slightly flattened at the flower end. The skin is velvety and of cm in length. The fruits average one inch (2.54 cm) in diameter a dark maroon color when ripe (Sturrock 1959; Morton 1987). and are apricot colored when ripe. The thin, tough skin may be Plants grown from seed are male or female, but they cannot be readily peeled from the ripe fruit. The juicy flesh is apricot colored distinguished by growth or leaf characteristics, and must be grown and faintly resembles the apricot in flavor. The ripe fruit makes to fruiting age to determine the sex. Seedling plants are also very a very tasty jelly and fruit punch (Sturrock, 1959). spiny. Grafted plants are more desirable, and for commercial Dovyalis caffra, known as Kei-apple or ketembilla, is native plantings, a few male plants should be mixed throughout the to South Africa. The fruit is fleshy, yellow to orange, spherical in planting of female plants for better fruit setting. For homeyard form, succulent and highly acidic (Ortwa et al., 2009). Dovyalis plantings, this is not necessary (Da Silva et al., 2009). There are caffra is a shrub or small evergreen tree, usually 3–5 m in height, now some selections of better quality fruits, having less acid and but sometimes reaching 8 m. Bark is grey, smooth on young better flavor (Lucena Cavalcante and Geraldo Martins, 2005). branchlets, but fissured and flaky to corky on old branches and The Florida gooseberry or apricot (Dovyalis x #141, MIA stems. Young branches are heavily armed with long (40–70 mm) 25359) (Fig. 1) fruit is a natural cross which occurred in a mixed spines, but mature stems have few spines. The crown is branched, planting of D. hebecarpa and D. abyssinica at the USDA Subtropi- cal Horticulture Research Station at the National Germplasm Re- pository, and as a result, these hybrid plants developed. There was *Corresponding author; phone: (786) 402-0553; email: tomas.ayala-silva@ars. much variation in size and quality of fruits among these seedling usda.gov plants, and selections have been made of the more desirable ones
14 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. Fig. 1 Digital image of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) tree at the National Fig. 3. Digital image of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit variability. Germplasm Repository, Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL. for vegetative propagation. The fruit (Fig. 2) is very similar to that 1120 mm. Soil pH ranged between 7.0–7.5. Trees were fertilized of D. abyssinica in size and coloring, but it is more acidic and the every six months with N–P–K (8–4–12) at a rate of 1 lb per inch plant is much more productive (Sturrock, 1959). The dovyalis of trunk diameter. Micronutrients applied with fertilizer were: hybrid, obtained through D. abyssinica Warb and D. hebecarpa Mg (4%), S (0.56%), Mn (1.01%), Cu (0.05%), Fe (1.36%), Zn Warb, is native to Sri Lanka. It can reach 10 m in width and it (0.14%), and B (0.06%). Perimeters were sprayed every three produces round dark orange fruits 2–3 cm in diameter (Fig. 3) months with glyphosate (Roundup Original Max®; St. Louis, MO). (Donadio and Nachtigal, 1998). The objective of this study was Fruit was harvested from March and April 2014. Fruit was to establish a physical and a chemical classification of dovyalis harvested at maturity, when size and color were appropriate hybrid Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359). The Dovyalis is an exotic (change in color or falling). Fruit weight, length, width, Brix, fruit originated in Africa, reddish-orange color and high acidity. pH, tritatable acidity (TA), seed number, and color (measured with a lightness component and two chromatic components) Materials and Methods were recorded for each fruit harvested. A precision advanced scale (Symmetry®) was used to measure weight of fruit, seed and The study was conducted using Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) pulp. Fruit and seed length were measured using a digital caliper fruit from the National Germplasm Repository, Subtropical Neiko (Neiko Tools SA, USA). Juice was extracted out of the Horticulture Research Station (SHRS) in Miami, FL. The soil ripe fruits and samples of approximately 2 mL of juice were used was a Krome (Loamy-skeletal, carbonic, hyperthermic Lithic for brix determination. The °Brix measurements were obtained Udorthents). Precipitation during the dry season (November to using a portable SPER Scientific Digital 30034 refractometer. May) is around 568.0 mm and from June to October (wet season) Citric acid and pH measurements were obtained by using a Ti- trator G20 (Mettler Toledo). Dovyalis pulp was extracted out of ripe fruits. Five samples of 20 g were collected for each rep and blended with 40 mL of deionized water. Then, samples were place on a compact titrator for evaluation. Color was measured with a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-400 portable tristimulous colorimeter (Minolta Chroma Meter CR-400, Osaka, Japan) and Spectra Match software, set L*, a*, b* mode. Fruit chromaticity was recorded in accordance with Commission Internationale d’ Eclairage L*, a*, b*, which describes a uniform three-dimensional color space, where the L* value corresponds to a black-white scale, and two chromatic components: –a* for green to +a* for red and –b* for blue to +b for yellow. Other parameters measured include pulp percentage, weight, and dry weight ratio, number of seeds per fruit, peel percentage, TSS/TA ratio and maturity index. Five replicates of 30 fruits each were used for this evaluation. Analysis of variance for fruit weight, width, length, diameter, seed count, °Brix, pH, fresh dry weight ratio, maturity index and color was performed using Proc Mixed procedure with a Tukey–Kramer test for Least Square Means separation (a = 0.05). All analyses were conducted using SAS Fig. 2. Digital image of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruits. 9.2 software (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC 2008).
