Ikungi District Baseline Report 2013 - Revised

IKUNGI DISTRICT BASELINE REPORT 2013 - REVISED

INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS

FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle

2013

Department of Economics; University of Dar es Salaam ii | P a g e

Modern and traditional bee hives side by side Selling honey by the road side

Indigenous chicken raring at Unyangwe Water tank at Matongo village, 2007

Tree seedlings at Nyumba ya Nyuki Appeal for inclusiveness ingraved in stone

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS iii

List of Tables iv

Abbreviations and Acronyms v

Acknowledgement vi

Executive summary Vii

I BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1

II IKUNGI DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION 9

III IKUNGI DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR 11

IV IKUNGI DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET 13

V IKUNGI DISTRICT HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION 14 MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY

VI WOMEN AND YOUTH PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING 15 AND BUDGETING IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS IN IKUNGI DISTRICT

VII KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AREA/LOCATION IN A 17 VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY FOR ACHIEVING “BIG RESULTS NOW”

VIII SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTEGRATING AND 18 IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN THE DISTRICT

IX PROPOSED POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT BASELINES, TARGETS AND 19 iv | P a g e

INDICATORS

REFERENCES 19

ANNEXES 21

List of Tables

Table Description Page

1.1 Population Composition of Ikungi District 4

1.2 Results: Ikungi District – Changes in Livelihood Conditions 7

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BRN Big Results Now

CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi

CSC Capacity and Sustainability Centre

CMT Council Management Team

HBS Household Budget Survey

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework

NAIVS National Agricultural Inputs Voucher System NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NMB National Micro Bank

O&OD Opportunities and Obstacles to Development

PEI Poverty Environment Initiative

PFM Participatory Forest Management

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

SACCOS Savings and Credit Cooperative Society

SPSS Sanitary and Phytosanitary

TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund

UNEP United Nations Environmental Management Programme

URT United Republic of Tanzania

VICOBA Village Community Bank

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Acknowledgement

Production of this report was made possible with the support of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Dar es Salaam Local Office which funded the field work. The Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam ably serviced the work.

Special thanks go to Ikungi District Commissioner, Hon. Manju Msamya and Ikungi District Development Director, Mr. Magayane for their utmost support and guidance during field work. District technocrats were exemplary in the areas of their expertise in providing the required information. We single out the Planning Officer, Mr. Tomas Mwailafu on their behalf. In same vein, the candidness and openness of respondents deserves special mention.

The support provided by Economist Jerome Maganga Ndomba in handling field logistics and actual co-administration of interviews is greatly acknowledged.

Last but by no means least; thanks go to a local radio station which reported our presence during field work in Ikungi.

While those acknowledged helped shape this report, errors and omissions remain mine.

Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle

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Executive summary

Introduction and background

The overarching objective of this report is to present baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty-environment-gender nexus in Ikungi District, Tanzania; with a view to improving development planning in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment-gender objectives for sustainable economic development.

The expectation is that District capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans will be enhanced, starting with agriculture, forestry and fishery as well as develop financial mechanisms.

Poverty –Environment Indicators are used in order to facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes as well as assisting in monitoring the linkage between bio-capacity and human poverty. It is worth noting that when the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26% (Capacity and Sustainability Centre and United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007).

Ikungi as a District was established on 8th March 2013 through Government gazette No 87. The district was formerly part of Singida rural district. Inhabitants of Ikungi District view being a new District as an opportunity and not a pointer to harder times to come. According to 2012 Population and Housing Census statistics the population of Ikungi is estimated at 272,959 of whom 136,178 or 49.9 percent males and 136,781 or 50.1 percent females.

In general, baseline data for the district are not readily available (being a new district). The process of compiling district data is in progress.

People, Poverty and Environment Agriculture is the main economic activity (about 90 percent of the population). Commonly grown crops are sorghum, maize and sweet potatoes. Livestock keeping is practiced on a small scale. The level of mechanization in agriculture is low; with most farmers depending on the hand-hoe. selling of honey and chicken is an important source of income.

There have been no estimates of the incidence of poverty for Ikungi district. The estimates that exist are for Singida rural from HBS 2000/01 before Ikungi was hived off. The incidence of poverty (Po) was 56 percent and depth of poverty (P1) at 17, one of the high scores in Tanzania. viii | P a g e

Our estimates for 2013 indicate that at minimum, about 20 percent of Ikungi district population is basic needs poor and relatedly at the brink of food poverty.

About T.Shs 786,689,129 (or USD 491,681) per month, in cash transfers, is needed in order to bring the poor of Ikungi District to the basic needs poverty line.

