INDEX

Abortifacient, abortifacients bees, wasps, and ants ginkgo, 492 aconite, 737 epinephrine, 963 ginseng, 500 barbados nut, 829 blister beetles goldenseal blister beetles, 972 cantharidin, 974 berberine, 506 blue cohosh, 395 buckeye hawthorn, 512 camphor, 407, 408 ~-escin, 884 hypericum extract, 602-603 cantharides, 974 calamus inky cap and coprine toxicity cantharidin, 974 ~-asarone, 405 coprine, 295 colocynth, 443 camphor, 409-411 ethanol, 296 common oleander, 847, 850 cascara, 416-417 isoxazole-containing mushrooms dogbane, 849-850 catechols, 682 and pantherina syndrome, mistletoe, 794 castor bean 298-302 nutmeg, 67 ricin, 719, 721 jequirity bean and abrin, oduvan, 755 colchicine, 694-896, 698 730-731 pennyroyal, 563-565 clostridium perfringens, 115 jellyfish, 1088 pine thistle, 515 comfrey and other pyrrolizidine­ Jimsonweed and other belladonna rue, 579 containing plants alkaloids, 779, 781 slangkop, Burke's, red, Transvaal, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453 jin bu huan and 857 cyanogenic foods tetrahydropalmatine, 519 tansy, 614 amygdalin, 48 kaffir lily turpentine, 667 cyanogenic glycosides, 45 lycorine,711 yarrow, 624-625 prunasin, 48 kava, 528 yellow bird-of-paradise, 749 daffodils and other emetic bulbs Laetrile", 763 yellow oleander, 854 galanthamine, 704 lavender, 534 yew, 899 dogbane family and cardenolides licorice Abrin,729-731 common oleander, 849 glycyrrhetinic acid, 540 camphor yellow oleander, 855-856 limonene, 639 cinnamomin, 409 domoic acid, 214 rna huang ricin, 409, 723, 730 ephedra alkaloids, 547 ephedra alkaloids, 548 Absorption, xvii erythrosine, 29 ephedrine, 547, 549 aloe vera, 380 garlic mayapple amatoxin-containing mushrooms S-allyl cysteine, 473 podophyllotoxin, 789 amatoxin poisoning, 273-275, gastrointestinal viruses milk thistle 279 viral gastroenteritis, 205 silibinin, 555 aspartame, 24 ginger, 485 mistletoe, 793

Medical Toxicology ofNatural Substances, by Donald G. Barceloux, MD Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1135 INDEX

Absorption (cont'd) Acorus calamus. See Calamus Carolina jessamine, 841-842 muscarine-containing mushrooms Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome eat's claw, 422-424 and muscarine toxicity, 306 (AIDS) death camas, 707-709 mycotoxins Cryptosporidium parvum, 194 ergot and related compounds, aflatoxin, 329 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195-196 332-340 ergot alkaloids, 336, 337 cyclosporiasis, 195 kaffi r lily, 710-711 fumonisin, 342 gastrointestinal viruses, 206 mescal beans, 733-734 ochratoxin, 345 human immunodeficiency virus zephyr lily, 716-717 trichothecene compounds, 353 (HIV), 78, 128, 144, 187, 191, Allergic phytodermatitis, 678-679 neem oil, 651 194-197,206,571,602,793, Allergic reactions nicotine, 811 910, 911, 981 ant envenomation, 956, 958-959, peppermint oil non-nucleoside reverse 964,1024 menthol, 655 transcriptase inhibitors, 603 bee envenomation, 959,961-962, protozoa and intestinal parasites protease inhibitors, 473, 603 964,1024 Cryptosporidium parvum, 194 suppression, 603 begonias, 748 rhubarb Salmonella, 146 black locust oxalate, 86 scabies mite, 910 pollen, 881 salmonella, 143 Acromelalgia, 269 blister beetles scombroid fish poisoning, 257 Paxillus syndrome, 313-315 cantharidin, 974 scorpions, 916 Acromelic acid A-E compounds, bugs Shiga enterotoxins, 152 Paxillus syndrome, 313-315 venom, 971 snow drop Actaea racemosa. See Black cohosh burdock root, 401 galant amine, 714 Adult respiratory distress syndrome buttercup family, 691 solanine, 80 (ARDS) castor bean Vibrio species, 168 ants, 961 dust, 722 sassafras bees, 961 pulp, 719-720 safrole, 584 colchicine-containing plants, 695­ ricin saw palmetto 696,699 inhaled, 722 oral absorption, 588 hornets, 961 eat's claw sea snakes, 1076 Hymenoptera order, 961 allergic interstitial nephritis, senna marine animals 424 rhein anthrone, 593 palytoxin, 1098 centipede envenomation, 952 sennosides, 592, 593 mycotoxins, 356 chamomile tea, 427 skullcap, 597-598 peppermint oil, 655 chaparral, 431-432 St. John's wort, 602 pine oil, 669 chase tree, 436 terrestrial snakes, 1035 toxic oil syndrome, 11 Clostridium botulinum tree tobacco and other piperidine­ turpentine oil, 669 horse-derived antitoxin, 109 containing plants wasps, 961 clove anabasine, 812 rattlesnake envenomation, 1031, leaf oil, 440 nicotine, 811 1034 cinnamon oil, 42 ultraviolet, 731, 823 Aflatoxins,327-332 daffodils, 704 water hemlock and water dropwort, cancer, 187,331 dust mites, 355 823 black pepper seed contaminant, 72 echinacea, 571-572 yarrow, 624 food contaminant, 5 eugenol, 440 yohimbe bark and yohimbine, 629 microvesicular steatosis, 92 feverfew, 467-468 Acceptable daily intake (ADI) African blue lily, chemical fly bites, 981 food additives and sensitivities, composition and toxicity, fruit skin, 50 23-25 743-744 garlic, 474 limonene, 639 Airborne contact phytodermatitis, 685 ginkgo, 493-494 Acetaldehyde, Akee fruit, 34-38 grass pea, 64 coprine-containing mushrooms, 295 Alfimeprase, copperhead snakes, 1042 guar gum-containing products, 28 false morel, 287 Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA), hornet food additives, 25 trichothecene mycotoxins, vespid venom, 958 peppermint, 654 354-355 horse chestnut purple coneflower, 570 Alkaloids. See also specific alkaloids pollen, 884 Achelase I and II, caterpillar venom, aconitum, 737-739 jequirity bean, 731 991 black cohosh, 388-399 jellyfish envenomation, 1089 Aconite, 736 blue cohosh, 394-396 juniper, 523

1136 INDEX lavender, 534 Allopathic medicine, senna, 591-592 fly and mosquito bites, 981 limonene, 639 S-Allyl cysteine, garlic, 473 Latrodectus antivenom, 931 Listeria monocytogenes Almonds rattlesnake venom, 1032 penicillin, 137 botanical description, 761 Anatoxin-a, cyanobacteria, 184 lupine Laetrile" extracts, 761-762 Anemonin, physiochemical properties seeds, 786 poisonous parts, 762 and toxicity, 691-692 milk thistle Aloe vera, 370-380, 414 Anethole, chemical structure, 608-609 extract, 556 Aloin, 378-380 Angelica sinensis, 461-463 mosquito bites, 981 Alternaria species Animals and animal products. See mushrooms, 268 in air, 320 also Insects; Reptiles penicillin G, 279 classification and identification, aflatoxins, 327 mycotoxins 320-324 Bacillus cereus, 89 airborne molds, 318, 320, 323 Amanita mushrooms Campylobacter jejuni, 94 antigen-specific IgA mycological identification and Clostridium botulinum, 104 concentrations, 358 classification, 265-268 Clostridium perfringens, 114-115 fungi, 324 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 dog laurel toxicity and, 845-846 damp environments, 355-356 Paxillus syndrome, 312-315 Escherichia coli, 121 mold, 324, 326 poisonous parts, 273-275 food additives and sensitivities, 23 nutmeg, 69 silibinin as antidote, 554 fumonisins, 342-343 peppermint Amanitins gastrointestinal viruses, 204 oil, 655 amanita mushroom, 266-274 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 philodendron, 771 Amatoxin grayanotoxins in, 871 plant dermatitis, 677-679, 682, 684­ arnatoxin-containing mushrooms, lantana toxicity in, 868 685,687 265-284 Listeria monocytogenes, 133 rosemary, 576 amatoxin poisoning, 268-280 ochratoxins, 344-347 rue Ambient air oleander poisoning in, 849 extract, 580 fungal spore concentrations, Salmonella in, 142 saw palmetto 321-324 Shiga enterotoxins, 151 extract, 589 mycotoxins in, 319-320 Staphylococcus aureus, 156-157 Scheff/era species, 771 Amebiasis, 191-192 Streptococcus species, 162 scombroid fish, 258 American short-tailed shrew, 1133 tannins, 894-895 scorpion envenomation, 922 American trypanosomiasis, kissing tetrodotoxins in, 247-248 sea urchin bug, 971 Vibrio species, 167-168 spines, 1108 Amines, bee venom, 957-958 Yersinia enterocolitica, 175 senna, 594 a-Amino-5-methyl-3­ Anisatin, chemical structure, 608-609 snake envenomation, 1059 hydroxyisoxazolone-a­ Anthozoa, classification and antivenom,1034-1038 propionate (AMPA), domoic characteristics, 1096-1098 spider acid toxicity, 215 Anthranoid laxatives, cascara, antivenom, 930 1-Aminocyclopropanol, coprine toxins, 415-419 bites, 941 295 Anthraquinone derivatives sponges ~-Aminopropionitrile, osteolathyrism, cascara, 415-419 Dogger Bank itch, 1103 807-808 mushrooms, 290-293 spurge family, 756 Amnesic shellfish poisoning and rhubarb poisoning, 86 dog's mercury domoic acid, 212-217 Antibiotics, food additives and pollen, 757 Amphetamine derivatives, myristicin sensitivities, 27-28 St. John's wort metabolites and, 68 Anticholinergic signs, hypericum extract, 604 Amphibians. See Frogs; Toads; specific botulism, 106-107 tansy, 615-616 species bulbs, 705 tea tree Amygdalin burdock root, 401 oil, 661 cyanogenic foods, 45-50 Datura species, 777-781 ticks, 912 fruit kernels, 45 Escherichia coli, 127 turpentine Laetrile" derivatives, 762 European bittersweet, 804 oil, 669 Anabaena species, neurotoxins, 184 isoxazole-containing mushrooms, wandering Jew, 819 Anabasine, 810-813 301 wasp envenomation, 958, 1024 Analgesics, rattlesnake venom, lupine, 786 yellow jackets, 955 1039-1040 nutmeg, 68-69 yarrow, 624 Anaphylactoid reactions puffer fish, 249 yew, 901 ants, wasps, and bees, 961-963 snowdrop, 712-714

