DOCSLIB.ORG

Shearon Harris, Units 2 and 3, Attachment 2.4-1AD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shearon Harris, Units 2 and 3, Attachment 2.4-1AD Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 1 of 314 FDA Home Page | CFSAN Home | Search/Subject Index | Q & A | Help Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook The "Bad Bug Book" This handbook provides basic facts regarding foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. It brings together in one place information from the Food & Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the USDA Food Safety Inspection Service, and the National Institutes of Health. Some technical terms have been linked to the National Library of Medicine's Entrez glossary. Recent articles from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports have been added to selected chapters to update the handbook with information on later outbreaks or incidents of foodborne disease. At the end of selected chapters on pathogenic microorganisms, hypertext links are included to relevant Entrez abstracts and GenBank genetic loci. A more complete description of the handbook may be found in the Preface. PATHOGENIC BACTERIA Salmonella spp. Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter jejuni Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Listeria monocytogenes Vibrio cholerae O1 Vibrio cholerae non-O1 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios Vibrio vulnificus http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 2 of 314 Clostridium perfringens Bacillus cereus Aeromonas hydrophila and other spp. Plesiomonas shigelloides Shigella spp. Miscellaneous enterics Streptococcus ENTEROVIRULENT ESCHERICHIA COLI GROUP (EEC Group) Escherichia coli - enterotoxigenic (ETEC) Escherichia coli - enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli - enteroinvasive (EIEC) PARASITIC PROTOZOA and WORMS Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Cryptosporidium parvum Cyclospora cayetanensis Anisakis sp. and related worms Diphyllobothrium spp. Nanophyetus spp. Eustrongylides sp. Acanthamoeba and other free-living amoebae Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura VIRUSES Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis E virus Rotavirus Norwalk virus group http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 3 of 314 Other viral agents NATURAL TOXINS Ciguatera poisoning Shellfish toxins (PSP, DSP, NSP, ASP) Scombroid poisoning Tetrodotoxin (Pufferfish) Mushroom toxins Aflatoxins Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Phytohaemagglutinin (Red kidney bean poisoning) Grayanotoxin (Honey intoxication) OTHER PATHOGENIC AGENTS Prions APPENDICES Infective dose Epidemiology summary table Factors affecting microbial growth in foods Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, United States 1988-1992 Additional Foodborne Disease Outbreak Articles and Databases. Foodborne Illness CFSAN Home | CFSAN Search/Subject Index | CFSAN Disclaimers & Privacy Policy | CFSAN Accessibility/Help FDA Home Page | Search FDA Site | FDA A-Z Index | Contact FDA FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Hypertext updated by mow/las/dav/ear April 25, 2006 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 4 of 314 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 5 of 314 FDA Home Page | CFSAN Home | Search/Subject Index | Q & A | Help Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Salmonella spp. 1. Name of the Salmonella is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium -- nonmotile exceptions S. gallinarum and S. pullorum--, Organism: nonsporeforming and Gram-negative. There is a widespread occurrence in animals, especially in poultry and Salmonella spp. swine. Environmental sources of the organism include water, soil, insects, factory surfaces, kitchen surfaces, animal feces, raw meats, raw poultry, and raw seafoods, to name only a few. 2. Nature of Acute S. typhi and the paratyphoid bacteria are normally caused septicemic and produce typhoid or typhoid-like fever Disease: in humans. Other forms of salmonellosis generally produce milder symptoms. 3. Nature of Disease: Acute symptoms -- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, minal diarrhea, fever, and headache. Chronic consequences -- arthritic symptoms may follow 3-4 weeks after onset of acute symptoms. Onset time -- 6-48 hours. Infective dose -- As few as 15-20 cells; depends upon age and health of host, and strain differences among the members of the genus. Duration of symptoms -- Acute symptoms may last for 1 to 2 days or may be prolonged, again depending on host factors, ingested dose, and strain characteristics. Cause of disease -- Penetration and passage of Salmonella organisms from gut lumen into epithelium of small http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 6 of 314 intestine where inflammation occurs; there is evidence that an enterotoxin may be produced, perhaps within the enterocyte. 4. Diagnosis of Human Serological identification of culture isolated from stool. Illness: 5. Associated Foods: Raw meats, poultry, eggs, milk and dairy products, fish, shrimp, frog legs, yeast, coconut, sauces and salad dressing, cake mixes, cream-filled desserts and toppings, dried gelatin, peanut butter, cocoa, and chocolate. Various Salmonella species have long been isolated from the outside of egg shells. The present situation with S. enteritidis is complicated by the presence of the organism inside the egg, in the yolk. This and other information strongly suggest vertical transmission, i.e., deposition of the organism in the yolk by an infected layer hen prior to shell deposition. Foods other than eggs have also caused outbreaks of S. enteritidis disease. 