Though Ikungi district is not faring well in income poverty, the same cannot be said of non- income measures. Access to education and health places the district at better scores.

Generally, people have experienced improvement in their livelihoods over the last three years or so.

Deforestation is the main environmental challenge.

District priorities

The priorities in the Districts were mentioned to be improvement of agricultural productivity bee keeping, commercial indigenous poultry keeping, forestry and access to water.

Priorities within each priority area

Agriculture

The main priority areas are Irrigation schemes, improved poultry keeping especially through group formations, sunflower processing; paddy farming, onions farming, agro-forestry.

Marketing was particularly mentioned in terms of both physical place and outlets for produce both within the region and beyond

Beekeeping

The main priority is improving beekeeping activities especially for groups that are currently engaged in beekeeping. Marketing was prioritized in terms of physical space and outlets beyond national borders.

Forestry

Tree planting, establishment and strengthening of conservation groups, frequent field patrols and enforcement of by-laws, as well as scaling up bee keeping.

Water

Construction of more schemes and restoration of Nkuhi dam. ix | P a g e

District Development Plan and Budget

Ikungi District has a Development Plan but not a Strategic Plan (to be drawn during 2014/15). The Development Plan includes poverty, environment and gender objectives. The district (LGA) budget includes resources and activities to achieve poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives. The District (LGA) has M&E that includes indicators for poverty- environment- gender.

The respective dates/durations for the key documents are: MTEF 2013/2014 and 2014/2015; Development Plan 2013/2014 and 2014/2015; and Budget (which includes monitoring and evaluation) 2013/2014 and 2014/2015.

Coordination mechanism for integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors exist in the form of meetings and dissemination of expertise.

The district is geared up for setting new targets, done through involving full participation of communities. As a bottom line current targets and indicators will be improved.

Human Resources, tools and coordination mechanisms for mainstreaming poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives Strategic Plan and budgets in the Sectors of agriculture, fishery and forestry

The main challenge in mainstreaming poverty reduction and environmental objectives is inadequacy of staff.

Gaps do exist between district plans and national/sectoral plans in terms of integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives. The challenges to bridging the gap are multi- dimensional.

Youth and women participation/involvement on plan and budget in agriculture, fishery and forest sectors

Women and youth are involved in a participatory way in all stages right from the conceptualization stages of evolving projects. Also the designated proportion of not less than one third women representation in community development groups assures their active participation.

Key geographical sites (villages or an area/location in a village) in the District for immediate actions /interventions in agriculture, fishery and forest for achieving Big Results now

Irrigation - Mang‟onyi; Water dams/fish ponds – Nkuhi, Mahambe, Myombe, Ntutu, Unyankanya, Isuna, Ulyampiti, Ihanja, Mkiwa; Honey market – Isuna; Cattle dip – Sambau, x | P a g e

Isuna, Ulyampiti, Ntandu, Ntuntu, Mkiwa; Forestation – Ihanja, Unyankhanya; Poultry – Unyangwe, Ikungi and Goats keeping – Ntewa.

Suggestion/recommendation for integrating and implementing poverty-environment nexus

The main recommendations were in the following areas: Financial services – low cost capital; modern agricultural inputs; Value adding technologies such as in sunflower value chain; stepped- up awareness and sensitization in order to restore the environmental condition for better yields and hence improved incomes. Last is capacity building in skills for participatory methods in planning, implementation and Monitoring and Evaluation; as well as formulation of by-laws.

Conclusion

Ikungi District has all what it takes to unleash growth potential and reduce poverty fast. There are challenges that need to be addressed at both the National level and at the District level. At the district level, environmental education and awareness are important in addition to finding local- based solutions such as afforestation, overseeing implementation of by-laws, etc.

IKUNGI DISTRICT BASELINE SURVEY REPORT 2013:

INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

This is the second draft of the report. The report was first presented at a stakeholders‟ workshop on December 20th, 2013. Comments received from the stakeholders have been fully incorporated in this report.

This report presents the findings of the mission that visited Ikungi District with the objective of undertaking a survey to fulfill three key objectives; namely, to: (i) finalize the concept note including clarifying objectives, implementation approach and results expectations among key implementers of PEI project (ii) carry out a rapid baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty- environment-gender nexus (iii) review existing resource materials such as MTEF and District Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project particularly for Ikungi District.

The main objective of the survey was to derive information that would help improve development planning in Ikungi district, in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment- gender objectives for sustainable economic development.

Specific objectives

 Carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment-gender nexus carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment- gender nexus;

 Review existing resource materials such as MTEF and Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project.