1137 INDEX

Anticholinergic signs (cont 'd) garlic, 472 Assassin bug valerian, 620 gingko tree, 490 behavior, 970-971 water hemlock, 824 hawthorn, 511 clinical response, 971 Antidotes methyl apigenin geographic distribution, 970 belladonna alkaloid toxicity, 781 valerian, 618, 620 identifying characteristics, 969 ciguatoxins, 244 passionflower, 559 venom composition and apparatus, colchicine toxicity, 699 rosemary, 575-576 971 eugenol toxicity, 440-441 skullcap, 597 Asteraceae family nicotine toxicity, 813 yarrow, 624 airborne contact dermatitis, 685 oleander toxicity, 853-854 Apyrases, bugs, 971 allergic contact dermatitis, pennyroyal toxicity, 566 Arctigenin, burdock root, 400-401 678-679 ricin toxicity, 723-724 Arctium lappa. See Burdock root burdock root, 400 Antihistamines Argemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 9-10 camomile, 425 hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, Argiope genus (black-and-yellow coltsfoot, 446 963-964 garden spider), 941 milk thistle, 553 toxicodendron dermatitis, 683 Aristolochic acid, 382-385 feverfew, 465, 467 Antimicrobial agents, tea tree oil, Armed (banana) spider, 931-932 pine thistle, 514 658-660 Arrhythmia. See dysrhythmia purple coneflower, 568-569, 572 Antioxidants Arthritis sunflower, 449, 451 food additives and sensitivities, aconite, 737 tansy, 614-616 25-26 aloe vera, 378 white snakeroot, 826 rosemary, 574-575 Aristolochia species, 383 yarrow, 623-624 Antitoxins, botulism treatment, borage, 397-398 Asthma preparations, Datura plants, 108-109 cactus, 838 778-781 Antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent eat's claw, 421-422 Astroviruses, taxonomy and rattlesnake antivenom, Campylobacter [ejuni, 98-99 classification, 203 1036-1038 catfish, 1123 Asymptomatic carriage, Salmonella Antivenom capsaicin, 72 poisoning, 145 cobra, 1052 chaparral, 430 8-Atracotoxins, 932-934 Elapidae, Australia, 1057-1059 cinnamon, 40 Atractaspididae. See also specific jellyfish, 1090-1092 colchicine, 694 species man-of-war, 1096 comfrey, 450 classification and characteristics, Latrodectus envenomation, 930-931 Cyclospora, 196 1013-1014 lionfish,1119-1120 echinacea,568,571 Atractyloside Lonomia caterpillars, 993 feverfew, 466 diagnosis and treatment, 516 scorpionfish, 1119-1120 freshwater fish, 1125 historical background, 514 scorpions, 915, 920-922 germander, 478 physiochemical properties, 515 snakes Giardia lamblia, 198 source, 514-515 Colubrid family, 1062 ginger, 483 AtraxlHadronyche species, 932-934 coral snake, 1049-1051 gingko tree, 489 Atraxotoxin, Australian funnel-web Crotalidae polyvalent immune licorice, 538 spiders, 932-934 (Ovine) Fab antivenom, moths and butterflies, 992 Atropine 1035-1036 mycotoxins, 326 aconite poisoning, 740 rattlesnake, 1029, 1031-1043 Salmonella, 144-146 belladonna alkaloids, 781 sea snake, 1076 Sea urchins, 1108 burdock root, 400-401 venom detection kit, 1056 Shigella species, 152 ciguatera poisoning, 244 viper, 1013,1018,1020-1021, 1024 Streptococcus species, 164 chemical structure, 778 pit viper, 1044, 1046 Yersinia enterocolitica, 176-177 colchicine, 696 spiders, 930-934, 940 ~-Asarone, calamus sources, 403-404 Datura species, 778-779 stonefish, 1119-1120 Ascospores, fungal genera and species, death camas, 709 Aortic aneurysms, neurolathyrism, 320-324 deadly nightshade, 780 63-64 Aspartame, clinical response to, 24-25 frogs, 1002 Aphanizomenon species, neurotoxins, Aspergillus species jin bu huan, 520 185 aflatoxins in, 328 muscarine poisoning, 306 Apigenin in air, 320 oleander poisoning, 850, 853-854 biapigenin food sources, 318-319 pantherina syndrome, 301 St. John's wort, 601 ochratoxins, 343-347 pokeweed, 802 chamomile, 426-427 patulin, 347-348 puffer fish poisoning, 250

1138 INDEX

Rhododendron species, mad honey, fire corals, 1094 rhubarb poisoning, 86-87 872 fleas, 976 ricin, 723 scorpion envenomation, 921 Gila monster and beaded lizard, 1009 Salmonella poisoning, 145 Solanum species, 804 jellyfish, 1087-1088 scombrotoxins, 258-259 snowdrop, 713 Latrodectus spiders, 928 Shigella toxins, 153 tree tobacco, 813 lice, 984 Staphylococcus aureus, 159 Veratrum alkaloids, 816-817 lion fish, scorpionfish, and stonefish, Streptococci, 164 Attachment-invasion locus (Ail) 1117 toxic oil syndrome, 10-11 factor, Yersinia enterocolitica, Loxosceles spiders, 936 turpentine, 670 175-176 mosquitoes and flies, 980 valerian, 621 Australian funnel-web spiders, Portuguese man-of-war, 1095 Veratrum alkaloids, 816-817 932-934 rattlesnakes, 1027-1028 Vibrio species, 170 Autumn crocus, colchicine, 693-700 sea snakes, 1074-1075 Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 Ayurvedic medicine wasps and yellow jackets, 956-957 yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 7-8 calamus, 404 weever fish, 1120 Biotransformation/elimination senna, 591-594 Belladonna alkaloids, 776-783 aflatoxins, 329 Azadirachtin Benzoic acid, food additives and amygdalin toxicokinetics, 764 chemical composition, 649-650 sensitivities, 26 baicalin, 598 toxicity, 649-651 Berberine, chemical composition, camphor toxicokinetics, 409 Azaspiracid poisoning, 218-221 505-506 cascara anthrones, 417-419 Berne virus, animal sources for, 204 colchicine, 695 Bacillus cereus, 89-95 Bilobalide, toxicokinetics, 491-492 cyanogenic glycosides, 50 Bacteremia Biomarkers ephedra alkaloids, 547-548 Campylobacter jejuni, 96-99 aconite poisoning, 739-740 ergot and related compounds, 337 Salmonella poisoning, 141-144 aflatoxin, 331 ginger compounds, 485 Baicalein, chemical structure, akee fruit, 37 ginkgotoxin, 492 597-598 S-allyl mercapturic acid, 474 glycyrrhetinic acid, 541-542 Balkan endemic nephropathy, amatoxin, 277 hypericum extract, 603 ochratoxins, 345-347 anisatin/veranisatin, 609 kava lactones, 528 Barbados nut, 829-830 aristolochic acid, 385 limonene, 639-640 Barbaloin, chemical structure, Bacillus cereus, 92 nicotine, 811 415-416 brevetoxins, 229-230 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453-454 Barbourin, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041 camphor toxicokinetics, 410-411 Bisabolol, chamomile, 426-427 Bark scorpion, classification and Campylobacter jejuni, 99 Bitis venom, composition and toxicity, behavior, 914-915 Clostridium botulinum, 108 1018-1020 Basidiomycetes, amatoxin Clostridium perfringens, 117 Black cherry identification and colchicine, 697-698 botanical description, 761 classification, 265 cyanobacteria, 187-188 poisonous parts, 762-763 Basidiospores, fungal genera and cyanogenic glycosides, 50, 765 Black cohosh, 388-393 species, 320-324 diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, 224 Black locust, botanical description and Batrachotoxin, Colombian poison-dart domoic acid, 216 toxicity, 881-882 frog, 1000-1002 eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16 Black pepper Beaded lizard, 1008-1011 ephedra alkaloids, 549 aspiration, 74 Bedbug, 969-972 epidemic dropsy, 13 chemical composition and Bees, 956-965 ergotism, 339 properties, 72 Begonia species, 747-748 Escherichia coli, 126 Blister beetles, 972-975 Behavior patterns eugenol, 440 Blue cohosh, 394-396 bark scorpion, 914-915 food additives and sensitivities, Blue-ringed octopus, 1081-1082 bees, 956 29-30 ~-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), bugs, 970-971 gastrointestinal viruses, 207 cyanobacteria, 181 caterpillars, 990-991 ginkgotoxin, 493 cycad seed toxicity, 54-56 catfish, 1122 glycyrrhetinic acid, 542 Body lice. See Lice centipedes, 951 goldenseal, 507 Borago officinalis, 397-399 classification and toxicity, Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Boraginaceae 1128-1130 nicotine, 812 borage, 450 Colorado River toad, 997 ochratoxins, 347 pyrrolizidine-containing plants, cone shells, 1078 oleander, 852-853 449-451 fire ants, 957 puffer fish tetrodotoxins, 250 comfrey, 449--451

1139 INDEX

Botulinum toxins. See also cone shells fumonisin, 325, 343 Clostridium botulinum, clinical drugs, 1078, 1080 glycyrrhizic acid, 541 103-110 conotoxin,1079-1080 licorice, 541 Boxwood, botanical description and cyanobacteria, 185 limonene, 641 toxicity, 832 fire corals, 1094 ochratoxin, 325 Breda virus, animal sources for, 204 peppermint oil, 655 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Brevetoxins red whelk, tetramine 254 6 amnesic shellfish, 213 scorpion venom, 920 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 446, 452, ciguatera fish, 240, 242 snake venom, 1029 454, ciguatoxins, moray eel, 1113 spider venom, 932 safrole, 462, 583-584 neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, St. John's wort, 603 sassafras, 583 227-230 Calcium oxalate senna, 594 Bromocriptine, medicinal uses, 336 agave plant, 752 tea tree oil, 661 Bronchiolitis obliterans, diacetyl begonia, 747-758 turpentine oil, 669 exposure, 26 cactus, 838-839 esophageal Brown recluse. See Loxosceles (brown century plant, 751-752 safrole,29 recluse) spider cranberry juice, 458-459 cinnamon, 29 Buckeye, botanical description and Dieffenbachia species, 769-771 chaparral,431-432 toxicity, 883-884 mandrake, 778 colon Buckthorn, 834-836 narcissus, 704 nitrates and nitrites, 27 Budd-Chiari syndrome, pyrrolizidine oleander, 850 Color Additives Amendment alkaloids, 454 plant (1960), 22 Bufadienolide dermatitis, 678 colorectal digitalis toxins, 774 mineral, 838 pseudomelanosis coli, 418 oleander, 848-849 rhubarb, 85-87 laxative abuse, 418 toads, 997-1000 senna, 592 senna, 594 Urginea sanguinea, 857-858 spinach, 85 coltsfoot, 447 Bufalin, toxicokinetics, 998 tulip, 684 Food Additives Amendment (1958), Bufotenin, toads, 997-999 Caliciviruses, taxonomy and 22 Bugs, 970-975. See also specific types classification, 201 garlic, 472 of bugs Camphor, 407-413 gastric Building-related illness Campylobaeter [ejuni, 96-102 chili pepper, 73 mold growth and, 323-324 Cancer references nitrates and nitrites, 27 trichothecene mycotoxins, 357 aflatoxin, 325, 331 gyromitrin-containing mushrooms, Bulbs, 703-706 allium vegetables, 442 287 Buttercup family, 690-692 aristolochic acid, 384-385 hepatic colchicine-containing plants, Aristoloehia species, 385 safrole,29 693-701 bladder cinnamon, 29 contact dermatitis from, 684-685 saccharin, 25 hepatitis B, 331 daffodils, 703-706 sodium cyclamate, 25 liver death camas, 707-709 breast aflatoxin, 187,331 kaffir lily, 710-711 copperhead venom, 1042 cyanobacteria, 187 narcissus, 703-706 mistletoe, 792 fumonisin, 343 snowdrop, 712-714 paclitaxel, 901 hepatitis B, 331 zephyr lily, 716-717 carcinogenesis and safrole, 584 Burdock root, 400-402 aflatoxin, 325, 327,329-331 nitrates, 24 aristolochic acid, 384-385 oral Cactus, 837-840 Aristoloehia species, 385 cinnamon-containing gum, 42 Cade oil, basic properties, 522-524 butylated hydroxyanisole, 26 nitrates and nitrites, 27 CadF cell surface protein, calamus, 403-405 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 Campylobaeter jejuni, cascara, 418 renal 97-99 cinnamon, 42 aristolochic acid, 384-385 Calamine lotion citronella oil, 633 ochratoxins, 346 flea bites, 977-978 comfrey, 454 salmonella toxicodendron dermatitis, 683 cycad flour, 55-56 antibiotics, 145 Calamus, 403-406 dihydrosafrole, 584 treatment Calcium channels eugenol, 440 anguidine, 355 ciguatera poisoning, 240 food additives, 23-27 Aristoloehia species, 383