6. Relative Frequency of Disease: It is estimated that from 2 to 4 million cases of salmonellosis occur in the U.S. annually. The incidence of salmonellosis appears to be rising both in the U.S. and in other industrialized nations. S. enteritidis isolations from humans have shown a dramatic rise in the past decade, particularly in the northeast United States (6-fold or more), and the increase in human infections is spreading south and west, with sporadic outbreaks in other regions. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 7 of 314 Reported cases of Salmonellosis in the U.S. excluding typhoid fever for the years 1988 to 1995. The number of cases for each year varies between 40,000 and 50,000. From Summary of Notifiable Diseases, United States MMWR 44(53): 1996 (October 25). 7. Complications: S. typhi and S. paratyphi A, B, and C produce typhoid and typhoid-like fever in humans. Various organs may be infected, leading to lesions. The fatality rate of typhoid fever is 10% compared to less than 1% for most forms of salmonellosis. S. dublin has a 15% mortality rate when septicemic in the elderly, and S. enteritidis is demonstrating approximately a 3.6% mortality rate in hospital/nursing home outbreaks, with the elderly being particularly affected. Salmonella septicemia has been associated with subsequent infection of virtually every organ system. Postenteritis reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome have also been reported to occur generally after 3 weeks. Reactive arthritis may occur with a frequency of about 2% of culture-proven cases. Septic arthritis, subsequent or coincident with septicemia, also occurs and can be difficult to treat. 8. Target Populations: All age groups are susceptible, but symptoms are most severe in the elderly, infants, and the infirm. AIDS patients suffer salmonellosis frequently (estimated 20-fold more than general population) and suffer from recurrent episodes. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/printall.cgi 8/29/2007 Consolidated for printing: US FDA/CFSAN - Bad Bug Book: Introduction to Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxi...Page 8 of 314 9. Foods Analysis: Methods have been developed for many foods having prior history of Salmonella contamination. Although conventional culture methods require 5 days for presumptive results, several rapid methods are available which require only 2 days. 10. Selected Outbreaks: In 1985, a salmonellosis outbreak involving 16,000 confirmed cases in 6 states was caused by low fat and whole milk from one Chicago dairy. This was the largest outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis in the U.S. FDA inspectors discovered that the pasteurization equipment had been modified to facilitate the running off of raw milk, resulting in the pasteurized milk being contaminated with raw milk under certain conditions. The dairy has subsequently disconnected the cross-linking line. Persons on antibiotic therapy were more apt to be affected in this outbreak. In August and September, 1985, S. enteritidis was isolated from employees and patrons of three restaurants of a chain in Maryland. The outbreak in one restaurant had at least 71 illnesses resulting in 17 hospitalizations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 85:187
    Vol. 85: 187–192, 2009 DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published July 23 doi: 10.3354/dao02073 Dis Aquat Org Enhanced mortality in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following coinfections with ichthyophthiriasis and streptococcosis De-Hai Xu*, Craig A. Shoemaker, Phillip H. Klesius US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Laboratory, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, Alabama 36832, USA ABSTRACT: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) and Streptococcus iniae are 2 major pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L). Currently there is no information available for the effect of coinfection by Ich and S. iniae on fish. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of parasite load and Ich development size on fish mortality following S. iniae infection. Low mortality (≤20%) was observed in tilapia exposed to Ich or S. iniae alone. Mortalities increased from 38% in tilapia exposed to Ich at 10 000 theronts fish–1 to 88% in fish at 20 000 theronts fish–1 follow- ing S. iniae exposure. The median days to death were significantly fewer (7 d) in fish exposed to Ich at 20 000 theronts fish–1 than fish exposed to 10 000 theronts fish–1 (10 d). A positive correlation (cor- relation coefficient = 0.83) was noted between tilapia mortality and size of Ich trophonts at the time of S. iniae challenge. Fish parasitized with well-developed trophonts (Day 4, 2 × 107 µm3 in volume) suffered higher mortality (47.5%) than fish (10.0%) infested by young trophonts (Hour 4, 1.3 × 104 µm3 in volume) after S. iniae challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELD GUIDE to WARMWATER FISH DISEASES in CENTRAL and EASTERN EUROPE, the CAUCASUS and CENTRAL ASIA Cover Photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely
    SEC/C1182 (En) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular I SSN 2070-6065 FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA Cover photographs: Courtesy of Kálmán Molnár and Csaba Székely. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1182 SEC/C1182 (En) FIELD GUIDE TO WARMWATER FISH DISEASES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA By Kálmán Molnár1, Csaba Székely1 and Mária Láng2 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 2 National Food Chain Safety Office – Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2019 Required citation: Molnár, K., Székely, C. and Láng, M. 2019. Field guide to the control of warmwater fish diseases in Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No.1182. Ankara, FAO. 124 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Betaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria
    Abstract N-210 Contact Information The majority of the soil’s biosphere containins biodiveristy that remains yet to be discovered. The occurrence of novel bacterial phyla in soil, as well as the phylogenetic diversity within bacterial phyla with few cultured representatives (e.g. Acidobacteria, Anne Spain Dr. Mostafa S.Elshahed Verrucomicrobia, and Gemmatimonadetes) have been previously well documented. However, few studies have focused on the Composition, Diversity, and Novelty within Soil Proteobacteria Department of Botany and Microbiology Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics novel phylogenetic diversity within phyla containing numerous cultured representatives. Here, we present a detailed University of Oklahoma Oklahoma State University phylogenetic analysis of the Proteobacteria-affiliated clones identified in a 13,001 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene clones 770 Van Vleet Oval 307 LSE derived from Oklahoma tall grass prairie soil. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the community, and comprised Norman, OK 73019 Stillwater, OK 74078 25% of total clones. The most abundant and diverse class within the Proteobacteria was Alphaproteobacteria, which comprised 405 325 5255 405 744 6790 39% of Proteobacteria clones, followed by the Deltaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which made Anne M. Spain (1), Lee R. Krumholz (1), Mostafa S. Elshahed (2) up 37, 16, and 8% of Proteobacteria clones, respectively. Members of the Epsilonproteobacteria were not detected in the dataset. [email protected] [email protected] Detailed phylogenetic analysis indicated that 14% of the Proteobacteria clones belonged to 15 novel orders and 50% belonged (1) Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK to orders with no described cultivated representatives or were unclassified.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science of the Bioeconomy
    The science of the Bioeconomy Dr. Henrike Gebhardt 05 December 2014 Our positioning Evonik is the creative industrial group from Germany and one of the world’s leading specialty chemicals companies. The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 3 Our credo The Bioeconomy is one driver to promote a more resource-efficient and sustainable economy. Industrial biotechnology is a key technology for realising the bioeconomy. The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 5 Overview Bioeconomy Biotechnology Genetic engineering The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 6 Definitions Bioeconomy Production of renewable biological resources and the conversion of these resources and waste streams into value added products, such as food, feed, and other industrial products and energy. COM(2012) 60, EU Commission, mod. Bio-basedBiotechnology products ProductsThe use whollyof living or organisms partly derived or their from components biomass. EN to16575 make products. Genetic engineering Any of various applications of biological science used in the manipulation of the genome of an organism The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 7 Bio-based products offered by Evonik Polyamids Polyesters VESTAMID ®Terra DYNACOLL ®Terra DYNAPOL ®Terra VISIOMER ®Terra Additives Amino acids Cosmetics BioMTBE Feed additives Health – purified TEGOSOFT ®MM bio-based AdditivesCleaning Health VISCOPLEX ® Series 10 Esterquats RESOMER ® bio- degradable The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 8 Evonik invests in high-growth chemical megatrends Lighthouse investment projects Lysine Russia Consumer Specialties China C4 Chemistry H O / HPPO Europe 2 2 Lysine Expansion China USA Crosslinkers, Isophorone China Consumer Specialties Superabsorbents Brazil Saudi Arabia Methionine Singapore Biodiesel catalysts Argentina Bioeconomy Lysine Traditional Brazil The Science of the Bioeconomy Page 9 Bioeconomy Press releases Company Raw Intermediate Product Material Date of Issue Volume Commissioning DSM/POET (USA) Cellulosics Ethanol Biofuels from corn Jan 2012 90 kta H1.2014 cobs Purac/BASF (ES) Cellulosics Succinic acid e.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaplasmosis: an Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Importance in Canada
    IDCases 14 (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect IDCases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/idcr Case report Anaplasmosis: An emerging tick-borne disease of importance in Canada a, b,c d,e e,f Kelsey Uminski *, Kamran Kadkhoda , Brett L. Houston , Alison Lopez , g,h i c c Lauren J. MacKenzie , Robbin Lindsay , Andrew Walkty , John Embil , d,e Ryan Zarychanski a Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada b Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada c Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada d Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada e CancerCare Manitoba, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada f Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, MB, Canada g Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada h Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada i Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Winnipeg, MB, Canada A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) is an infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Received 11 September 2018 Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