Expected outcome

 “Enhanced national and district capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery) and develop financial mechanisms in Tanzania”. 2 | P a g e

Context of baseline study

The context of the baseline study is provided by broad definition of the concept of sustainable development that incorporates four elements.

a) Generic concept of sustainable development

Sustainable development is defined as “pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1988). In this regard then environmental sustainability seeks to maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over- exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non- renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes

b) Social sustainability: this is ability to achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation; c) Economic sustainability is the ability to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, and to avoid extreme sector imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production; d) Institutional sustainability revolving around predictability of “rules of the game”.

Poverty –Environment Indicators (PEI) facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes. Further they assist in monitoring the linkage between bio-capacity and human poverty. CSC and UNEP 2007, for example estimate that when the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26%. It is thus important for Ikungi district to monitor environmental quality.

Ikungi District Profile Ikungi is one of the five districts of Singida region; north-central Tanzania (together with Singida, Iramba, Manyoni and Mkalama Districts). Ikungi town is the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report offices of the district were still housed in temporary offices in Singida town, about 30 km away. It is only the DC‟s office (and residence as well) that is located at Ikungi. Plans are underway to acquire office space at Ikungi township (April 2014). 3 | P a g e

Ikungi is a newly formed District and was established on 8th March 2013 through Government gazette No 87. The district was formerly part of Singida rural district. According to 2012 Population and Housing Census statistics the population of Ikungi is estimated at 272,959 of whom 136,178 or 49.9 percent males and 136,781 or 50.1 percent females.

The district borders Manyoni district to the South-East; Igunga district of Tabora region to the South-West; Iramba district to the West and Kondoa District of Dodoma Region and Singida rural district to North-East.

Administratively Ikungi district is comprised of four Divisions namely Mungaa, Ikungi, Sepuka and Ihanja. The divisions together, have 26 Wards with 98 Villages.

The district is well served by tarmac road on Dodoma-Singida highway thus offering immense economic opportunities for improving livelihoods.

Availability of financial services is limited and the district has no single commercial bank probably because of the close proximity to Singida town.

In general, baseline data for the district are not readily available (being a new district). The process of compiling district data is in progress.

Administratively Ikungi District has been divided into 26 wards which differ substantially in terms of size and population characteristics.as shown in Table 1.1.

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Table 1.1 Population Composition of Ikungi District

S/No. Ward Population (number) HH size Sex ratio Total Male Female 1 Puma 9,945 4,795 5,150 4.9 93 2 Kituntu 8,444 4,219 4,225 5.6 100 3 Mung’aa 18,276 8,903 9,373 5.1 95 4 Siuyu 7,952 3,987 3,965 5.4 101 5 Kikio 7,887 3,937 3,950 5.2 100 6 Lighwa 7,245 3,575 3,670 5.4 97 7 Misughaa 6,679 3,376 3,303 5.1 102 8 Ntuntu 11,360 5,738 5,622 5.4 102 9 Dung’unyi 10,158 5,111 5,047 5.1 101 10 Mang’onyi 14,962 7,903 7,059 4.9 112 11 Mkiwa 5,152 2,625 2,527 5.5 104 12 Issuna 12,158 6,212 5,946 5.5 104 13 Unyahati 9,710 4,870 4,840 5.0 101 14 Ikungi 12,661 6,331 6,330 5.0 100 15 Iglansoni 11,256 5,432 5,824 7.1 93 16 Iseke 6,933 3,444 3,489 5.2 99 17 Ihanja 8,269 4,169 4,100 5.1 102 18 Minyughe 18,440 9,239 9,201 6.6 100 19 Muhintiri 8,896 4,420 4,476 6.0 99 20 Iyumbu 9,377 4,590 4,787 8.3 96 21 Mgungira 6,548 3,198 3,350 7.2 95 22 Mwaru 11,784 5,752 6,032 6.1 95 23 Ighombwe 13,344 6,692 6,652 7.3 101 24 Mtunduru 17,056 8,589 8,467 5.8 101 25 Sepuka 12,446 6,092 6,354 5.3 96 26 Irisya 6,021 2,979 3,042 5.5 98 TOTAL 272,959 136,178 136,781 5.6 100 Source: URT 2013 Table 13.5 p.128 5 | P a g e

The largest populated ward, Mung‟aa has 18, 276 inhabitants while Mkiwa with 5,152 inhabitants is the least populated. Iglansoni and Puma have the lowest sex ratio of 93 while Mang‟onyi, with a ratio of 112 ranks highest. Iyumbu ward recorded the largest household size average of 8.3 members and lowest 4.9 members were recorded in Mang‟onyi and Puma wards.