1140 INDEX

Barbados nut, root, 829 blue cohosh effects, 395-396 neurolathyrism in, 63-65 eat's claw bark, 421 cleistanthin, 757-758 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 chaparral, 430 colchicine, 696-697 podophyllotoxins, 790 nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 429 digitalis, 774-775 scorpion venom toxicity, 918-921 copperhead venom, 1042 ergot alkaloid effects on, 338-341 star fruit intoxication, 612-613 daphne, 843 Gila monster venom, 1010 Century plant, 751-753 ginseng, 498 jellyfish venom, 1089-1093 Cerastes venom, composition and goldenseal, 505 jin bu huan, 519-520 toxicity, 1018-1020 IL-2 immunomodulation mycotoxins, 325 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), botulinum chemotherapy, 158 oleander, 849-854, 856 toxins, 107 rhubarb,84 rattlesnake venom, 1030 Cereulide toxin, Bacillus cereus, 90-92 Laetrile", 760 scorpion venom, 918-921 n-Chaconine, solanine toxicity, 78-80 lavender, 534 taxine alkaloids, 900-902 Chagas' disease, 971 limonene, 637, 639-641 toad venom, 1000 Chamomile, 425-428 mayapple, 788 Veratrum alkaloid toxins, 817 Chamonixin, Paxillus syndrome, 313 mistletoe, 792-793 viper venoms, Middle and Near Chan Su medicine, 997 pokeweed, 800 East!African vipers, Chaparral, 429-433 ricin, 721 1018-1020 Chaste tree, 434-436 sassafras, 583 Carolina jessamine, 841-842 Cheiracanthium (running or sac skullcap, huang-qin, 596 Cartilaginous fish, classification and spiders), 941-942 spurge family, 755 toxicity, 1128-1130 Chelidonine, structure and properties, squirting cucumber, 876 Cascara, 414-420 874-875 Veratrum alkaloids, 815 Cascaroside, 415-419 Chemotherapy, taxine alkaloids, wisteria, 879 Cassava. See Cyanogenic foods, 44-53 901-902 yew, taxanes, 899, 901 Casticin Chiggers, classification and toxins, zephyr lily,716 chemical structure, 435 909-911 trichothecene mycotoxins, 354, medicinal uses, 434-435 Children, gastrointestinal viruses in, 357-358 toxicity, 435-436 205-206 turpentine oil, 669 Castor bean, 718-726 Chili peppers. See Pepper and urothelial Catechols, toxicodendron dermatitis, capsaicin, 71-76 aristolochic acid, 384-385 679-684 Chinaberry, botanical description and aristolochic acid-containing herbs, Caterpillars. See Moths and toxicity, 886-887 346 butterflies, 988-995 Chinese herbal medicine and yu-cheng,7 Catfish, 1121-1124 aristolochic acid, 382-386 Cantharidin. See Blister beetles, Cathartics (laxatives) Chan Su, 997-1000 972-975 aloe vera, 379-380 clove, 437-441 Capsaicin. See Pepper and capsaicin, buckthorn, 834 Datura plants, 778-781 71-76 colocynth, 443-444 dong quai, 461-463 Capsid proteins cascara, 414-419 ginger, 482-486 astroviruses, 203 colchicine, 696 ginkgo tree, 488-494 rotaviruses, 202-203 mayapple, 788 ginseng, 497-501 ~-Carbolines, chemical composition, pokeweed,800 goldenseal, 505-507 559-560 rhubarb, 84 hawthorn, 510-513 Carboxyatractyloside, chemical senna,591-594 jin bu huan, 518-520 composition, 515-516 Cat's claw, 421-424 jinyinhua, 863-864 Carcinogenesis. See Cancer references Caulophyllum thalictroides. See Blue licorice, 538 Cardenolides cohosh rna huang, 545-550 digitalis cross-reactivity, 774-775 Centipedes, 950-953 star anise, 607-610 oleander. 848-849 Central nervous system (CNS) Veratrum alkaloids, 815-817 toads, 997-1000 amatoxins and, 270 Chirodropids (multitentacled box­ Cardiac glycosides belladonna alkaloids, 779 jellyfish), 1090-1091 common oleander, 848-849 camphor toxicity, 409-410 Chokecherry diagnostic testing for, 850-852 cicutoxin toxicity, 822-824 botanical description, 761 toads, 997-998 colchicine, 697 poisonous parts, 763 yellow oleander, 854-856 galanthamine/galantamine toxicity, Cholera toxins, see Vibrio species, Cardiovascular system. See also Veno­ 704-705 167-173 occlusive disease jin bu huan toxicity, 519-520 Chrysaloin, chemical structure, batrachotoxins, 1002 . mycotoxins, 325 415-416

1141 INDEX

Cicutoxin ginseng, 500 Corals physiochemical properties, 822 gyromitrin poisoning, 288 fire corals, 1093-1094 mechanism of toxicity, 822-824 Loxosceles spider venom, 937-940 hard coral, 1097 Ciguatoxins. See also Ciguatera fish mayapple, 791 soft coral, 1097-1098 poisoning and ciguatoxins, moths and butterflies, 991, 993 Coral snakes 238-246 mycotoxins, 325, 354 Central and South America, Moray eels, 1113 pennyroyal oil, 565 1050-1051 Cinnamomin, 408-409 sea snakes, 1075 North America, 1046-1050 1,8-Cineole, toxicokinetics, 646 spider bites, 933, 940 Coronavirus, taxonomy and Cinnamomum camphora. See terrestrial snakes classification, 202 Camphor Australian elapid, 1056-1058 Cortinarius mushrooms Cinnamon, 39-43 Colubrids, 1059-1062 classification and identification, Citreoviridin, cardiac/nervous system pit viper venom 307-308 damage, 325 Asia, 1045-1046 nephrotoxicity, 308-310 Citrinin, 332 Central and South America, poisonous parts, 308 renal toxicity, 325 1043-1044 Cottonmouth snakes, 1042-1043 Citronella oil, 632-634 rattlesnake venom, 1030-1033, Cowitch. See Cowitch and horse eye Citrus oil, 635-643 1036-1041 bean, 727-728 Cladosporium species viper venom, 1014, 1018-1021 Cranberry, 458-460 in air, 320 toxic oil syndrome, 11 Crotalidae polyvalent immune classification and identification, Cobras (Ovine) Fab, rattlesnake 320-324 Asia, 1052-1053 antivenom (CroFab™), Claviceps purpurea Middle and Near East/Africa, 1034-1036 ergot and related compounds, 1051-1052 Crotalinae. See Pit vipers 332-333 Colitis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidiosis, mechanisms, sources, 335 191-193 diagnosis and treatment, Cleistanthin. See Cleistanthin, Collagen tissue disease, 193-1lJ5 diterpene esters, and the osteolathyrism, 807-808 Cryptosporidium parvum, 193-195 spurge family, 754-759 Colocynth, 443-445 Cucurbitacins Clitocybe mushrooms Colombian poison-dart frog, Begonia species, 747-748 acromelalgia (erythromelalgia), 315 1000-1002 chemical structure and toxicity, classification and identification, Colony-forming units (CFUs), fungal 876-877 303-305 spore concentrations, 321-324 colocynth, 443-444 poisonous parts, 305 Colorado River toad, 996-1000 squirting cucumber, 876-877 Clostridium botulinum, 103-113 Coloring agents, food additives and Current Good Manufacturing Clostridium perfringens, 114-119 sensitivities, 28-29 Practices (CGMP), historical Clove and eugenol, 437-442 Coltsfoot, 446-448 overview, 5 Cnidoblast, jellyfish venom, 1088-1089 Colubridae, 1059-1062 Cutaneous loxoscelism, 937-938 Coagulation and geographic distribution, 1059 Cyanobacteria, 181-199 amatoxin poisoning, 278, 280 habitat/characteristics, 1059 Cyanogenic foods, 44-53 barbados nut, 829 venom composition and apparatus, Cyanogenic plants, 760-767 bees, wasps, and ants, 961, 964 1059-1062 Cycad seeds, 54-58 blister beetles, 974 Comfrey. See Comfrey and other Cycasin, 47 caterpillar venom, 993 pyrrolizidine-containing Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Vibrio species, chinaberry, 887 plants, 449-457 169 clove oil poisoning, 440 Complex muscle action potentials Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195-197 colchicine poisoning, 697-698 (CMAPs), puffer fish Cyclosporiasis, 195-197 Colubridae venom, 1060-1062 tetrodotoxins, 248 Cylindrospermopsin, cyanobacteria. dong quai, 463 Cone shells, 1078-1081 182-188 Elapidae, Australia, 1054-1059 Conium alkaloids. See Poison Cytisine Escherichia coli, 127 hemlock,796-799 Laburnum species, 889-890 hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 124 Conotoxins, cone shell venom, mescal beans, 733-734 eugenol, 439 1079-1081 Cytochrome P450 enzymes and garlic, 473 Contact dermatitis. See Dermatitis aflatoxin biotransformation, 329 germander, 480 Convulsions. See Seizures aristolochic acid, 384-386 Gila monster, 1010 Copperhead snakes, 1041-1042 eat's claw, 423 ginger, 485 Coprine. See Inky cap and coprine colchicine, 695-696 gingko tree, 492 toxicity, 294-297 cranberries, 459-460

1142 INDEX

eugenol, 439-440 phytophotodermatitis,685-687 a-Pinene, 523 ginkgotoxin, 492-493 toxicodendron dermatitis, lactones limonene, 639 679--fJ84 ginger, 483 nicotine and, 811 trees, 685 gingko tree, pyrrolizidine alkaloid sponge toxins, 1103 ginkgolides, 490 biotransformation, 453-454 spurge family toxins, 757-758 rhododendron valerian, 620 tansy exposure, 615-616 grayanotoxin, 870 Cytokines, Staphylococcus aureus, tea tree oil, 659-660 rosemary, 575-576 158 Wisteria species, 879-880 skullcap, 598 Cytotoxicity Diabetes mellitus, germander, yellow bird-of-paradise, 749 Loxosceles spider venom, 936-939 477-479 yew viper venoms, Middle and Near Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) taxicins, 900 East/African vipers, clinical responses to, 355 Djenkol bean, 59-61 Dogbane family, 847-860 1018-1020 trichothecene, 349-358 Diacetyls, bronchiolitis obliterans, 26 common oleander, 847-854 odollam tree, 857-858 Daffodils. See Narcissus bulbs Diarrheal toxins Urginea sanguinea, 857-858 Daphne, 843-844 Bacillus cereus, 90-92 Datura. See Jimson weed and other Yersinia enterocolitica, 174-178 yellow oleander, 854-857 belladonna alkaloids, Dieffenbachia species, 768-772 Dogfish, 1124 776-783 Difuranocoumarin derivatives, Dog laurel, 845-846 Domoic acid. See also Amnesic Deadly nightshade. See Datura aflatoxins, 327 shellfish poisoning and Death camas, 707-709 Digitalis. See Digitalis-containing domoic acid, 212-217 Decontamination flowers, 773-775 aconite poisoning, 72 common oleander, 848-854 PaxiIIus syndrome, 313-314 Akee fruit, 37 epidemic dropsy, 13 Dong quai, 461-463 amatoxins, 276 Veratrum alkaloids, 817 Dracotoxin, weever fish, 1120-1121 belladonna alkaloids, 781 yellow oleander, 854-856 Drug interactions camphor, 411 yew, 900 amatoxins, 275 cicutoxin, 824 Dihydroergotamine (DHE), medicinal colchicine, 695 ciguatoxins, 244 uses, 335-336 Echinacea species 571-572 colchicine, 699 Dihydroergotoxine mesylate, ephedra alkaloid, 548 ergot, 340 medicinal uses, 336 ergot, 337-338 jellyfish, 1092 Dihydrosanguinarine, epidemic feverfew, 467 nicotine, 812 dropsy, 12 ginger, 485 oleander. 853 Dinoflagellates ginkgotoxin, 492-493 pennyroyal, 566 ciguatoxins, 238 ginseng, 500-501 podophyllotoxins, 790 paralytic shellfish poisoning, kava lactone, 528 rhubarb poisoning, 89 saxitoxins,231-232 licorice, 541 ricin, 723 Dinophysistoxins (DTXlIDTX2), limonene, 639 toxicodendron dermatitis, 683 diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, passionflower extract, 560 Dehydration assessment, 222-224 peppermint oil, 655-656 gastrointestinal viruses, 207 Dinophysis, diarrhetic shellfish saw palmetto, 588 Dendrolimiasis, caterpillar venom, poisoning, 222 silibinin, 555-556 992-993 Distribution half-life skullcap, 598 Deoxynivalenol (DON), baicalin, 598 St. John's wort, 603-604 trichothecene, 349-358 camphor, 409 valerian, 620 Dermatitis, See also Skin effects colchicine compounds, 695 Dye materials, tung oil, 663-664 cantharidin, 973-974 ephedra alkaloids, 547 Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia) caterpillar venom, 991-993 ergot and related compounds, 337 aconite, 738-740 century plant, 751-572 ginkgotoxin, 492 anticholinergic poisoning, 781 daffodil bulbs, 704-705 Diterpene compounds colchicine, 696 limonene, 639-641 esters, 754 coprine toxicity, 296 plant products, 677-687 spurge family, 755-756 death camas, 709 airborne contact phytodermatitis, Aristolochia species, 384 ephedra alkaloids, 548 685 Atractylis species, 515 epinephrine, 963 allergic phytodermatitis, 678--fJ79 chaste tree, 485 ergotamine, 240 bulbs, 684--fJ85 germander, 479 ethanol, 296 irritant contact dermatitis, 677-678 juniper oil frog poisoning, 1002