    [Show full text]
  • Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Studies
    MOTE MARINE LABORATORY RED TIDE STUDIES FINAL REPORT FL DEP Contract MR 042 July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995 Submitted To: Dr. Karen Steidinger Florida Marine Research Institute FL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 100 Eighth Street South East St. Petersburg, FL 33701-3093 Submitted By: Dr. Richard H. Pierce Director of Research MOTE MARINE LABORATORY 1600 Thompson Parkway Sarasota, FL 34236 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 429 June 20, 1995 This document is printed on recycled paper Suggested reference Pierce RH. 1995. Mote Marine Red Tide Studies July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995. Florida Department of Environmental Pro- tection. Contract no MR 042. Mote Marine Lab- oratory Technical Report no 429. 64 p. Available from: Mote Marine Laboratory Library. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SUMMARY. 1 II. CULTURE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES . 1 Ill. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION STUDIES . 2 A. Brevetoxin Ingestion in Black Seabass B. Evaluation of Food Carriers C. First Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure With Depuration (2/6/95) D. Second Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure (3/21/95) IV. RED TIDE FIELD STUDIES . 24 A. 1994 Red Tide Bloom (9/16/94 - 1/4/95) B. Red Tide Bloom (4/13/94 - 6/16/95) C. Red Tide Pigment D. Bacteriological Studies E. Brevetoxin Analysis in Marine Organisms Exposed to Sublethal Levels of the 1994 Natural Red Tide Bloom V. REFERENCES . 61 Tables Table 1. Monthly Combined Production and Use of Laboratory C. breve Culture. ....... 2 Table 2. Brevetoxin Concentration in Brevetoxin Spiked Shrimp and in Black Seabass Muscle Tissue and Digestive Tract Following Ingestion of the Shrimp ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Anticancer Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery, 2014, 9, 35-65 35 Advances in Anticancer Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Immunotoxins Franco Dosio1,*, Barbara Stella1, Sofia Cerioni1, Daniela Gastaldi2 and Silvia Arpicco1 1Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, Torino, I-10125, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Bio- tecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, University of Torino, Torino, I-10125, Italy Received: December 13, 2012; Accepted: February 21, 2013; Revised: March 7, 2013 Abstract: Antibody-delivered drugs and toxins are poised to become important classes of cancer therapeutics. These bio- pharmaceuticals have potential in this field, as they can selectively direct highly potent cytotoxic agents to cancer cells that present tumor-associated surface markers, thereby minimizing systemic toxicity. The activity of some conjugates is of particular interest receiving increasing attention, thanks to very promising clinical trial results in hematologic cancers. Over twenty antibody-drug conjugates and eight immunotoxins in clinical trials as well as some recently approved drugs, support the maturity of this approach. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of these two classes of biopharmaceuticals: conventional toxins and anticancer drugs, together with their mechanisms of action. The processes of conjugation and purification, as reported in the literature and in several patents, are discussed and the most relevant results in clinical trials are listed. Innovative technologies and preliminary results on novel drugs and toxins, as reported in the literature and in recently-published patents (up to February 2013) are lastly examined. Keywords: Antibody drug conjugate, anticancer agents, auristatins immunotoxin, calicheamicins, cross-linkers, duocarmycins, maytansinoids.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil Et Al
    US 2015 0037370A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0037370 A1 Corbeil et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 5, 2015 (54) DIATOM-BASEDVACCINES (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2O12/062112 S371 (c)(1), (71) Applicants: The Regents of the University of (2) Date: Apr. 23, 2014 California, Oakland, CA (US); Synaptic Related U.S. Application Data Research, LLC, Baltimore, MD (US) (60) Provisional application No. 61/553,139, filed on Oct. (72) Inventors: Lynette B. Corbeil, San Diego, CA 28, 2011. (US); Mark Hildebrand, La Jolla, CA Publication Classification (US); Roshan Shrestha, San Diego, CA (US); Aubrey Davis, Lakeside, CA (51) Eiko.29s (2006.01) (US) Rachel Schrier, Del Mar, CA CI2N 7/00 (2006.01) (US); George A. Oyler, Lincoln, NE A6139/02 (2006.01) (US); Julian N. Rosenberg, Naugatuck, A61E36/06 (2006.01) CT (US) A6139/02 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (73) Assignees: SYNAPTIC RESEARCH, LLC, CPC ............... A61K 39/295 (2013.01); A61K 36/06 Baltimore, MD (US): THE REGENTS (2013.01); A61 K39/107 (2013.01); A61 K OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 39/102 (2013.01); C12N 700 (2013.01); A61 K CALIFORNIA, Oakland, CA (US) 2039/523 (2013.01) USPC .................. 424/2011; 424/93.21; 424/261.1; y x- - - 9 (57) ABSTRACT 22) PCT Fled: Oct. 26, 2012 This invention pprovides diatom-based vaccines. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 1 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 83 : RE: Repests 388x ExF8. Patent Application Publication Feb. 5, 2015 Sheet 2 of 19 US 2015/0037370 A1 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Origin of Insect–Wolbachia Nutritional Mutualism