These diversities have implications in terms of targeting and delivery of interventions. For example, if the intention is to lift many people out of poverty, with the assumption of poverty levels being same across wards, then Mung‟aa ward should be targeted. On the other hand, if the intention is economic empowerment of women, relative to men, then Iglansoni and Puma wards should be targeted. However, if it is mere numbers then Mung‟aa ward has the highest female population (9,373) followed by Minyughe ward (9,201). The least female populated ward is Mkiwa (2,527).

People, poverty and Environment Economic activities

Agriculture is the main economic activity (about 90 percent of the population). Commonly grown crops are sorghum, maize and sweet potatoes. Livestock keeping is practiced on a small scale. The level of mechanization in agriculture is low; with most farmers depending on the hand-hoe.

There are many economic venture groups in the district. These include women groups in poultry keeping – Isuna, Ikungi; production of honey soap making (Unyankhanya), fishing (Ihanja) tree planting (Ihanja, Unyankhanya), food stall (Ntewa) farming (Nkuli) animal husbandry (Ihenja) environmental conservation (Ihenja).

The common challenge these groups face are financial constraints and inadequate skills in participatory methods in planning, implementation and Monitoring and evaluation; as well as formulation of by-laws.

Outside pure agriculture, selling of honey and chicken is an important source of income.

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Selling honey at Isuna “Eradicate poverty through indigenous chicken”

Incomes and poverty

The main sources of income in the district are agriculture, animal husbandry and business in that order (see Annex, HHscq 1-1.1a to c). Income levels are generally low for the majority of people. Poverty is mainly caused by poor yields, soil erosion, poor methods of farming, unreliable weather, insufficient agricultural products market, and crop and animal diseases.

We attempt to estimate the current incidence of poverty (Po) for Ikungi district using HBS 2011/12 and our survey results on income levels as reported in Table 1.2.

According to HBS 2011/12, food poverty line was Tanzanian Shillings 26,085 per month and basic needs poverty line was Tanzanian Shillings 36,482 per month. Accordingly at minimum, about 20 percent of Ikungi district population is basic needs poor (earning incomes of less than TShs 30,000 per month). Relatedly the same percent are at the brink of food poverty. It is worth noting that the incidence of poverty in in rural areas of Mainland Tanzania is 33.3 percent for basic needs and 11.3 percent for food poverty (national average at 28.2 percent and 9.7 percent respectively; and poverty gap index at 7.9 for rural areas and 6.7 national average meaning that rural populations are deeper in poverty).

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P1 has implication on interventions as it can quantify the amount of money transfer in absolute terms that would be needed to lift the poor out of poverty. Using population size for Ikungi (272,959 inhabitants) this yields results as follows:

Restoring the poor to poverty line in Ikungi District

Poverty gap (0. 079) x population (272,959) x Basic needs Poverty line (rural areas T.Shs 36,482 per month) = T.Shs 786,689,129 (or USD 491,681) per month. This is the monthly amount of money in cash transfers per month; needed to bring the poor of Ikungi District to the basic needs poverty line.

Non income poverty indicators Though Ikungi district is not faring well in income poverty, the same cannot be said of non- income measures. Access to education and health places the district at better scores.

Generally, people have experienced improvement in their livelihoods over the last three years or so as reported in Table 1.2. About 70 percent of respondents reported so.

Table 1.2 Ikungi District – Changes in Livelihood Condition

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Yes, improved 21 70.0 70.0 70.0

Yes, worse 7 23.3 23.3 93.3

No, no change 2 6.7 6.7 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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Consultations with Stakeholders

Environmental condition

The topography of Ikungi district is mainly low land. Such characteristic is prone to rain run-offs and causing soil erosion as well as deforestation. Deforestation is the main environmental challenge.

Road sign post as one approaches Ikungi township Man-made Dam at Isuna

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2.0 IKUNGI DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION

The areas of priority were specified as follows:

Irrigation

As pointed out in section one, majority of the population depend on agriculture as source of livelihood. One way of improving agricultural productivity is through irrigation. Despite the great potential for irrigation agriculture practice is at low level.

Indigenous poultry keeping

One of the common activities in the district is commercial indigenous poultry keeping. Various breeds that are resistant to diseases have been developed. This activity is common to households and groups as well.

Mkhomoi VICOBA This group was established in March 2012 at Ikungi township, with one of the objectives being hatchery project. The group has 33 members (20 or 60.6 percent women) and 13 or 39.4 percent men. Each member rears chicken at own household level. Members collect eggs which are then to be hatched at the common hatchery. At the time of writing this report preparations for installing the hatchery machine was at an advanced stage.