1143 INDEX

Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia) (cont'd) treatment, 1049-1050 ergot and related compounds, 335 funnel-web spider envenomation, venom toxins and apparatus, 1049 Escherichia coli, 120 933 Elderberry. See Cyanogenic plants and food additives and sensitivities, goldenseal, 507 Laetrile", 762-767 22-23 hawthorn extract, 512 Eleostearic acid, chemical structure fumonisins, 342 jellyfish envenomation, 1090, and toxicity, 664 gastrointestinal viruses, 204 1092 Elimination Listeria monocytogenes, 135 rna huang, 548 aflatoxins, 329-330 ochratoxins, 344-345 mistletoe tea, 794 amatoxins, 274 Shiga enterotoxins, 152-153 oleander poisoning, 853, 856-857 baicalin, 598 Stachybotrys, 351-352 pokeweed poisoning, 817 belladonna alkaloid toxins, 781 Staphylococcus aureus, 156 puffer fish ingestion, 250 camphor, 411 Streptococci, 162 Rhododendron species, cicutoxin, 824 trichothecene mycotoxins, 352 grayanotoxins, 871-872 colchicine, 695 Vibrio species, 167 scombroid fish poisoning, 257 ephedra alkaloids, 548 Yersinia enterocolitica, 174 scorpion envenomation, 919 ergot and related compounds, 337, Eosinophilia, toxic oil syndrome, 11 shigellosis, 153 340 Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, spurge family (Cleistanthus ginkgotoxin, 492 13-16 collinus),757-758 glycyrrhetinic acid, 541-542 Ephedra alkaloids. See Ma Huang, stingray envenomation, 1129 hypericum extract, 603 546-552 stonefish envenomation, 1119 kava lactones, 528 Ephedrine, chemical structure, toad venom, 999 limonene, 639 637-639 Veratrum alkaloids, 804 nicotine, 812-813 Epidemic dropsy, 11-13 Vibrio cholerae, 169-170 podophyllotoxins, 790 Epinephrine water dropwort, 823 rattlesnake venom, 1034 chemical structure, 637-639 water hemlock, 823 Emetic bulbs, 703-705 hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, yew berry ingestion, 901 Emetic syndrome 963 Bacillus cereus, 89-91 Eptifibatide, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041 E-cadherins, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, 158-159 Ergometrine, historical overview, 333 134-135 Emulsifiers, food additives and Ergotamines, 335-338 Encephalopathy, neem oil toxicity, sensitivities, 28 Ergot and related compounds, 649-651 Endotoxins, cyanobacteria, 183-188 332-340 Echinacea species. See Purple End-stage renal disease (ESRD), interactions, 337-338 coneflower and other enterohemorrhagic E. coli Ergotism, historical overview, 5, echinacea species, 568-573 (EHEC),124 332-333 Echis venom, composition and Entamoeba histolytica, 191-193 Erucism, caterpillar venom, 992 toxicity, 1018-1020 Enteric adenoviruses, taxonomy and Erythromelalgia, Paxillus syndrome, Eggplant. See Solanine toxicity classification, 203 315 Eggs, Salmonella contamination, Enteric fever, Salmonella poisoning, Escherichia coli, 120-132 142-143 145 cranberries, 459-460 Elapidae Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, ~- Escin, buckeye, 883-884 Asia, 1052-1053 124-125 Estimated daily intake (EDI), food Australia, 1053-1059 Enterocolitis, Salmonella poisoning, additives and sensitivities, geographical distribution, 144 23-24 1053-1054 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Eucalyptus oil, 644-647 habitats/characteristics, 1054 122-131 Eugenol. See Clove and eugenol, venom composition and apparatus, Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), 437-442 1054-1059 123-130 European bittersweet, 803-805 Central and South America, Enteropathogenic E. coli, 123-131 Exendins, composition, 1009 1050-1051 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Exfoliatins A/B, Staphylococcus Middle and Near East/Africa, 123-131 aureus, 156-159 1051-1052 Environmental exposure Eye irritation, sea cucumbers, 1109 North American coral snakes, aflatoxins, 328 1046-1050 Bacillus cereus, 89 Fabaceae family geographic distribution, botulinum toxins, 103-105 bird-of-paradise, 749 1046-1048 Campylobacter [ejuni, 96 black locust, 881 habitats and characteristics, Clostridium perfringens, 114 cassava 1048-1049 cyanobacteria, 182-183 cyanogenic glycosides, 44-45

1144 INDEX

cowitch, 727 garlic, 472 epidemic dropsy, 12 cyanogenic glycosides, 760 antioxidants, 511 Escherichia coli, 121-122 golden chain tree, 889 cranberry, 459 gastrointestinal viruses, 204 grass pea, 62 glycosides, ginkgo tree, 489-491 Listeria monocytogenes, 134 horse eye bean, 727 hawthorn, 511 paralytic shellfish poisoning, hound's tongue, 450, 452 passionflower, 559-560 saxitoxins, 232 jequirity bean, 729 yellow bird-of-paradise, 749-750 puffer fish tetrodotoxins, 248 licorice, 537 Flavonolignans Salmonella, 143 lupines, 784 chemical structure, 554-555 scombrotoxin, 256-257 mescal bean, 733 milk thistle, 553-557 Shiga enterotoxins, 151 pea, 806-807 Fleas, 976-978 Staphylococcus aureus, 157 phytophotodermatitis, 686 Fly agaric mushrooms Streptococci, 163 pyrrolizidine-containing plants, 449 classification and identification, tetramine, in red whelk, 253-254 senna, 591 298-302 toxic oil syndrome, 9 sweet pea, 806 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 Yersinia enterocolitica, 175 Texas mountain laurel, 733 poisonous parts, 301-302 yusho/yu-cheng epidemiology wisteria, 879 Flies. See Flies and mosquitoes, and, 6 Falcarinol, 865 979-982 Food storage recommendations, False lupine. See Lupines and false Food additives and sensitivities, 22-33 food additives and lupine aloe vera, 378 sensitivities, 27 False morels, gyromitrin, 283-286 calamus, 403-404 Foreign body removal Ferulic acid, dong quai, 462-463 cinnamon, 40-42 cactus spines, 839 Feverfew, 465-469 cyanogenic glycosides, 50 Gila monster/beaded lizards, airborne contact dermatitis, 685 Food allergies, Paxillus syndrome, 1010-1011 Fibrolase, copperhead snakes, 1042 312-315 ticks, 912 Fire ants, 956-965 Food contamination FoxA receptor, Yersinia enterocolitica, Fire corals, 1093-1094 aflatoxins, 328 176 Fireworms,1109-1110 aristolochic acid, 385 Frangula purshiana. See Cascara First aid protocols Bacillus cereus, 90 Frogs, Colombian poison-dart frog, chirodropids, 1091 botulinum toxins, 104, 106-107 1000-1002 coral snake venom, 1049-1050 Campylobacter jejuni, 96 Fructans, burdock root, 400-401 Elapidae, Australia, 1057 Clostridium perfringens, 115 Fruit kernels. See Cyanogenic foods, Irukandji syndrome, 1091-1093 cyanobacteria, 183 44-53 lion fish, scorpionfish, and stonefish, ergot and related compounds, 335 Fumonisin,341-343 1119 Escherichia coli, 121 Fungal poisoning. See Mushrooms, rattlesnake venom, 1033-1034 fumonisin toxins, 342 Mycotoxins scorpion bites, 921 gastrointestinal viruses, 204 cactus, 838-839 sea snake venom, 1076 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 Fungal spore concentrations, sampling Fish poisoning. See also Shellfish historical overview, 5 techniques, 321-324 poisoning Listeria monocytogenes, 133-134 Fusarium fungi bony fish, 1115-1125 mycotoxins, 318-319 food sources, 318-319 cartilaginous fish, 1128-1130 ochratoxins, 345 Kashin-Beck disease, 326 catfish, 1121-1124 Salmonella, 142 reproductive system toxicity, 326 ciguatoxins, 238-246 Shiga enterotoxins, 151 trichothecene toxins, 351 dogfish, 1124 Staphylococcus aureus, 157 zearalenone toxins, 357-358 ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125 Streptococci, 162-163 F wave latencies Iionfish, scorpionfish, and stonefish, trichothecene mycotoxins, 352-355 puffer fish tetrodotoxins, 250 1115-1120 Vibrio species, 168 saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfish porcupine fish, 1124-1125 Yersinia enterocolitica, 175 poisoning, 235 rabbitfish, 1124 Food processing scombrotoxin, 256-260 azaspiracid poisoning and toxins, Galanthamine/galantamine tetrodotoxin, puffer fish, 245-252 218-219 compounds toadfish, 1124 Bacillus cereus, 90 chemical structure, 704 weever fish, 1120-1121 botulinum toxins, 104 narcissus, 703-705 Flagellar antigens, Listeria Campylobacter jejuni, 97 snowdrop, 712-714 monocytogenes, 134 ciguatoxins, 239 Galerina mushrooms, 267-271 Flavonoid, flavonoids Clostridium perfringens, 115 Gambierdiscus toxicus, ciguatoxins, Allium species, 472 eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16 238-239

1145 INDEX y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Ginger, 482-487 Hawthorn, 510-512 cycad flour, 56 gingerols, 483-486 Head lice. See Lice ginkgo tree Ginkgo tree, 488-496 Health surveillance, ochratoxins, 347 ginkgo toxin, 491 Ginseng, 497-503 Helothermine, composition, 1009 kavalactones, 526-527 Ginsenoside compounds Helvellic acid, gyromitrin toxins, mushrooms chemical structure, 499-500 283-286 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 toxicokinetics, 500-501 Hemlock. See Poison hemlock; Water St. John's wort, 601 Glory lily, colchicine, 693-700 hemlock star fruit intoxication, 612-613 Glucans, fungal growth and, 324 Hemolysins tetramine Glucomannans, aloe vera, 378 hemolysin BL (HBL), Bacillus red whelk, 254 Glycoalkaloids cereus, 91-92 valerian, 618 content, 805 Listeria monocytogenes, 135 Garlic nightshade, 804 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome botanical description, 470 solanine, 77-82 abnormalities, 126-127 historical overview, 470 structure, 78 enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Gastrointestinal effects Glycoproteins, black locust, 881-882 123-125 arnatoxins, 274-275 Glycyrrhetinic acid, 540-541 Shigella toxins, 151-152 barbados nuts, 830 Glycyrrhizic acid treatment, 127-128 belladonna alkaloids, 780-781 chemical composition, 538-539 Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger black cohosh, 391-392 medicinal uses, 538 (Henbane) blister beetle, 974 physical properties, 539 Hepatic aminotransferase, yusho/ camphor, 409-410 Golden chain tree, 889-891 yu-cheng diagnosis, 8 cascara anthrones, 417-419 Goldenseal, 504-509 Hepatotoxicity (hepatitis, cicutoxin, 822-824 Gonionemus vertens, classification and hepatotoxin) ciguatoxins, 242 characteristics, 1093 aflatoxin exposure, 330-331 colchicine, 696 Gonyautoxins amatoxins, 272-274,277-278 ergot and related compounds, paralytic shellfish poisoning, black cohosh, 391-392 336-339 231-235 cascara, 417-419 ginkgotoxin, 493 mechanism of toxicity, 233 chaparral,431 goldenseal, 507 Granulomata, cactus spines, 839 chaparralleaf,479 jequirity bean, 730-731 Grass pea. See Grass pea and clove, 439 mistletoe, 793-794 neurolathyrism, 62-66 comfrey, 449-455 mushroom ingestion, 288-291 Grayanotoxin. See Rhododendrons cyanobacteria, 181-186, 183-186 narcissus bulbs, 704-705 and grayanotoxins, 870-873 Echinacea species, 571 nicotine, 811-812 Guar gum, food additives and gentian, 479 oleander, 856 sensitivities, 28 hops, 479 podophyllotoxins, 790 Gummiferin, chemical composition, jin bu huan, 518-520 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454 515-516 kavalactones, 527-529 red baneberry, 745-746 Gyromitrin. See False morel and mistletoe, 479 ricin, 720-724 gyromitrin poisoning, mycotoxins, 325 spurge family, 757-758 285-289 pennyroyal, 566-567 trichothecene mycotoxins, pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing 354-355 Haitian solenodon, 1133 herbs, 479 turpentine, 669 Hallucinogenic compounds ricin, 723 zephyr lily, 716-717 belladonna alkaloids, 778-781 senna fruit extracts, 479 Gastrointestinal viruses, 202-211 calamus, 405 skullcap, 479, 598 Gelsemium sempervirens century plant, 751-752 tetrahydropalmatine, 518-520 botanical description, 841 ergot and related compounds, valerian, 479 mechanism of toxicity, 841-842 332-333 Histamines Gelsemine, structure and toxicity, mescal beans, 733-734 bee venom, 957-958 841-842 myristicin and, 68-69 scombrotoxin, 254-257 Germander, 477-481 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 Holly, 861-862 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 Hard coral, classification and Honeysuckle, 863-864 Gibberella species characteristics, 1097 Hornets. See Vespids fumonisins, 341-343 Harmala alkaloids, passionflower, Horse eye bean, chemical structure trichothecene toxins, 351 560 and toxicity, 727-728 Gila monster, 1008-1012 Harvest mites, classification and Hot flashes, treatment of Gilatoxin, composition, 1009 toxins, 909-911 black cohosh extract, 391

