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Institutional Determinants of Food Security in Tanzania

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Institutional Determinants of Food Security in Tanzania INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF FOOD SECURITY IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY OF SINGIDA REGION BY HAMIS ALLY KINGU A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2015 ii ABSTRACT Food insecurity is relatively high in Singida Region although there has been an influx of development related institutions, some of which deal with food security. The extent to which the two were linked was empirically unknown. Therefore, the research for this thesis was conducted in Iramba and Singida Districts of Singida Region to determine the role of institutions in improving food security. The specific objectives were to: (i) to appraise qualitatively the role of institutions in food security (ii) identify institutions dealing with food security and their key functions, (iii) determine food security at the household level, and (iv) establish linkages between some institutional factors and food security factors. The main indicator of food security was dietary energy consumed per adult equivalent per day, measured in kCal. Data were collected among 240 households between November 2010 and July 2011, mainly through a household questionnaire. It was found that there were various institutions; including Government departments, NGOs, CBOs and international organisations including FAO; which were related to agriculture and food security by providing support in terms of training communities on agriculture, supply of agricultural inputs, agricultural credit provision and construction of infrastructure. Food security status at the household level in the two districts was 2 179.86 kCal per adult equivalent per day as opposed to the national caloric poverty line that is 2 200 kCal per adult equivalent per day. Based on that caloric poverty line, only 32.3% of the households in Singida Districts were food secure while 67.7% of the households were food secure in Iramba District. About linkages between institutional factors and food security factors, using an F-test, it was found that dietary energy consumed differed significantly (p < 0.05) among households with different institutional factors. Moreover, using multiple linear regression, it was found that some various institutional factors (e.g. total food production with institutional support), had significant iii effects (p < 0.05) on food security in terms of dietary energy consumed. Based on these findings, it is concluded that some institutions help substantially improve food security at the household level. Therefore, it is recommended that concerted efforts should be made to strengthen institutions supporting agriculture and food security so that they can better help improve food security. iv DECLARATION I, Hamis Ally Kingu, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that this thesis is my original work done within the period of registration and that it has neither been submitted nor being concurrently submitted in any other institution. ____________________________ ________________________ Hamis Ally Kingu Date (PhD Candidate) The above declaration is confirmed: ________________________ ________________________ Prof. Kim Abel Kayunze Date (Supervisor) v COPYRIGHT No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this PhD programme owes much to the Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children (MCDGC), which, through Community Development Training Institute (CDTI) – Tengeru, funded this study. I am greatly indebted to my Thesis supervisor, Prof. Kim Abel Kayunze, for his committed guidance and critical challenges whenever deemed necessary. My sincere gratitude is due to the Institute’s Governing Board chairperson, Ndeshukurwa Sumari, for granting me the permission to undertake this long-term programme and approving the budget for my study. Appreciation also is due to the Director of Community Development Eng. Leoni G. Msimbe, for frequent advice and follow-up of my academic progress. This increased my morale to study hard. My gratitude also goes to in-charge officers of the following offices for cordial documentary material, which I needed for my study: Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC), the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), National Planning Unit (NPU) and Sokoine National Agricultural Library (SNAL). Besides, I thank all staff at the Development Studies Institute (DSI) of SUA for their good cooperation that was an input to the success of this thesis. In a special way, I thank the teaching staff of DSI, Dr. Jonathan S. Mbwambo, Dr. Justin K. Urassa, Dr. Emmanuel E. Chingonikaya, Dr. K. M. K. Bangesi and Mr. Raymond J. Salanga. They gave me invaluable comments on the conceptual framework of the PhD research and on the preliminary drafts of the thesis thereby giving me opportunities to reflect on the same for improvement. Lastly, but not least, I thank everyone else who contributed to the success of the thesis in one way or another. However, I bear all responsibility to any shortcomings found in the thesis. vii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Asha Stephano Msengi Wuli, and our daugthters Zaituni Hamis Ally Misinzo and Asha Hamis Ally Misinzo and our son Abu-Ali Hamis Ally Misinzo and my mother Asha Mkumbo Sham Sha-nzii whom I am indebted to for excelling in my PhD studies. It is also dedicated to my late grandmother, the late Munzulugu Namakiiya; my father, the late Mr. Ally Misinzo Lyanga Gyunnah and my beloved daughter the late Zainab Hamis Ally Misinzo who both passed away on 26 March 1999. May the Almighty God rest their souls in eternal bliss? viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. iv COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xvi LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................... xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................... xviii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background Information ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 6 1.3 Justification of the Study ............................................................................................ 7 1.4 Objectives of the Research ......................................................................................... 9 1.5 Hypotheses Tested ...................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................. 11 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 11 2.1 Institutions and Food Security Concepts .................................................................. 11 2.2 Theoretical Discussions on Institutions .................................................................... 14 2.3 Theoretical Discussions on Food Security ............................................................... 16 2.4 Measurement and Food Security Indicators ............................................................. 20 2.4.1 Food security indicators ............................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Food security measurements ........................................................................ 27 ix 2.4.2.1 Food availability ............................................................................ 27 2.4.2.2 Food access .................................................................................... 29 2.4.2.3 Food utilization .............................................................................. 30 2.4.2.4 Food stability ................................................................................. 33 2.4.2.5 Food safety .................................................................................... 35 2.5 Linkages between Institutions and Food Security .................................................... 35 2.6 Theories on Linkages between Institutions and Food Security ................................ 51 2.7 Gaps in Literature Surveyed ..................................................................................... 59 2.8 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................................
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