Bee keeping

On a higher note, bee keeping is becoming an important economic activity for both individuals and groups.

The vegetation in Ikungi District is very favourable for bee keeping. Miombo, Minang‟ana and other types of forest tropical trees provide an abundant source of pollen and production of white honey or clear honey. Xerophytes vegetation favors beekeeping development. Crops cultivated in the district such as maize, sunflowers etc. provide an interdependence system in which bees assist in cross-pollination thus leading to higher yields.

There are few beekeeping groups such as Isuna Beekeeping Group, Ikungi Economic Youth Group, Makiungu Wastaafu Group. Both modern i.e. top bar beehives and traditional beehives i.e. tree barks are used to trap bees. Vegetation around the hills, forests and water sources in this area biologically enhances and attracts large populations of bees.

Forestry

Forestry was considered as going hand in hand with bee keeping. 10 | P a g e

Bee house project Short narration of project

This project was started in 2011 by an initial group of seven members. In 2013 the group was registered. The group sold 500 litres of honey woth TShs 4 million. The project concept combines bee keeping with environmental conservation. By 2013 end membership had expanded to 17, seven being men (41.2 percent) and ten (58.8 percent) women.

The project produces tree seedlings as well.

Proposed bee keeping project A comprehensive beekeeping project has been proposed for Ikungi district and funding close to being secured. The project will be implemented in two phases : Phase one: Ikungi and Mung‟aa involving all 12 Wards and 49 Villages. Phase II will cover Sepuka and Ihanja covering all 14 Wards and 49 villages. The project will enable beekeepers meet the required SPS standards.

Water

Though there are no current statistics on access; water resource is scarce in the district. There are a few schemes that supply water to residents of the district. Matongo water source supplies the village though ideas are developing to have this supply water to Ikungi town as well; a distance of about eight kilometers. Construction of more schemes was pointed out.

Nkuhi dam is a source of water for over 4,000 inhabitants. The dam was dug during 1991/92. In 2010 the main bank of the dam collapsed and was restored a year later. Strengthening banks of this dam was pointed out as a priority.

Matongo Water source – HAPA Community Water for livestock at Nkuhi dam

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3.0. IKUNGI DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR

In section two above, the broad priority areas for poverty reduction were identified. In this section we present the specific priority actions in the priority sectors.

Agriculture

The main priority areas are Irrigation schemes, improved poultry keeping especially through group formations, sunflower processing; paddy farming, onions farming, agro-forestry.

Marketing was particularly mentioned in terms of both physical place and outlets for produce both within the region and beyond.

Sweet Potatoes Modern market at Puma Inside the Market

Beekeeping

Beekeeping was seen as both source of income and playing an important role in conservation of forests. In this regard the main priority is improving beekeeping activities especially for groups that are currently engaged in beekeeping. Marketing was prioritized in terms of physical space and outlets beyond national borders.

“Honey house” at Isuna Inside honey house: slabs as stalls

Forestry

Tree planting, establishment and strengthening of conservation groups, frequent field patrols and enforcement of by-laws, scaling up bee keeping 12 | P a g e

Water

Ensuring availability of water to communities; strengthening the banks of Nkuhi multi- purpose dam (irrigation, livestock, water for domestic use, as fish pond).

Weak banks of Nkuhi dam in need of strengthening

Environment conservation

The priorities within this sector were mentioned to be conservation of Minyughe proposed district natural forest reserve embracing 19 village forests; tree seedlings; awareness raising on environmental matters (alternative sources of energy, energy efficient stoves, agricultural best practices); frequent field patrols and enforcement of by-laws.

Isuna forest reserve Dug out “canoes”for animals to drink water from rather than pollute the water by stepping in

Fishery

Construction of fish ponds was seen as priority. 13 | P a g e

4.0 IKUNGI DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET

The District development Plan and budget do integrate poverty reduction and environmental management objectives as well as gender issues, though assessed “somehow”. The integration is well spelt out in the MTEF of the District.

Through O&OD, and Participatory Rural Appraisal District technocrats provide technical inputs.

Coordination mechanism for integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry sectors exist in the form of meetings and dissemination of expertise.

Currently district plans and budget operate with the following targets:

 Inclusion of women to at least 40 percent in groups that implement projects  Number of women attending village meetings  Implementation of environmental impact assessment in agricultural projects

The district is geared up for setting new targets, done through involving full participation of communities. As a bottom line current targets and indicators will be improved. The new targets relate to:

 Improved livelihoods (housing condition, life style, etc.);  Improved production of sunflower (tonnes/ha);  Environmental disasters (at minimum).