1146 INDEX

Human botulism immune globulin scorpion envenomation, 920 beaded lizard envenomation, 1010 (BabyBIG), 109 spider envenomation, 940 dieffenbachia, oxalate-containing Human immunodeficiency virus. See star fruit. 612 plants, 771 AIDS toad Gila monster envenomation, 1010 Hyacinth bulbs, contact dermatitis soap,999 mushrooms, orellanine-containing, from, 684 venom, 999-1000 310 Hyaluronidase. bee venom, 957-958 wasps, 961 rhubarb,86 Hydrangea Hypernatremia calcium oxalate, 86 botanical description, 761 Bacillus cereus. 92 oxalate poisoning, 87 principal toxins. 762 Campylobacter jejuni, 99 scorpion envenomation. 920 Hydrastine, chemical structure, Clostridium botulinum, 108 sea snake envenomation, 1075-1076 505-506 Clostridium perfringens, 117 spurge family, 756-758 Hydrazine compounds, gyrornitrin, Escherichia coli, 126 toad venom, 999 284-286 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Hypofibrinogenemia, rattlesnake Hydroids. See also specific species pine thistle, atractyloside, 516 venom, 1030 classification and characteristics. Shiga enterotoxins, 153 Hypoglycemia, Akee fruit, 37 1093-1096 Staphylococcus aureus, 159 Hypoglycin A. Hydroxyaloin, aloe vera, 378 Vibrio cholerae, 170 akee fruit, 35 Hydroxyanthraquinone compounds, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 biomarkers, 37 rhubarb,85 Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Hydroxynitrile compounds, Bacillus cereus, 92 Akee fruit, Jamaican vomiting cyanogenic plants, 763 Campylobacter jejuni, 99 sickness, 37 Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane), toxins Clostridium botulinum. 108 Bacillus cereus, 92 in. 779 Clostridium perjringens, 117 cascara, 417,419 Hyperbilirubinemia Colchicine poisoning, 698 cleistanthin, 757-758 amatoxin-containing mushrooms, Escherichia coli, 126 Campylobacter jejuni, 99 278 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 Clostridium botulinum, 108 castor beans, 721 oleander, 853-854 Clostridium perfringens, 117 chaparral, 432 pine thistle, atractyloside, 516 colchicine, 698 colchicine-containing plants, 698 scorpion envenomation, 920 Escherichia coli, 126 germander, 480 Shiga enterotoxins, 153 licorice, 539-542 goldenseal, 507-508 Staphylococcus aureus, 159 Listeria monocytogenes, 137 kava, 529 Vibrio cholerae, 170 Monkshood, aconite poisoning, 740 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 455 Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 mushrooms, gastroenteritis spurge family, 757 Hyperoxaluria, rhubarb poisoning, 87 producing, 292 Water hemlock and water dropwort, Hypersensitivity reactions. See also senna, 593-594 823 Anaphylactoid reactions Shiga enterotoxins, 153 Hyperforin, 603-604 allergic phytodermatitis, 678-679 Staphylococcus aureus, 159 Hypericin, 603-604 ants, wasps, and bees, 957-965 Vibrio cholerae; 169-170 Hypericum extract azadirachtin, 649-650 Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 chemical composition, 601-602 begonia compounds, 748 Hyposensitization, toxicodendron mechanism of action, 602 black locust toxins, 881-882 dermatitis, 683-684 medicinal uses, 600-601 bugs, 971 Hypotension Hyperkalemia jellyfish venom. 1089-1093 cyanogenic compound ingestion, 49, bees, 961 mycotoxin-induced pneumonitis, 51 digitalis poisoning, 775 324-326 cycad seed ingestion, 56 foxglove, 774 neurolathyrism, 62 food contamination hornets, 961 rattlesnake antivenom, 1035-1038 Staphylococcus aureus, 158 mushrooms ricin/castor beans, 722 Streptococcus species, 163 amatoxin-containing, 279 tea tree oil, 659-660 mushroom ingestion rhabdomyolysis, 314 ticks, 912 Coprinus mushroom, 296 odollam tree. 857 toxicodendron dermatitis, 679-684 muscarine-containing mushrooms, oleander, 849-850, 852-854, 856 yarrow, 624-625 306 pine thistle, atractyloside, 516 Hypertriglyceridemia, toxic oil Paxillus syndrome, 313, 315 rattlesnake envenomation, 1039, syndrome, 11 seafood poisoning 1056 Hypocalcemia ciguatera, 213, 238-245 rue, 581 argemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 13 mussels, 216 sea snake envenomation, 1075-1076 colchicine poisoning, 698 paralytic shellfish, 233-235

1147 INDEX

Hypotension (cont'd) Internalin, Listeria monocytogenes Kaffir lily, 710-711 puffer fish, 213, 249-250 toxicity, 134 Karaka nut, botanical description and scombroid fish, 213,257-258 Intestinal parasites toxicity, 892-893 solanine poisoning, 80 Cryptosporidium parvum, 193­Karakin toxin, exposure and 195 toxicokinetics, 892-893 Ibotenic acid Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195-197 Kashin-Beck disease, mycotoxins, Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 Entamoeba histolytica and 326 mechanism of toxicity, 300 amebiasis, 191-193 Kava, 525-529 Ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 KcpA protein, Shigella toxins, 151 Illudin S, mushrooms, 285-288 Invasion plasmid antigen complex, Keratoconjunctivitis, blister beetle Immune system, mycotoxins, 325 Shigella toxicity mechanisms, toxins, 974 Immunoassays, oleander toxicity 151 Ketones, camphor, 408-409 diagnosis, 850-853 Involution, Paxillus syndrome, 313 Kidney dysfunction. See Renal Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, Ion channels, scorpion venom and, dysfunction Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 916 Kissing bug, 969-971 Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies Irukandji syndrome, toxicity and Kraits, Asia, 1052-1053 food additives and sensitivities, 27 treatment, 1090-1093 mycotoxins and, 324-326 Ischemia Laburnum species, botanical Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, caterpillar venom, 991 description and toxicity, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 centipede envenomation, 952 889-890 Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, Clostridium perfringens, 116 Lactone glycosides, cleistanthin, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177 colchicine, 696 756-757 Immunosuppressed patients, cone shell envenomation, 1080 Laetrile" gastrointestinal viruses in, epinephrine, 963 clinical response and treatment, 205 gingko tree, 488-489 764-765 Immunotherapy, hymenoptera jellyfish envenomation, 1096 historical overview, 760 sensitivity reactions, 965 rna huang, 547, 549 sources, 761-762 Impila mycotoxins mechanism of toxicity, 763-764 botanical description, 514 ergot alkaloid, 336-340 Lancefield Group A, Streptococci diagnosis and treatment, 516 puffer fish, 250 toxins, 163 exposure sources, 514-515 scombroid fish, 258 Lantadene, 867-868 historical background, 514 scorpion venom, 916, 919 Lantana physiochemical properties, 515 snake venom, 1030-1031 botanical description, 867 Infant botulism anti venom, 1037 physiochemical properties, 867 dose response, 106-107 spider venom, 936, 938-939,941 mechanism of toxicity, 868 mechanism of toxicity, 105-106 yew, taxine poisoning, 901 Larrea tridentata. See Chaparral treatment, 108-109 yohimbine, 629 Latent period, amatoxins, 276 Infectious diseases, mycotoxins and, Isoergine, ergot and related Latex compounds, Jatropha curcas, 324-326 compounds, 332-333 829-830 Ingestion, turpentine toxicity, 668­ Isoflavonoids, Wisteria species, Latrodectism, 929-931 669 879-880 Latrodectus spiders, 926-931 Inhalation Isoquinoline alkaloids, goldenseal, antivenom, 930-931 black pepper, 74 505-506 behavior, 928 botulism, 108 Isoxazole toxins, Pantherina syndrome classification and characteristics, chili peppers, 74 and, 298-302 926-927 ricin/castor beans, 721-722 Itai-itai, historical overview, 5 clinical response, 929-930 turpentine toxicity, 668-669 Ivy, botanical classification and geographic distribution, 927-928 Inky cap mushroom toxicity, 865 supplemental care, 931 classification and identification, 294 mechanism of toxicity, 929 poisonous parts, 295 Jamaican vomiting sickness, 32-35 venom composition and apparatus, Inocybe mushrooms Jatropha curcas, 829-830 928-929 classification and identification, Jellyfish,1085-1096 Latrotoxins, 929-931 303-306 Jequirity bean, 729-731 Lavender, 532-535 poisonous parts, 305 Jimsonweed, 777-781 Laxatives. See Cathartics Insects, mites and ticks, 909-912 Jin bu huan, 518-520 Lepidoptera. See Moths and Intercellular spread protein (lcsA), Jinyinhua, structure and toxicity, butterflies Shigella toxicity mechanisms, 863-864 Lepidopterism, caterpillar venom, 152 Juniper oil, 522-524 992