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. 15 Table 1. Least mean values ± SE for fruit traits of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit. Replicate Fruit Length Width Thickness Skin Fresh/Dry Fruit/skin wt (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) wt (g) wt ratio ratio 1 12.48 a ± 0.51 22.70 a ± 0.06 28.84 a ± 0.54 29.89 a ± 0.51 1.14 0.19 0.90 2 11.75 ab ± 0.51 21.76 a ± 0.06 28.29 a ± 0.54 30.02 a ± 0.51 1.07 0.17 0.90 3 11.09 ab ± 0.51 21.33 a ± 0.06 27.47 a ± 0.54 28.36 a ± 0.51 0.88 0.16 0.92 4 10.17 b ± 0.51 20.99 a ± 0.06 27.48 a ± 0.54 28.77 a ± 0.51 0.99 0.20 0.90 5 10.73 ab ± 0.51 21.38 a ± 0.06 27.43 a ± 0.54 28.36 a ± 0.51 1.08 0.16 0.89 Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. The letters correspond to the cultivar id presented in the first column. Multiple comparison was adjusted for theP value using the Tukey–Kramer method (Kramer, 1956).
Results and Discussion significantly lower than those reported by Viegas (1991), Martins and Candelante (2005) and Da Silva et al. (2011). Some morphometric characteristics of the fruit of One of the main factors of fruit quality is the content of soluble Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit. The weight of fruit is one solids (Crisosto et al., 2003). Total soluble solids contents and of the most important pomological characteristics of fruit espe- acidity (TA) of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruits are shown in cially when they are used for fresh consumption. Fruit weight Table 3. On average Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit, showed ranged between 8.25 and 14.53 g. These values are much higher high contents of TSS (15.27%). These results are higher than those than the 7.75 g average reported for D. caffra and D. hebecarpa reported for D. caffra and D. heterocarpa. The content of total (Morton, 1987). Length and width dimensions recorded in this soluble solids ranged from 14.79 to 15.36. Other authors (Joker experiment are close to values mentioned in the literature and and Omondi, 2000; DaSilva et al., 2011) reported that the con- are in some cases lower. Our results show fruit to range between tent of TSS in wild and domesticated species of Dovyalis varied 21.0 and 23.0 mm in length and between 27.3 and 28.8 mm in between 9.0% to 11.97% and 12.0% to 13.26%, respectively. width (Table 1). These width values are higher than the 27.0 mm Table 3 shows that TA for Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit reported by Geraldo Martins and Lucena Candelante (2005) for ranged from 3.85-4.46 mg of citric acid/100 g of fresh fruit. Rep Dovyalis caffra. Compared with D. caffra species, fruits are number 5 had the highest content of citric acid on average for smaller than 40 mm, as reported by Joker and Omondi (2000), Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit (4.48%). On average for all or the 25-40 mm range by Morton (1987), but agrees with that reps, the total acidity was high (4.14%), whereas in other stud- described by Janick and Paull, 2008. Percentages of pulp, peel, ies, this value ranged from 1.76% to 3.3% , as reported for other and seed (Table 1) show that the pulp constitutes the greatest species (Martins and