New technologies (such as use/availability of solar energy, bio-gas, etc.) will be applied in solving existing environmental problems.

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5.0 IKUNGI HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY

The main challenge in mainstreaming poverty reduction and environmental objectives is inadequacy of staff.

Agriculture sector

As per requirement, there should be at least one agricultural officer in each village. Given the total of 98 villages in the district, at least 98 agricultural officers are required. Currently the district is served by 44 agricultural officers, about 44.9 percent of requirement.

Forest sector

The Department of forestry is manned by three officers with varying skills. One holds a diploma in forestry while the other a Certificate in forestry. The third acquired skills through on-job training.

Environment department

There is no single staff in this Department.

Barriers or challenges

Gaps do exist between district plans and national/sectoral plans in terms of integrating or mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives. The challenges relate to:

Staffing – fewer staff compared to requirement;

Legal context – laws are not known at lower levels; laws are not in simplified language for use at lower levels;

Financial – insufficient funds;

Delays in receiving funds – often the limited funds are not received in time;

Inadequate skills – limited training in related field/sector especially in new technologies.

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6.0. IKUNGI YOUTH AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT ON PLAN AND BUDGET IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS

In addition women and youths are involved through voluntary participation.

7.0. KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AN AREA/LOCATION IN A VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST FOR ACHIEVING BIG RESULTS NOW

A number of activities were identified (as well as village) where activities need to be stepped-up. The wards that were mentioned are: Iyumbu, Mgungira, Mwaru, Ikungi, Mung‟aa, Issuna and Puma.

The activities were specified as follows: Irrigation - Mang‟onyi; Water dams/fish ponds – Nkuhi, Mahambe, Myombe, Ntutu, Unyankanya, Isuna, Ulyampiti, Ihanja, Mkiwa; Honey market – Isuna; Cattle dip – Sambau, Isuna, Ulyampiti, Ntandu, Ntuntu, Mkiwa; Forestation – Ihanja, Unyankhanya; Poultry – Unyangwe, Ikungi; Goats keeping – Ntewa.

8.0. SUGGESTION/RECOMMENDATION FOR INTEGRATING AND IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN THE DISTRICT

A number of suggestions were advanced. These include:

Financial services – as pointed out in section one, the district is not well served by a modern financial infrastructure. SACCOS and VICOBA are the dominant facilities. Provision of low cost capital these institutions for onward servicing of business groups will greatly improve livelihoods in the district. 16 | P a g e

Providing farmers with modern agricultural inputs – as pointed out, low technology agriculture is the dominant mode. Modern agricultural inputs will greatly improve productivity and raise incomes and ultimately improve livelihoods.

Value adding technologies is another area that will greatly contribute to improving livelihoods. Cited areas include sun flower processing.

With regard to the environment, stepped-up awareness and sensitization will restore the environmental condition for better yields and hence improved incomes.

Last is capacity building in skills for participatory methods in planning, implementation and Monitoring and evaluation; as well as formulation of by-laws.

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9.0. Proposed poverty-environment baselines, targets and indicators

Table 9.1 Objectives, Baselines, Targets & Indicators Objective: To increase income per capita. Baselines Population estimated at 272,959 of whom 136,178 or 49.9 percent males and 136,781 or 50.1 percent females (NBS, 2012). Targets Population growth maintained at or below national growth rate and population size matches the productive capacity of the District. Indicators % growth of population, size in absolute figures, and District GDP. Objective: To reduce income poverty. Baselines According to survey estimate 2013 about 20% of the district’s population live below the national basic needs poverty line [2000/01 estimate was 56%]. Targets Reduce population below the basic needs poverty line to 15% by 2015 (2013 estimates) [ to 37.3% over 200/01 baseline]. Indicators National basic needs poverty line. Objective: To shift employment to sectors other than agriculture, livestock (including poultry keeping) and fishery. Baselines Agriculture, livestock and fisheries employ more than 90% of the total district inhabitants. Targets develop other sectors of the economy i.e. tourism, fish farming, trading, small scale manufacturing and beekeeping Indicators % decline in people employed in agriculture, livestock and fishery. Objective: To increase employment growth in fish farming, beekeeping and trading. Baselines About 10% of the district’s inhabitants depend on sectors other than agriculture for livelihoods Targets develop other sectors of the economy i.e. fish farming, trading, small scale manufacturing and beekeeping. Indicators Relative % increase in people employed in tourism, fish farming, small scale manufacturing beekeeping and trading. Objective: To establish and increase irrigation infrastructure. Baselines Few irrigation infrastructure exist irrigation technologies are not practiced on large scale Targets Number of irrigation infrastructures completed - at least 2 irrigation schemes per annum. Indicators Number of Hectors and schemes that are completed and are operational. Objective: To reduce dependence on charcoal and firewood. Baselines Current consumption of charcoal and firewood for cooking; no staff in Environment department; low budgetary allocation Targets Introduction of alternative technologies to conserve forests, more staff and increase in funding Indicators Number of innovative projects (solar; biogas, etc.) formulated and implemented as alternative sources to charcoal and firewood; number of staff and increase in budget. Objective: To incease access to clean and safe water. 18 | P a g e