1148 INDEX

Lepiota mushrooms Mace, botanical characteristics, hawthorn, 510-511 mycological identification and 68-69 kava, 526-528 classification, 268-269 Ma huang, 545-550 lavender, 532-533 poisonous parts, 273 Malathion, lice treatments, 986 licorice, 538 Leptosphaeria sacchari, onyalai, 325 Mammals milk thistle, 553-554 Leukocidins, Streptococci toxins, 163 platypus, 1132-1133 mistletoe, 792-794 Lice, 983-986 shrews, 1133 neem/margosa oil, 886-887 Licorice, 537-541 Mandragora officinarum (mandrake), passion flower, 559 Lignans, burdock root, 400-401 779-780 pennyroyal, 564 Ligustilide, dong quai, 462-463 Margosa oil, 648-651 peppermint oil, 654 Lima beans, 47 Marine invertebrates. See specific phytolaccine, 801-802 Limonene. See Citrus oil and species rosemary, 574-575 limonene, 635-643 Massasauga snake, 1040-1041 rue,579~580 Linalool, chemical structure, 533-534 Matricin, chamomile, 426-427 sassafras, 582-584 Linalyl acetate, chemical structure, Matsutake mushrooms, Paxillus saw palmetto, 586-587 533-534 syndrome, 312-315 senna, 591-594 Linamarin, cassava, 47-48 Mayapple, 788-790 skullcap, 596-597 Linoleic acids, borage, 397-398 Medical sources, botulinum toxins, Solanum species, 804-805 Linolenic acids, borage, 397-398 102 squirting cucumber, R76-877 Lionfish, 1117-1120 Medicinal uses and. See also specific star anise, 607-610 Lipidosterolic extract, chemical plants and herbs tansy, 614-615 structure, 587-588 African blue lily, 743-744 taxine alkaloids, 900-902 Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), Streptococci aloe vera, 378-380 tea tree oil, 658-660 toxins, 163 aristolochic acid, 383 tung oil, 663-664 Listeria monocytogenes 131-135 azadirachtin, 649-650 valerian, 618, 620-621 Listeriolysin, Listeria monocytogenes, black cohosh, 389-392 Veratrum alkaloids, 815-817 133-135 borage, 397-398 yarrow, 623-624 Listeriosis, 133-136 calamus, 404 yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 627-628 Liver abscess, Entamoeba histolytica, camphor, 408 Meliatoxins, botanical descriptions 191-193 cantharidin, 972-974 and toxicity, 886-887 Liver disease, milk thistle for cascara, 414-415 Menthol compounds treatment of, 553-557 eat's claw, 421-422 chemical composition, 654-655 Liver toxicity. See Hepatotoxicity chamomile, 426 toxicokinetics, 655 Lizards. See Beaded lizard; Gila chaparral, 430-431 Mescal bean, 733-734 monster chaste tree, 434 Methylazoxymethanol (MAM), cycad "Locked-in" syndrome, puffer fish citronella oil, 633-634 seeds, 55-56 tetrodotoxin, 245 citrus oil, 636-637, 639 Methylergonovine Locus of enterocyte effacement clove, 438 medicinal uses, 336 (LEE), enterohemorrhagic E. colchicine, 694-695 parenteral toxicity, 338 coli (EHEC), 122 Colorado River toad, 997 N-Methyl-N-formyl hydrazine (MFH), Loxosceles (brown recluse) spiders, comfrey, 452-453 gyromitrin, 286-287 934-940 cucurbitacins, 747-748 Methysergide, dose-response data, 336 Loxosceles arizonica. 936 cytisine, 889-890 Mezerein, 843-844 Loxosceles laeta, 935-936 Datura plants, 778-781 Microcystin toxins Loxosceles reclusa, 935 digitalis, 773-775 cyanobacteria, 181-188 Loxosceles rufescens, 936 echinacea,569-570 in humans, 188 Lupanine ephedra alkaloids, 545-550 in water, 187 physiochemical properties, 785 ergot and related compounds, Microcystis aeruginosa, 183, 186 toxicokinetics, 786-787 335-336 Milk sickness, white snakeroot Lupines and false lupine, 784-787 eucalyptus oil, 644-646 toxicity, 827 Lycorine feverfew, 465-466 Milk thistle kaffir lily, 710-711 galanthamine/galantamine, 704-705 botanical description, 553 zephyr lily, 716-717 garlic, 471 clinical response, 557 Lycosa (wolf spider), 942 germander, 479 historical background, 553 Lyme disease, classification and ginger, 483 medicinal uses, 553-554 pathology, 912 ginkgo tree, 489, 491-492 physiochemical properties, 554-555 Lyngbyatoxin A, cyanobacteria, 183, ginseng, 498 toxicokinetics, 555-556 185-186 goldenseal, 505 Millepora species, 1093-1094

1149 INDEX

Mistletoe, 792-794 citrinin, 332 aristolochic acid, 382-386 Mites, classification and toxins, classification and identification, Asian viper venom, 1021 909-911 317-324 colchicine, 697 Mojave rattlesnake ambient air sources, 319-320 djenkol beans, 59-60 antivenom, 1036-1037 basic properties, 318 epidemic dropsy, 11 characteristics, 1026-1027 colony-forming units, 32~321 ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, Molds. See Mycotoxins food sources, 318-319 1125 Monkshood, 736-739 fungal spore concentrations, mycotoxins, 325 Monomethylhydrazine (MMH), 321-323 ochratoxins, 345-347 gyromitrin, 286 genera and species, 320-324 orellanine, 307-310 Monosialosyl ganglioside (GM-l), occurrence. 318-320 Paxillus syndrome, 313-315 Vibrio species, 168 water damage and mold growth, pennyroyal, 566-567 Monosodium glutamate (MSG), 323-324 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453-455 clinical response, 24 ergot and related compounds, rattlesnake venom, 1030 Morayeel,I112-1113 333-340 star fruit, 612-613 Mortality fumonisin, 341-343 Neuramidase, cholera toxins, 168-169 amatoxins, 276 fungal genera and species, 320­ Neurodegenerative diseases ants, wasps, and bees, 961 324 cyanobacteria, 181 snakebites, global distribution, 1015 historical overview, 317 cycad seed toxicity, 54 toxic oil syndrome, 9 mold-related complaints, 326-327 Neurolathyrism,62-66 Mosquitoes, 979-981 occurrence, 318 Neuromuscular complications, toxic Moths and butterflies, 988-993 ochratoxins, 343-347 oil syndrome, 10 M proteins, Streptococci toxins, 163 patulin, 347-348 Neurotoxicity (Neurotoxin) Multisystem failure rubratoxins, 348 armed (banana) spiders, 931-932 ants, wasps, and bees, 961-962 target organs, 324-326 Australian funnel-web spiders, colchicine. 696-700 trichothecenes, 348-358 932-934 Muscarine, 305-306 alimentary toxic aleukia, 354-355 batrachotoxins, 1002 Muscimol building-related illness, 357 blue-ringed octopus, 1081-1082 Pantherina syndrome, 298-302 carcinogenesis, 357-358 botulinum, 105-106 mechanism of toxicity, 300 clinical response, 354-358 brevetoxins, shellfish poisoning, 229 Musculoskeletal system, mycotoxins, diacetoxyscirpenol,355 buckthorn, 834-835 326 food-related illnesses, 354 ciguatoxins, 240-241 Mushrooms. See also specific histology and pathology, 354 cone shell venom, 1079-1080 mushroom species pulmonary hemorrhage, 356-357 coral snake venom, 1049 amatoxins, 265-284 scabby grain toxicosis, 355 cyanobacteria, 181-189 Amanita species. isoxazole, 298-302 stachybotryotoxicosis, 356 Elapidae, Australia, 1054-1059 ascomycetes, gyromitrin poisoning, Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses, ergot and related compounds, 285-289 355-357 337-338 clinical classification, 268 zearalenone, 358-359 European viper venom, 1015-1018 gastroenteritis-producing species, Myotoxins, Paxillus syndrome, 313 Latrodectus spiders, 929-931 290-293 Myristicin, toxic characteristics, 68 nicotine, 811-812 identification of, 265-267 osteolathyrism, 806-808 muscarine-containing, 303-306 Narcissus, 703-705 Pantherina syndrome, psychoactive orellanine-containing, 307-311 Necine compounds, pyrrolizidine mushrooms, 298-302 Paxillus syndrome, 312-316 alkaloids, 452 Paxillus syndrome, 313-315 specimen collection, 266 Neem oil 648-650 pediculicides, 985-986 spore identification, 266-268 Nematocysts, jellyfish venom, puffer fish tetrodotoxins, 248-250 structure, 266 1088-1089 rattlesnake venom, 1029 Mu Tong, 382-384 Neoarctin, burdock root, 400-401 scorpion venom, 916-918 Mycetism/mycetismus, clinical Neoclerodane diterpenoids, sea snake venom, 1075 classification, 268 germander, 479-480 sea urchins, 1107-1108 Mycophenolic acid, hematological and Neocycasin,45 Theridiidae spiders, 930 immune system damage, 325 Neonatal listeriosis, clinical response, Newts. See Salamanders and newts Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy, 133-134 Nicotine ochratoxins, 345-346 Nephrotoxicity (Renal dysfunction, chemical structure and toxicity, Mycotoxins Kidney dysfunction/failure) 889-890 aflatoxins,327-332 aflatoxin, 329-330 clinical response, 811-812 basic properties, 318 amatoxins, 271-272 dose response, 811

1150 INDEX

toxicokinetics, 810-811 Oroxylin, chemical structure, 597­ Pennyroyal, 563-567 treatment, 812-813 598 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodiben zofuran Nitrates/nitrites, food additives and OsmZ proteins, Shigella toxins, 151 (PnCDF), yusho/yu-cheng sensitivities, 27 Osteolathyrism, botanical description diagnosis, 8 Nit removal, lice treatment, 986 and toxicity, 806-808 Pepper, 69-73 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), Oxalate-containing plants, 768-770 Peppermint oil, 653-655 cardiac/nervous system Oxalic acid, structure and properties, Pepper tree, botanical description and damage, 325 85-86 toxicity, 897-898 N-methyl-o-aspartate (NMDA)­ Oxalosis, 84 Peptides, rattlesnake venom, receptor agonist 3-N-Oxalyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic 1028-1029 cone shell, 1079 acid (~-ODAP), Peripheral neuropathy, toxic oil cycad seed toxicity, 54 neurolathyrism, 63 syndrome, 10 domoic acid toxicity, 215 Permethrin, lice treatments, 986 Nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), Paint materials Peruvoside, physiochemical properties, Bacillus cereus, 91-92 tung oil, 663-664 854-855 Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), turpentine, 666-667 Peucetia viridans (green lynx spider), chaparral, 429-432 Palytoxin, soft corals, 1097-1098 942 Noroviruses,201-203 Panaxadiols/panaxatriols, chemical P-glycoprotein, hawthorn toxins, Norwegian scabies, chiggers and structure, 499-500 512-513 harvest mites, 910-911 Pancreatitis, scorpion venom toxicity, Phallotoxins, Amanita mushrooms, Nutmeg, 65-67 918 268-271 Pancytopenia, mycotoxins, 325 Phenethylamine derivatives, ephedra Oaks, botanical description and Pantherina syndrome, isoxazole alkaloids, 547-550 toxicity, 894-895 toxins, 298-302 Phenolic compounds Occupational exposure, chili peppers, Paralytic shellfish poisoning, black cohosh, 389-392 74 saxitoxins,231-237 oaks, 894-895 Ochratoxins, 343-347 Paratyphoid, Salmonella poisoning, solanine toxicity, 79 Octopus. See Blue-ringed 145 Phenylketonuria (PKU), food octopus Parenteral toxicity additives and sensitivities, Odollam tree, toxins in, 857 ergot compounds, 338 24-30 Okadaic acid, diarrhetic shellfish ricin/castor beans, 721-722 Phidippus (black jumping spiders), poisoning, 220-222 Passionflower, 558-562 942-943 Oleander Pasteurella multocida, aflatoxin and, Phoneutria spiders, 931-932 common oleander, 847-854 330 Phospholipases yellow oleander, 854-857 Patulin toxins, 347-348 Bacillus cereus, 91, 115-116 Oleic acids, borage, 398 Paxillus syndrome beaded lizard, 1009 Oleoresin compounds clinical response, 314-315 bee venom, 957-958, 965 capsicum, 72 diagnostic testing and treatment, catfish, 1122 urushiol compounds, 681-684 315 Clostridium perfringens, 114-116 OmpR-envZ, Shigella toxins, 151 mushroom identification, 312-313 Gila monster, 1009 Onion and garlic, contact dermatitis principal toxins, 313-314 Listeria monocytogenes, 134-136 from, 684-685 PCDDs, yusho/yu-cheng, 6, 8 pepper tree, 897 Onyalai, thrombocytopenic purpura, PEB1 cell surface protein, scorpion venom, 916 325 Campylobacter jejuni, 97 sea snakes, 1075 Open reading frames (ORFs) Pederin, physiochemical properties, snake venom, 1015, 1020, 1028­ astroviruses, 203 973-974 1030, 1043, 1053-1055, 1060 caliciviruses, 203 Pediculicide, lice treatments, 985-986 spider venom, 936-937 Ophthalmia nodosa, caterpillar Penicillin G, amatoxin therapy, 279 starfish, 1105 venom, 992 Penicillium wasps and hornets, 958 Orellanine, 308-310 in air, 320 Physostigmine, belladonna alkaloid Orellanus syndrome, nephrotoxicity, citrinin, 332 toxicity and, 781 307-310 classification and identification, Phytolaccine, 800-802 Organic anion-transporting 320-324 Phytophotoderrnatitis, 685-687 polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), food sources, 318-319 Picobirnavirus amatoxins, 274 mycophenolic acid, 325 HIV infection and, 206 Organosulfur compounds, garlic, ochratoxins, 343-347 taxonomy and classification, 203 470-471 patulin, 347-348 Pine oil, 666-669 Ornithogalum species, 850 rubratoxins, 348 Pine thistle, 514-516