Candelante, 2005; DaSilva et al., 2011). The part of the fruit. Pulp percentage varied from 89% to 92% this is ratio of TSS/TA ranged between 3.37 and 4.23, below the 4.57 significantly higher than results obtained by Sturrock, 1959, with average reported by Martins and Candelante (2005) and 7.55 by Dovyalis heterocarpa Warb (82.0%) (Martins and Cavalcante, Silva et al. (2009). The higher ratio is associated with better the 2005; Silva et al. 2011). fruit quality for fresh fruit consumption. This could have been Fruits were found to have fewer seeds than those reported by as a result of some fruits maturity stage. Morton (1987) and Orwa et al., (2009). The variation from 4.2– One of the most important factors determining acceptance of 5.6 seeds per fruit (Table 2) is below the 9.0-14.0 seeds reported fruits and vegetables is color (Ayala-Silva et al., 2005). Table 4 by Huxley (1992) and close to the 5–8 seeds reported by Caval- shows the color properties of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruits. cante and Martins (2005) and by Joker and Omondi (2000). In There were significant differences among reps, the L* value or all instances, a larger width than length was found. Total weight luminosity ranged from 33.06–43.59; the a* value which measures of the seeds (Fig. 4) per fruit ranged between 0.06 and 0.08 g the red (+a*) and green (–a) color ranged from 15.50–22.16, (Table 2), and are very low compared to those reported by Joker and Omondi (2000) of 1.25–4.50 g and by Martins and Candelante (2005) which varied from 0.41–0.42 for D. caffra. On average for all reps, skin percentage varied from 7.93% to 10.00% and seed percentage from 0.54% to 0.78% (Table 2). These results are
Table 2. Least mean values for seed traits of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit. Replicate Number of Weight of Length Width Thickness seeds seeds (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) 1 5.60a 0.07a 7.09b 4.04a 1.44a 2 6.80a 0.08a 6.86b 2.51c 0.58c 3 4.20b 0.06a 8.00a 3.71b 1.53a 4 5.60a 0.08a 6.55bc 2.49c 0.96b 5 5.40ab 0.08a 6.94b 2.97c 0.74b Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 provability level. The letters correspond to the reps presented in the first column. Multiple comparison was adjusted for the P-value using the Tukey–Kramer method (Kramer, 1956). Fig. 4. Digital image of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) seeds.
16 Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. Table. 3 Least mean values ± SE for fruit total soluble solids (TSS), pH, tritatable acidity (TA), TSS/TA, and Maturity index (MI) of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit. Replicate TSS (Brix) pH TA TSS/TA MI 1 15.36 ± 0.04 3.36 a ± 0.028 3.85a ± 0.403 4.23 3.73a ± 0.32 2 14.79 ± 0.04 2.45ab ± 0.028 3.86a ± 0.403 3.83 3.90a ± 0.32 3 15.85 ± 0.04 2.44ab ± 0.028 4.04a ± 0.403 3.92 4.03a ± 0.32 4 15.02 ± 0.04 3.26ab ± 0.028 4.46a ± 0.403 3.37 3.22a ± 0.32 5 15.32 ± 0.04 2.91ab ± 0.020 4.48a ± 0.285 3.42 3.34a ± 0.32 Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 provability level. The letters correspond to the rep presented in the first column. Multiple comparison was adjusted for the p-value using the Tukey-Kramer method (Kramer, 1956).