Baseline About 38% of rural households have access to clean and safe water from pipe networks and bore holes (2002 estimates) Targets At least 57% have access to safe water from pipes and bore holes by 2015; Nkuli dam strengthened. Indicators % of households accessing piped and boreholes water. Objective: To coordinate forest management. Baselines Weak institutional set up in coordination of forest management Targets Quarterly joint meetings and increased resource for coordination. Indicators Number of joint meetings per quarter. Objective: To ensure that District Development Plans (SP) and MTEF include p-e objectives. Baselines Existence of Strategic Plan & Medium Term Expenditure Framework Plan and Budget for Financial Year 2013/14-2015/2016 (MTEF) . Targets High quality SP & MTEF by 2017. Indicators # Objectives in each sector, # of activities in each sector, # level of resources allocated. Objective: To integrate p-e-g objectives Baselines District development plans and budgets explicitly integrate poverty reduction and environment management objectives. The integration of poverty-environment objectives has been clearly expressed Targets P-E-G objectives explicitly integrated and implemented. Indicators Number of objectives in each sector, number of activities in each sector, level of resources allocated. Objective: To promote best practices for forest management in order to increase household food security and income generation and conservation of forests. Baselines Deforestation and no compliance to Forest Act No. 20 Targets Reducing the rate of cutting trees by 20%, in order to conform to Forest Act No. 20 and ensure forest cover by implementing reforestation through establishing one tree nurseries. In addition, to facilitate 5 District Council staff to conduct frequent Forest Patrols throughout the year. Indicators % of forest cover, frequency or number of forest patrols per annum Objective: To promote and implement best practices in land management, with the aim of improving access, quality and equitable land management services Baselines No established office in Ikungi district (only DC’s office). Targets Establish office and ensure staff skills and office working conditions are improved by June 2014, land staff to conduct land allocation meetings and 20 training sessions on land law by June 2016.

Indicators Office, number of equipment for land office, facilities for land office, staff trained Objective: To promote natural resources conservation for reducing environmental degradation. Baselines Fast and high rates of environmental degradation in all forms (deforestation, soil degradation and water pollution) 19 | P a g e

Targets Reducing environment destruction by 80% and natural resources conserved by June 2016, conducting environmental education to people living in environmentally fragile villages by June 2015, to carry out natural resources monitoring to establish the natural resources status in the district by June 2015. Indicators % reduction in degradation, number of awareness and education sessions, number of trees planted and monitored. Objective: To promote environmental conservation for Household food security and income generation in the district through increased agriculture production. Baselines Household food security and income generation in the district. Limited irrigated area Targets Increase tonnage; double sale of honey products by June 2015. Indicators Number of Hectors and schemes that are completed and operational; yield (tonnes/ha; liters of honey). Objective: To ensure fisheries environment is improved. Baselines Few fish ponds Targets Double number of existing fish ponds by 2015 Indicators No. of fish ponds Objective: To improve policy, planning and monitoring by facilitating planning staff with skills and means to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Baselines Inadequate skills in planning, mainstreaming p-e-g objectives; and absence of monitoring and evaluation as required. Targets By June 2015, facilitating staff from Planning department to conduct monitoring and evaluation; facilitating daily operations of district office by June 2015. Indicators Number of staff facilitated, number of monitoring and evaluation conducted and reports Objective: To strengthen participatory planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation system Baselines No comprehensive socio-economic and environment data Targets Facilitating collection, processing and analysis of socio-economic data by June 2015 Indicators Sets of comprehensive data. 20 | P a g e

References

Asheim, Geir B., Wolfgang Buchholz and Bertil Tungodden (2001). "Justifying sustainability." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol 41 No 3, 252-268.

Barbier, E. B. (1987). The concept of sustainable economic development. Environmental Conservation, 14(2), 101-110.

Bossell, Hartmut, ed. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications: A Report to the Balaton Group, p.2. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).

Capacity and Sustainability Centre/United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007. Poverty and Environment Indicators 2007-2013.