1151 INDEX

Piperine, toxin structure and Portuguese man-of-war Pulmonary hemorrhage, trichothecene properties, 72 classification and characteristics, mycotoxins, 356-357 Pit vipers. See also Viperidae 1094-1095 Pulque, century plant, 751-752 (vipers) clinical response and treatment, Purple cornflower, 568-572 Asia, 1044-1046 1096 Pygmy rattlesnake, 1040-1041 Central and South America, geographic distribution and Pyrethrins, lice treatments, 986 1043-1044 behavior, 1095 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids classification and characteristics, venom composition and apparatus, borage oil, 398, 1021-1025 1095 chaparral, 431 copperhead species, 1041-1042 Potassium channels, scorpion venom chemical structure, 451-452 cottonmouth, 1042-1043 and, 916-918 coltsfoot, 446-447 North America, 1021-1043 Potatoes, 75-80 comfrey, 449-455 pygmy rattlesnake and massasauga, Pregnancy Echinacea species, 571 1040-1041 amatoxin toxicokinetics in, hepatitis, 431, 479 scientific and common names, 275-276 hepatotoxicity, 479 1021-1024 camphor toxicokinetics, 410 plants, containing, 449-455 true rattlesnake, 1025-1040 ciguatoxin sequelae in, 243 tansy ragwort, 614 behavior and senses, 1027-1028 hymenoptera-related anaphylaxis, clinical response, 1030-1032 962 Quinovic acid glycosides, eat's claw, diagnostic testing, 1032-1033 podophyllotoxins and, 790 422-424 geographic distribution, 1026 St. John's wort and, 604 species differences, 1026-1027 Preservatives, clinical response to, Rabbitfish, 1124 treatment, 1033-1040 26-27 Ranunculin, physiochemical venom composition and apparatus, Prevention, hymenoptera sensitivity properties and toxicity, 1028-1029 reactions, 964-965 691-692 Platypus, 1132-1133 Prickly pear cactus, as food source, Rapeseed oil, eosinophilia-myalgia Podophyllotoxins 838 syndrome, 14 clinical response, 790-791 Procyanidins,hawthorn,511-513 Ratfish, classification and toxicity, toxicokinetics, 789-790 Propionic acid, food additives and 1130 Poison hemlock, 796-798 sensitivities, 27 Rattlesnake (true rattlesnake), 1025­ Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, Prorocentrum species, diarrhetic 1040. See also Pygmy toxicodendron dermatitis, shellfish poisoning, 213, rattlesnake 679-684 222-223 behavior and senses, 1027-1028 Pokeweed, 800-802 Protein phosphatases, cantharidin characteristics, 1026-1027 Polyacetylene, ivy and falcarinol, 865 inhibition, 973-974 clinical response, 1030-1032 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Protein synthesis, amatoxin diagnostic testing, 1032-1033 biomarkers, 7-8 mechanisms and, 274 geographic distribution, 1026 dose response, 6-7 Protoanemonin, 690-692 species differences, 1026-1027 food processing, 6 Protoperidinium crassipes, azaspiracid treatment, 1033-1040 yusho epidemiology, 6 poisoning, 218-220 venom composition and apparatus, Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Protozoa 1028-1029 (PCDFs) Cryptosporidium parvum, 193-195 Reactive arthritis, Salmonella biomarkers, 7-8 Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195-197 poisoning, 144 dose response, 6-7 Entamoeba histolytica and Red baneberry, chemical composition food processing, 6 amebiasis, 191-193 and toxicity, 745-746 yu-cheng epidemiology, 6 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 Red tides, saxitoxins, paralytic Polychlorinated quaterphenyls Psilocybe mushrooms, 308 shellfish poisoning, 231-236 (PCQs), yusho/yu-cheng, Psychoactive mushrooms, Pantherina Red whelk, tetramine, 253-255 6-7 syndrome, 298-302 Refractory hypotension, hymenoptera Polymers, aloe vera, 378 Pubic lice. See Lice sensitivity reactions, 963 Polypeptides, rattlesnake venom, Puffer fish and tetrodotoxin, 247-249 Regulatory guidelines 1028-1029 Pulegone aloe vera, 378 Polyphenolic compounds chemical structure, 564 aristolochic acid, 383 red baneberry, 745-746 diagnosis and treatment, 566-567 borage, 398 rosemary, 575-576 mechanism of toxicity, 565-566 calamus, 404 Polysialogangliosides (GDlb/GTlb), Pulmonary edema cascara, 415 botulinum toxins, 106 clove toxicity, 439 chamomile, 426 Porcupine fish, 1124-1125 toxic oil syndrome, 10 chaparral, 430

1152 INDEX

chaste tree, 434 Bacillus cereus, 92 camphor poisoning, 407,409-411 cinnamon, 40 bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961-962, Carolina jessamine ingestion, citronella oil, 633 964 841 citrus oil, 637 belladonna alkaloids, 781 chinaberry fruit, 886 clove, 438 centipedes, 952 ciguatera fish poisoning, 242 cranberries, 459 colchicine-containing plants, 696, clove oil ingestion, 439 dong quai, 462 698 colchicine-containing plant echinacea, 570 gyromitrin-containing mushrooms, ingestion, 697 ephedra alkaloids, 546 287 contaminated mussels, 216 feverfew, 466 licorice, 541 coral snake envenomation, 1049 garlic, 471 Paxillus and other mushroom cyanogenic ginger, 483 syndromes, 314-315 foods, 51 ginkgo tree, 489 poison hemlock, 798 plants, 765 ginseng, 498-499 ricin, 723-724 ephedra alkaloids, 548-549 goldenseal, 505 sea snakes, 1075-1076 rna huang, 548 hawthorn, 511 scorpions, 920 ergot alkaloids, 338-339 hypericum extract, 601 soft coral, pa lytoxin poisoning, Escherichia coli infection, 124 juniper oil, 523 1098 eucalyptus oil ingestion, 646 kava, 526 spiders, 933 fire ant stings, 962 lavender, 533 terrestrial snakes, 1017, 1021, 1033, food additives medicinal uses, 659 1038-1039,1041,1044,1046, aspartame, 24 passion flower, 559 1050, 1054, 1056-1057 fungus, 317 passionflower extract, 559 water hemlock and water dropwort, germander, 478 peppermint oil, 654 823 gingko seed consumption, rue, 580 Rhamnus species, cascara and, 414 491-494 saw palmetto, 586-587 Rhinitis, tansy exposure, 615-616 golden chain tree seeds, 889 senna, 592-594 Rhododendrons, 870-872 goldenseal, 507 silymarin, 554 Rhubarb, 82-85 horse chestnut ingestion, 884 star anise, 608 Ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), jequirity bean ingestion, 731 teucrin A, 478 camphor, 408 Jerusalem cherry ingestion, 804 valerian, 618 Rice oil disease. See Yusho (rice oil jimsonweed intoxication, 780-781 yarrow, 624 disease) karaka nut ingestion, 892-893 yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 628 Ricin. See Castor bean and ricin, lice infestation Reiter's syndrome, Salmonella 718-726 treatment, 985 poisoning, 142 Robinetin, structure and toxicity, Listeria monocytogenes infection, Respiratory dysfunction, See also 881-882 135 Adult respiratory distress Rosemary, 574-576 Laetrile", 763 syndrome (ARDS); Rotaviruses, 202-207 man-of-war sting, 1096 Pulmonary edema; Rubratoxins, 348 mushroom poisoning, 269-270, 286­ Pulmonary hemorrhage Rue, 579-581 288, 331-332 blue-ringed octopus venom, Russell's viper, venom composition mayapple ingestion, 790 1081-1082 and apparatus, 1020-1021 neem oil ingestion, 649-651 brevetoxins, 229 nicotine ingestion, 811-813 clove toxicity, 439 Saccharin, clinical response, 25 oxalate-containing plants, 86 echinacea, 570 SafroJe pennyroyal, 563-566 jellyfish venom, 1089-1093 chemical structure, 583 pine thistle ingestion, 516 mycotoxins, 326 food additives and sensitivities, 29 poison hemlock, 798 peppermint oil toxicity, 655-656 mechanism of toxicity, 583-584 pokeweed leaf tea, 801 rattlesnake venom, 1030-1031 Seizures (convulsions) puffer-fish poisoning, 250 scorpion venom toxicity, 919-921 Aconitum species, aconite Rhododendron species, mad honey turpentine toxicity, 669 poisoning, 739 ingestion, 871 Reye's syndrome akee fruit, Jamaican vomiting St. John's wort, 603-604 aflatoxin exposure and, 330-331 sickncsss, 36 Salmonella infection, 145 neem oil toxicity, 649-651 angel's trumpet flower/tea ingestion, scabies infestation pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454 779 treatment, 911 Rhabdomyolysis bee envenomation, 961 scorpion envenomation, 918-919, amatoxin-containing mushrooms, borage oil ingestion, 398 921 269 botulism, 107 Shigella infections, 152

1153 INDEX

Seizures (convulsions) (cont 'd) septic Sea cucumbers, identifying shrew venom, 1133 ricin, 722 characteristics and toxins, snake envenomation, 1031, 1056 snake envenomation, 1016-1017, 1109 solanine poisoning, 80 1034,1056 Sea snakes, 1074-1076 spider envenomation, 929, 939 star fruit, 612 Sea urchins, 1106-1108 star anise tea, 608-610 toxic shock syndrome Sedatives, skullcap, 596-598 star fruit ingestion, 612 foodborne infections, 164 Senkirkine, coltsfoot, 446-447 stingray envenomation, 1129 Staphylococcus aureus, 156, 158 Senna, 591-594 stonelish envenomation, 1119 Vibrio species, 169 Sennosides, chemical structure, tansy oil ingestion, 616 St. Anthony's Fire, ergot and related 592-594 toad poisoning, 999 compounds, 332-333 Sensory nerve action potentials treatment St. John's wort, 600-604 (SNAPs), puffer fish colocynth, 443 Salamanders and newts tetrodotoxins, 250 valerian, 618 geographic distribution, 1003 Sepsis, colchicine, 694-700 turpentine ingestion, 668-670 identifying characteristics, Serotype B-E Clostridial perfringens, Veratrum intoxication, 817 1002-1003 115 Vibrio cholerae infection, 169 venom composition and apparatus, Serum sickness water hemlock/dropwort ingestion, 1003-1005 bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961 823-824 Salmonella, 141-149 Latrodectus, 931 white snakeroot, milk sickness, garlic, 474 scorpions, 921 827 Moray eel consumption, 1113 terrestrial snakes, 935, 1036, 1038, yew seed ingestion, 899 Salt, Clostridium perfringens 1040, 1050 Shock inhibition, 115 Sesquiterpene compounds aconite poisoning, 739 Sambunigrin, physiochemical citronella oil, 633 anaphylactic properties, 762 coltsfoot, 446-447 bee stings, 960-961 Sanguinarine, epidemic dropsy, 11-13 mushrooms, 290 burdock,401 Saponins tansy, 615-616 snake envenomation buckeye, 883-884 valerian, 618-619 epinephrine, 1037 Wisteria species, 879-880 Sexual stimulants vasopressors, 963 Sapovirus, taxonomy and cantharidin, 972-974 yew needles, 901 classification, 203 toad venom, 997-999 bee stings, 959 Sassafras, 582-584 Shake lotions, Toxicodendron epinephrine, 963 Satratoxin, trichothecene toxins, dermatitis, 683 camphor poisoning, 411 349-353 Sheng Ma, 389 cardiogenic Saw palmetto, 586-589 Shigella species (Shiga enterotoxins), colchicine-containing plants, Saxitoxin/neosaxitoxin 150-155 697-699 blue-ringed octopus, 1081-1082 enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and, oleander poisoning, 850, 852, 856 cyanobacteria, 186 120-121 scombroid fish poisoning, 258 paralytic shellfish poisoning, Shogaol compounds scorpion envenomation, 919-921 229-233 chemical composition, 483-484 yew leave ingestion, 901 Scabies, chiggers and harvest mites, toxicity, 485-486 ciguatera fish poisoning, 242 910-911 Shrews, 1133 Coprinus atramentarius mushroom Scabby grain toxicosis, trichothecene Sicarius species (six-eyed crab ingestion, 296 mycotoxins, 355 spiders), 943 electric Scalded skin syndrome, Silibinin ciguatera fish poisoning, 243 Staphylococcus aureus, 156 amatoxin therapy, 279 snake envenomation, 1033 Schefflera species, calcium oxalates in, toxicokinetics, 555-556 spider envenomation, 940 769-771 Silicristin, chemical structure, horse chestnut, 884 Scillaren A, chemical structure and 554-555 hypovolemic toxicity, 857-858 Silymarin complex castor beans, 721 Scombrotoxin, 254-257 amatoxin therapy, 279 Laetrile®,763 Scopolamine chemical structure, 554-555 mistletoe tea, 794 chemical structure, 778 milk thistle, 553-557 mushroom syndromes, 314 toxicokinetics, 779-781 Skeletal deformities, neurolathyrism, pennyroyal oil, 565 Scorpionfish,1116-1120 63 puffer fish poisoning, 250 Scorpions, 914-924 Skin and. See also Dermatitis burdock, 401 Sea anemones, classification and African blue lily, 743-744 scorpion envenomation, 918 characteristics, 1096-1097 blister beetle toxins, 974

