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Geoarchaeological Evidence for Ritual Closure of a Kiva at Fourmile Ruin, Arizona

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Geoarchaeological Evidence for Ritual Closure of a Kiva at Fourmile Ruin, Arizona Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 615e625 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Geoarchaeological evidence for ritual closure of a kiva at Fourmile Ruin, Arizona Scott Van Keuren a,*, Christopher I. Roos b a Department of Anthropology, University of Vermont, Williams Hall 509, 72 University Pl, Burlington, VT 05405, USA b Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA article info abstract Article history: Geoarchaeological analyses, including soil micromorphology and chemistry, were used to characterize Received 4 May 2012 the deposition history of a fourteenth-century Pueblo ceremonial structure (or kiva) at Fourmile Ruin, Received in revised form east-central Arizona. These subterranean structures were often ritually “closed” by Pueblo societies 11 August 2012 through the burning of roofs and the deposition of special objects. These conspicuous markers are absent Accepted 22 August 2012 in the Fourmile Ruin kiva, but the composition of constituent materials and sedimentation processes nonetheless signal complex, highly-orchestrated closure activities. The study demonstrates the efficacy Keywords: of geoarchaeological analyses of stratified deposits for modeling the subtle behaviors associated with the Geoarchaeology Stratigraphy ritual closure and abandonment of sacred places. Ó Ritual 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Pueblo Micromorphology Abandonment 1. Introduction articulated animals, collections of unbroken ceramic vessels, or human remains that were placed on the floor at abandonment or Ancestral Pueblo communities in the US Southwest were in post-abandonment deposits. Outside of these highly visible fundamentally reorganized during a phase of settlement aggrega- traces of singularized treatment, the recognition of ritualized tion in the early Pueblo IV period (ca. A.D. 1275/1300e1400). closure is difficult. Fortunately, singularized treatment can leave Archaeologists who work on this time period often focus on the traces in the sediments and stratigraphy of archaeological social dimensions of large village establishment and growth. In deposits. Geoarchaeological analyses, including soil micromor- general, less attention has been paid to the elusive processes by phology and chemistry, provide evidence to identify traces of which communities fission and disperse. However, one productive deposit formation history including the composition of constit- area of scholarship focuses on the formation history of post- uent materials and sedimentation processes that can identify occupational deposits in ceremonial structures, or more specifi- singularized treatment in the absence of conspicuous markers. cally, evidence for the intentional disassembly and filling of these Such analyses have been successfully employed, for instance, to structures during “closure” events. In the case of structures that are study ritual behavior in the symbolically charged construction centrally located and shared by multiple households, such activities histories of earthen monuments (Sherwood and Kidder, 2011), but can potentially reveal village-wide social processes. have not yet been routinely employed to study the closure and Singularized deposits, a phrase we borrow from Walker (1995: abandonment of sacred places. 72; see Kopytoff, 1986), are associated with ritualized closures that In this paper we report on geoarchaeological analyses of strat- involve uncommon or specialized sequences of behaviors and ified deposits in a subterranean ceremonial room (or kiva) at objects. In most cases, singularized treatment has been recognized Fourmile Ruin, Arizona (Fig. 1). The village was the largest Ancestral through obtrusive stratigraphic signatures (e.g., roof burning), or Pueblo settlement in the Silver Creek drainage, and during its on the basis of distinctive associations of artifacts, plants, or heyday included two to three large plazas surrounded by single- animals. Examples of the latter include the interment of and multi-story masonry and adobe brick rooms. Kivas near the center of each of the two larger plazas were likely locations for non- public ceremonial practices of surrounding households and supra- household social units (e.g., lineages, clans). Our excavations * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 802 656 8546; fax: þ1 802 656 4406. fl E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Van Keuren), [email protected] exposed intact sediments burying the oor of one of these (C.I. Roos). plaza kivas. Although unusual assemblages of artifacts, faunal, or 0305-4403/$ e see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.011 616 S. Van