    Evolutionary origin of insect–Wolbachia nutritional mutualism Naruo Nikoha,1, Takahiro Hosokawab,1, Minoru Moriyamab,1, Kenshiro Oshimac, Masahira Hattoric, and Takema Fukatsub,2 aDepartment of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba 261-8586, Japan; bBioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; and cCenter for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan Edited by Nancy A. Moran, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved June 3, 2014 (received for review May 20, 2014) Obligate insect–bacterium nutritional mutualism is among the insects, generally conferring negative fitness consequences to most sophisticated forms of symbiosis, wherein the host and the their hosts and often causing hosts’ reproductive aberrations to symbiont are integrated into a coherent biological entity and un- enhance their own transmission in a selfish manner (7, 8). Re- able to survive without the partnership. Originally, however, such cently, however, a Wolbachia strain associated with the bedbug obligate symbiotic bacteria must have been derived from free-living Cimex lectularius,designatedaswCle, was shown to be es- bacteria. How highly specialized obligate mutualisms have arisen sential for normal growth and reproduction of the blood- from less specialized associations is of interest. Here we address this sucking insect host via provisioning of B vitamins (9). Hence, it –Wolbachia evolutionary
    [Show full text]
  • AMATOXIN MUSHROOM POISONING in NORTH AMERICA 2015-2016 by Michael W
    VOLUME 57: 4 JULY-AUGUST 2017 www.namyco.org AMATOXIN MUSHROOM POISONING IN NORTH AMERICA 2015-2016 By Michael W. Beug: Chair, NAMA Toxicology Committee Assessing the degree of amatoxin mushroom poisoning in North America is very challenging. Understanding the potential for various treatment practices is even more daunting. Although I have been studying mushroom poisoning for 45 years now, my own views on potential best treatment practices are still evolving. While my training in enzyme kinetics helps me understand the literature about amatoxin poisoning treatments, my lack of medical training limits me. Fortunately, critical comments from six different medical doctors have been incorporated in this article. All six, each concerned about different aspects in early drafts, returned me to the peer reviewed scientific literature for additional reading. There remains no known specific antidote for amatoxin poisoning. There have not been any gold standard double-blind placebo controlled studies. There never can be. When dealing with a potentially deadly poisoning (where in many non-western countries the amatoxin fatality rate exceeds 50%) treating of half of all poisoning patients with a placebo would be unethical. Using amatoxins on large animals to test new treatments (theoretically a great alternative) has ethical constraints on the experimental design that would most likely obscure the answers researchers sought. We must thus make our best judgement based on analysis of past cases. Although that number is now large enough that we can make some good assumptions, differences of interpretation will continue. Nonetheless, we may be on the cusp of reaching some agreement. Towards that end, I have contacted several Poison Centers and NAMA will be working with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
    [Show full text]
  • International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens
    INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS EDITED BY MARIANNE D. MILIOTIS U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park, Maryland, U.S.A. JEFFREY W. BIER Food Safety Consultant Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A. MARCEL H MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 0-8247-0685-4 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Copyright 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A Series of Monographs, Textbooks, and Reference Books EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editors Owen R. Fennema University of Wisconsin-Madison Y. H. Hui Science Technology System Marcus Karel Rutgers University (emeritus) Pieter Walstra Wagenmgen University John R.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia Brevis
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 8-7-2020 Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis Edward W. Young Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all Part of the Marine Biology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Edward W. Young. 2020. Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis. Capstone. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (13) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13. This Capstone is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Capstone of Edward W. Young Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Marine Science Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences August 2020 Approved: Capstone Committee Major Professor: D. Abigail Renegar, Ph.D. Committee Member: Robert Smith, Ph.D. This capstone is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hcas_etd_all/13 Nova Southeastern Univeristy Halmos College of Arts and Sciences Assessing the Potential for Range Expansion of the Red Tide Algae Karenia brevis By Edward William Young Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University September 8th, 2020 1 Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]