1154 INDEX

caterpillar venom, 991-993 Somatic antigens, Listeria Sugarcane poisoning, cardiac/nervous catfish toxins, 1122-1123 monocytogenes, 134 system damage, 325 chaparral toxicity, 431-432 Sorghum, toxic parts of, 47 Sulfites, food additives and chiggers and harvest mites, 909-911 Sparteine sensitivities, 26-27 chili peppers, 73-74 physiochemical properties, 785 Superantigens, Staphylococcus aureus, fire corals, 1094 toxicokinetics, 786-787 158 flea bites, 977-978 Sphingomyelinase D, Loxosceles Sweet peas, botanical description and Gila monster/beaded lizard venom, spider venom, 936-937 toxicity, 806-808 1010 Spiders Sweet potatoes. See Solanine toxicity hard corals, 1097 Argiope species, 941 Synaptosomal-associated protein hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, armed (banana) spider, 931-932 (SNAP-25), botulinum 961-965 Australian funnel-web spiders, toxins, 106 Latrodectus spider toxins, 929-931 932-934 Synaptotagmins I and II, botulinum Loxosceles spider venom, 936-940 Cheiracanthium species, 941-942 toxins, 106 plant dermatitis, 677-687 Latrodectus species, 926-931 Synephrine, chemical structure, podophyllotoxins, 790-791 Loxosceles (brown recluse), 637-639 rattlesnake venom, 1029-1031 934-940 Syntaxin, botulinum toxins, 106 sponge toxins, 1103 Lycosa (wolf spider), 942 starfish toxins, 1106 necrotizing arachnidism, 941 Tannins trichothecene mycotoxins, 325-326 overview, 925 oaks, 894-895 turpentine toxicity, 669 Peucetia viridans (green lynx), 942 yellow bird-of-paradise, 749-750 Skullcap, 596-598 Phidippus (black jumping spiders), Tansy, 614-616 Snakes. See also specific species 942-943 Tarantula classification, 1013 Sicarius (species), 943 ophthalmia nodosa, 992 sea snakes, 1074-1076 Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider), Taste enhancers. 24-25 terrestrial 943 Taxifolin, chemical structure, Atractaspididae.1013-1014 Theridiidae species, 930 554-555 Colubridae, 1059-1062 Sponges, 1102-1103 Taxine alkaloids Crotalinae, 1021-1046 Spore concentrations, mycotoxin chemical structure, 900-901 Elapidae, 1046-1059 measurements, 322-324 clinical response, 901-902 Viperidae, 1014-1021 Sporidesmin, liver toxicity, 325 toxicity, 901-902 Snowberry, botanical description and Squirting cucumber, botanical Tazettine, chemical structure and toxicity, 874-875 description and toxicity, toxicity, 716-717 Sodium channels 876-877 Tea tree oil, 658-660 armed (banana) spider toxins, Stabilizers, food additives and Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider), 943 931-932 sensitivities, 28 Terpene trilactone compounds, ginkgo batrachotoxin mechanisms, 1002 Stachybotryotoxicosis, historical tree, 489-491 ciguatoxin mechanisms in, 240 overview, 349 Terpenoid compounds puffer fish tetrodotoxins, 248-249 Stachybotrys fungi calamus, 404 saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfish respiratory tract, 326, 356-357 mushrooms, 290 poisoning, 234 Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses, 355-356 turpentine, 666-670 scorpion venom and, 916-918 Stachybotryotoxicosis yellow bird-of-paradise, 749-750 Urginea sanguinea toxicity, 857-858 clinical effects, 356 Terpinen-d-ol Sodium cyclamate, clinical response, hematological and immune system, lavender, 533 25 325 tea tree oil, 659-660 Soft coral, classification and Staphylococcus aureus, 154-157 Tetrahydropalmatine, 518-520 characteristics, 1097-1098 Star anise, 607-610 Tetramine. See Red whelk and Soft tissue infection. See also Tissue Starfish, 1105-1106 tetramine, 253-255 damage Star fruit, 611-613 Tetrodotoxin. See Puffer fish rattlesnake venom, 1029-1030 Sterigmatocystin, aflatoxins, 327 poisoning and tetrodotoxin, Salmonella poisoning, 145 Steroids 247-252 Solanine toxicity, 75-80 rattlesnake venom, 1040 blue-ringed octopus, 1081-1082 Solanum species, botanical description toxicodendron dermatitis, 683 poison frogs, 1001-1002 and toxicity, 803-805 Stingray, classification and toxicity, salamanders and newts, 1004-1005 Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive 1128-1130 Teucrin A factor attachment protein Stonefish,1115-1120 chemical structure, 478-479 receptor (SNARE) complex, Streptococcus, 160-163 toxicity mechanisms, 478-479 botulinum toxins, 106 Streptolysins, Streptococci toxins, 163 Theridiidae spiders, 930

1155 INDEX

Thermostable direct hemolysin, Vibrio stachybotryotoxicosis, 356 caterpillars, 991 toxins, 169 Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses, catfish, 1122 Thevetia cardenolides 355-357 centipedes, 951-952 physiochemical properties, 854-855 structure and physiochemical cobras and kraits, 1052-1053 mechanism of toxicity, 855-856 properties, 349-351 Colombian poison-dart frog, 1001 Thrombocytopenia, rattlesnake toxicokinetics, 353-354 cone shells, 1079-1080 venom, 1030 Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), copperhead snakes, 1042 Thrombocytopenic purpura, onyalai, calamus, 405 Elapidae, Australia, 1054-1059 325 Triterpenes fire ants, 958 Thromboembolism, toxic oil black cohosh, 389-392 Gila monster and beaded lizard, syndrome, 10 blue cohosh, 395 1009-1010 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic eat's claw, 422-424 jellyfish, 1088-1089 purpura (TTP) pepper tree, 897-898 Latrodectus spiders, 928 abnormalities, 124-125 Trombiculidae, classification and lion fish, scorpionfish, and stonefish, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), toxins, 909-911 1117-1118 124 Tropane alkaloids, Hyoscyamus niger, Loxosceles spiders, 936-937 treatment, 127-128 779 mosquitoes and flies, 980 Thujone, chemistry and toxicity, Trophozoites pit vipers 615-616 amebiasis, 191-192 Asia, 1045-1046 Tick paralysis, 912 Giardia lamblia, 197-198 Central and South America, Ticks, classification and toxins, Tropical ataxic polyneuropathy, 1043-1044 911-912 cyanogenic glycosides, 47-48 Portuguese man-of-war, 1095 Toadfish, 1124 L-tryptophan, eosinophilia-myalgia pygmy and massasauga rattlesnakes, Toads, Colorado River toad, 996-1000 syndrome, 14-16 1041 Tomatidine, solanine toxicity, 79 Tulip bulbs, contact dermatitis from, rattlesnakes, 1028-1029 Tomatoes, 77-83 684 grading system for, 1032 Torovirus Tung oil, 663-664 salamanders and newts, 1003-1005 animal sources for, 204 Turkey X disease, aflatoxins, 327 scorpions, 916 taxonomy and classification, 202 Turpentine, 666-670 sea snakes, 1075 Toxicodendron dermatitis Tussilagone, coltsfoot, 447 sea urchins, 1107-1108 poison ivy, oak, and sumac, 679-684 Type A Clostridia enterotoxin, 115 stingray, 1129-1130 trees as source of, 685 Type-III secretion system (TTSS), toads, 997-998 Toxic oil syndrome, 6-9 enterohemorrhagic E. coli vipers Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), (EHEC),l22 Asian vipers, 1020-1021 Staphylococcus aureus, Typhoid, Salmonella poisoning, 145 European, 1015-1018 156-158 Middle and Near East/African Toxi-Epi study, toxic oil syndrome, 9 Uncaria tomentosa. See Cat's claw vipers, 1018-1020 Transplantation, amatoxin therapy, Upper respiratory tract infections wasps and hornets, 958 275 (URI), echinacea, 570 weever fish, 1120-1121 Tree tobacco, 809-813 Urginea sanguinea, 857-858 winged hymenoptera, 958-959 Tremetone, 826-827 Urinary tract abnormalities Veno-occlusive disease, pyrrolizidine Trichoderma species, mycotoxins, 319 cranberries, 458-460 alkaloids, 453-455 Tricholoma mushroom, Paxillus djenkol bean poisoning, 60 Veranisatin A, chemical structure, syndrome, 312-315 saw palmetto, 586-588 608-609 Trichothecenes, 348-358 Urushiols Veratridine, physiochemical properties alimentary toxic aleukia, 354-355 decontamination and treatment, and toxicity, 816-817 building-related illness, 357 683 Veratrum alkaloids, 707-709, carcinogenesis, 357-358 ginkgo tree, 493 815-817 clinical response, 354-358 toxicodendron dermatitis, 679-684 Vesicle-associated membrane protein diacetoxyscirpenol, 355 complexes (VAMP/ diagnosis and treatment, 358 Valencene, chemical structure, synaptobrevin II), botulinum dose response, 353 637-639 toxins, 105-106 exposure sources, 351-353 Valerenic acids, 618-619 Vespids (wasps), 956-965 food-related illnesses, 354 Valerian, 617-620 Vibrio species, 167-169 histology and pathology, 354 V-antigen, Yersinia enterocolitica, 176 Vicianin, physiochemical properties, historical overview, 348-349 Venom composition and apparatus 762 pulmonary hemorrhage, 356-357 bees, 957-958 Viperidae (vipers). See also Pit vipers scabby grain toxicosis, 355 bugs, 971 Asia, 1020-1021

1156 INDEX

classification and characteristics, noroviruses, 203-204 Wogonin, chemical structure, 597-598 1014 Vibrio species, 167-170 Wolf spider. See Lycosa (wolf spider) European, 1014-1018 Water-damaged building, mold growth geographic distribution, 1014-1015 and, 323-324 Yarrow, 623-625 Middle and Near East/Africa, Water dropwort and water hemlock, Yellow bird-of-paradise, botanical 1018-1020 821-824 description and principal venom composition and apparatus Water moccasins, 1042-1043 toxins, 749-750 Asian vipers, 1020-1021 Weever fish, 1120-1121 Yersinia enterocolitica, 172-176 European, 1015-1018 Western Diamondback rattlesnake, Yew, 899-901 Middle and Near East/African characteristics, 1026­ Yohimbe bark/yohimbine 627-630 vipers, 1018-1020 1027 Yop effectors, Yersinia enterocolitica, Virotoxins, Amanita mushrooms, Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral 174 272-273 sclerosis/Parkinsonism­ ystA gene, Yersinia enterocolitica, 174 Viscerocutaneous loxoscelism, dementia complex Yst enterotoxin, Yersinia 938-939 cyanogenic glycosides, 54 enterocolitica, 176 Viscotoxins, mistletoe, 793-794 cycad seed toxicity, 54-58 Yu-cheng, 3-6 Vitamin K, pyrrolizidine alkaloid Wheel bug,969-971 Yusho (rice oil disease), 3-6 toxicity, 455 White snakeroot, 826-827 Widow spiders. See Latrodectus Zearalenone Wandering jew, botanical description spiders reproductive system, 326 and principal toxins, 819-820 Wieland-Meixner test, amatoxin structure and effects of, 358-359 Wasps (vespids), 956-965 analysis, 277 Zephyr lily, 716-717 Water contamination Wisteria species, botanical description Zoanthids, palytoxin, 1097-1098 cyanobacteria, 181-188 and toxicity, 879-880 Zoonoses, Giardia lamblia, 197-198

1157