Keuren, C.I. Roos / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 615e625 2. Research background The close of the thirteenth century A.D. marked the end of permanent residential occupation in large portions of the Ancestral Pueblo world (Adler, 1996). Broadly speaking, this demographic event reshaped the configuration, cultural composition, and perhaps even religious practices of communities throughout the northern US Southwest (Adams and Duff, 2004; Duff, 2002; Spielmann, 1998; Van Keuren and Glowacki, 2011). By the early 1300s, local populations and migrant groups coalesced into plaza- oriented villages, many of which were organized spatially into loose settlement clusters (Adams and Duff, 2004). Fourmile Ruin was among five villages in the Silver Creek cluster, east-central Arizona (Fig. 1)(Kaldahl et al., 2004; Mills, 1998). This site and others in the cluster are perhaps best known for their production of figurative-style pottery (Fourmile Polychrome) by the 1320s (Carlson, 1970: 71), which may have been associated with new religious beliefs that spread across the Pueblo world (Adams, 1991, 1994; Hays-Gilpin and LeBlanc, 2007). 2.1. Fourmile Ruin in context Fourmile Ruin was first recorded by archaeologists more than a century ago (Fewkes, 1904; Spier, 1919). Jesse Walter Fewkes excavated portions of the site during a two-week expedition in Fig. 1. The location of Fourmile Ruin and other Pueblo IV period villages in the Silver 1896, but his brief report and unpublished notebook provide scant Creek area and adjacent regions of east-central Arizona. details on his fieldwork and the site was only recently mapped. Like other early Pueblo IV period villages, the village is composed of botanical remains were not encountered, our chemical and long linear room blocks constructed around expansive, partially fi micromorphological analyses of sediments lling the kiva provide enclosed plazas (Fig. 2). At least two subterranean ceremonial fi evidence of singular ritual practices that de ned the closure of this structures (or kivas) were constructed in the center of two main room. The inferred closure and subsequent treatment of this kiva plazas. During its heyday, the site included 250 to 300 ground floor offers insights into the wider depopulation of this village as well as rooms. Although northern portions of the site have now been the currency of geoarchaeology for inferring complex behaviors destroyed, both Spier (1919) and Fewkes (1904) note the presence through archaeological stratigraphy. of second- and third-storied rooms at the site. We suggest Fig. 2. Architectural plan of Fourmile Ruin with the trench excavated in Kiva 3 (in Plaza 3) indicated. Wall lines indicated in black were clearly visible at the time of mapping. The inset photograph illustrates the hearth (round), deflector and ashbox (rectangular), and the flagstone paved floor and bench exposed in Kiva 3. S. Van Keuren, C.I. Roos / Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 615e625 617 a conservative estimate of 350e400 rooms, with one small plaza We use stratigraphic deposits within the fill of a plaza kiva at and two larger plazas. Based on the presence of well-dated Fourmile Ruin to illustrate how ritual closure can be inferred using ceramic types (Carlson, 1970; Mills and Herr, 1999), the site was stratigraphic evidence and geoarchaeological observations of the first established by the end of the 1200s, and then expanded constituent sediments. Our work builds on recent studies of ritual sometime in the early- to mid-1300s. Permanent residential deposits in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest, namely work in the occupation by Pueblo peoples ended in the area during the final Middle Colorado River Valley to the north (Fig. 1). Here, Walker and decades of the 1300s (Mills, 1998). his colleagues (Adams and LaMotta, 2006; Walker, 1995; Walker Fourmile Ruin was subject to several episodes of systematic et al., 2000) have examined the ritual closure of structures at looting prior to its transfer from a private landowner to The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century villages in the Homol’ovi Archaeological Conservancy. Although the contents of rooms were region. Adams and LaMotta (2006:60e62) discuss the nature of cleaned out, the resulting architectural remains provided a wealth of “enriched deposits” in religious structures (including kivas) at information on wall construction sequences and materials. The Homol’ovi I and II as they relate to early forms of Katsina ceremo- earliest occupants of the site built suites of masonry rooms that nialism in the area. These deposits were created through the enclosed a small plaza in the northeast area of the village. The village placement of rare objects and other “inalienable possessions” (see expanded significantly with the arrival of migrants who constructed
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