Table.4 Least mean values ± S.E. for fruit skin color L*, a*, b*, C* and hue angle (H°) of Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359) fruit. Replicate L* a* b* C* Hue angle (H°) 1 33.06c ± 1.1 15.55a ± 1.13 10.32c ± 1.72 18.65 33.62 2 35.01bc ± 1.1 15.50ab ± 1.13 12.62c ± 1.72 20.02 32.74 3 38.40b ± 1.1 19.51b ± 1.13 20.08b ± 1.72 28.00 42.18 4 43.47a ± 1.1 22.16b ± 1.13 27.28a ± 1.72 35.55 50.88 5 43.59a ± 1.1 15.91b ± 1.13 25.81ab ± 1.72 29.00 58.31 Within columns, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 provability level. The let- ters correspond to the rep presented in the first column. Multiple comparison was adjusted for the P-value using the Tukey–Kramer method (Kramer, 1956). whereas the b* value measures the yellow (+b*) and blue (–b*) cal characterization of Dovyalis Fruits. Int. J. Fruit Science 4:39–46 color ranged from 10.30–27.28. The chroma (C*) which measures Da Silva, J. A., A. da Grizzoto, R. Kitagawa, F. Bergantini and Bar- the intensity of the color ranged from 18.65–35.55. In addition, baro, and I. Marino. 2011. Caracterização físico-química de frutos de the color of the fruit can be expressed as the Hue angle (Ho) clones de doviális (Dovyalis abyssinica Warb). Rev. Bras. Frutic. which ranged from 32.74–58.31. These results demonstrate that 33:466–472. the fruit of Dovyalis #141 (MIA 25359) fruits is much lighter Du Preez, R.J., K. de Jager, C.P. Welgemoed, O. Maphanga, S.D. Mhlophe, x and C. Hansmann. 2013. Preliminary Investigation into the Potential or with more yellow color than D. romana or D. caffra. DaSilva for Commercialization of Indigenous Fruits in Rural Communities: et al. (2009) reported and average L* value of 32.42 and 34.92 Survey, Fruit Composition,Propagation and Product Development. for fruits of D. caffra and D. romana, respectively. Average fruit Proc. 2nd All Africa Horticulture Congress. Eds.: K. Hannweg and color surface, expressed as the mean values for 5 reps (Table 4.), M. Penter Acta Hort. 1007: 613–626. evidenced slightly significant differences between reps, reps 1 Janick, J. and R.E. Paull. 2008. Dovyalis caffra. The Encyclopedia of and 2 had a higher red than yellow color resulting in a reddish- Fruit and Nuts. CAB International. Wallingsford, UK p. 406. yellow color. On the other hand, reps 4 and 5 demonstrated a Joker, D. and W. Omondi. 2000. W. Dovyalis caffra Warb. Humblack. more yellow-reddish color. This indicated that higher coloring Danida Forest Seed Centre (Seed leaflet no. 27). fruits (rep 1 and 2) may have been the result of the fruits loca- Kiamba, J. K., L. Schmidt, and M. Bora, A.2009. Dovyalis abyssinica tion on the tree. (A. Rich) Warb. Sed leaflet No. 144. October 2009. Lorenzi, H., L. Bacher, M. Lacerda, and S. Sartori. 2006. Frutas brasilei- ras exóticas cultivadas: de consumo in natura. São Paulo: Instituto CONCLUSIONS Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, 2006. 672 pp. Materechera, S.A. and H.R. Swanepol. 2013. Permaculture Vegetable On the basis of this investigation of important pomological Home Eco-Gardening System among Resource-Poor Households in properties of dovyalis accession Dovyalis x #141 (MIA 25359), a Semi-Arid Environment of South Africa Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Dovyalis fruit could be a potential for commercial market or as a Underutilized Plants Species “Crops for the Future—Beyond Food back yard plant for the citrus and avocado growers/enthusiasts that Security.” F. Massawe et al. (eds.) Acta Hort. 979: 225–232. are facing many challenges due to avocado and citrus diseases. MINOLTA Co., Ltd. Precise color communication: color control from The fruit is a good source for jellies, juice, smoothies, cookies, perception to instrumentation. Osaka: Minolta, 1998. 59 pp. or wine. However, further research may be necessary to see if Morton, J.F. 1987a. Kei apple. p. 315–319. In: Fruits of warm climates. Florida Flair Books. Miami, FL. color and other parameters (i.e. °Brix, TA, and MI) could help in Morton, J.F. 1987b. Ketembilla. p. 311–315. In: Fruits of warm climates. the selction and breeding of Dovyalis. At this moment, 20 clones Florida Flair Books. Miami, FL. of this clone or accession have been evaluated at the SHRS in Oliveira de Morais, I.V., I.H. Lucena Chandel, and A.B. Geraldo Martins. Miami for further evaluation. 2006. Storage of Dovyalis seeds (Dovyalis abyssinica and Dovyalis hebecarpa x warb warb). Rev. Bras. Frutic. vol.28: 539–541. Literature Cited Orwa C., A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and S. Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Ayala-Silva, T., R. Schnell, A.W. Meerow, M. Winterstein, C. Cervantes,
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 127: 2014. 17