Daly, Herman E. (1994). “Operationalizing Sustainable Development by Investing in Natural Capital,” in AnnMari Jansson et al. eds., Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Department of Economics (2013). “Sustainable Local Ecosystem-based Solutions to Poverty- Environment Problem: Case Study of Lake Victoria Basin” Report to Environment for Development project, University of Dar es Salaam

Ikungi MTEF 2013/14

Jonathan M. Harris, (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development. G-DAE Working Paper No. 00-04: Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University

Juhudi Development, 2012 – Risk Assessment Study in the Forestry and Fishery Sectors for Tanzania Revenue Authority

Linn, JF, A. Hartman, H.Kharas, R. Kohl and B. Massler (2010). “Scaling up the fight against rural poverty, An institutional Review of IFAD‟s approach” Report to IFAD

NORAD,2009. “Norwegian Environmental Action Plan Baseline Study” Report.

Norton, B. G and Toman, M.A.(1997) „ Sustanability: Ecological and economic perspectives‟, Land Economics, 73(4), 553-568.

Republic of Kenya,2011. Poverty and Environment Indicators Report, Nairobi

United Nations (UN), 2000. Millennium Declaration, New York

UNDP (2012): Support to Implementation of Catalytic Actions for the MAF – Tanzania, Project Proposal Document, UNDP, Dar-es-Salaam 21 | P a g e

UNDP (2013). “The Challenge We Face” MDG Gap Task Force Report 2013.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT) 1999. Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam

URT, (1999). Proposed National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, Vice President‟s Office, Dar es Salaam, 59 pages.

URT. 2000.Composite Development Goal for the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, February URT, 2005. Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam

URT (2005) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam

URT,2009. Kilimo Kwanza, Tanzania’s Green Revolution, Dar es Salaam URT(2009). The Fisheries Regulations, 2009, Dar es Salaam

URT (2010): Millennium Development Goals Report, PO-PC, Dar es Salaam

URT (2010) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam

URT (2010). Tanzania: Millennium Development Goals Report, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam

URT (2011). Tanzania Long Term Perspective Plan, President‟s Office, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam

URT (2011). Accelerating Progress Toward the MDGs: Country Action Plan 2010-2015, Dar es Salaam

URT(2013). “Public Expenditure Review for the National Agriculture Input Voucher System” (NAIVS), Draft Report, MAFC, Dar-es-Salaam

URT 2013. Population Distribution by Administrative Units; 2012 Population and Housing Census Volume I, National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam, March

World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1988) 22 | P a g e

ANNEXES

1. Examples of Poverty-Environment Nexus

Poverty Issue Potential Influence on Environmental and Natural Poverty Indicators Related Resource Issue to Environment

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery: Economic Access/tenure to productive land and common property Percent population suffering status and resources; from hunger opportunities Robust farming and forestry practices/techniques. Foods derived from own lands, common lands, forest products and fisheries Strength of farmers’ organizations Population increase Out or in-migration of Population

Food Security Drought or flood coping mechanisms, water Frequency of food insecurity.

Harvesting. Percentage of rural children under five who are underweight, wasted, stunted

Use of adapted plants and other species

Proper forest management and strategies to fight pests

Water & Education Time required to collect water and firewood Proportion of boys and girls

completing primary school

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2. Generic Output and Impact Framework

Objectives Outputs, Activities and Outcomes: Impacts Assumptions/Risks Participation Impacts Knowledge

Assumptions/ Institutionalization

1.. Increase knowledge about and Activities Performed Knowledge Created Behaviour change of Conducive national and local appreciation of good local, 1.Participatory studies/surveys Awareness/technical/ policies (see Annex 4) in line functioning ecosystems national and international 2. Demonstration for and coaching operational insights with national goals, plans and 2. Reduce degradation of local participants private and institutional Bolstered motivation actors which yields international agreements/ through conservation and 3. Media-exposure of positive impacts of sustainable use acceptance and support for different kinds: obligations and the Millennium environmental/ changes 3. Increase yields and higher value • Environmental Development Goals. sustainable production development efforts to bolster Institutionalization taken place: support • Economic International economic 4. Institutionalize Formalization of environmental 4. Development of high value, efforts through agreements, • Social situation may worsen improvements via legislation, tradable products or creation permits, sign-ups for voluntary work, • Civic Consider various scenarios of enforcement and changing local of other income streams national and local budgets. norms • Technical climate change, 4. Involve new participants Laws passed and enforced. • Cultural etc. from various sectors Non-compliance punished

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3. Statistical Analysis Results

HHsaq1d Divisions

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid MUNGAA 9 30.0 34.6 34.6

IKUNGI 10 33.3 38.5 73.1

MABIHA 1 3.3 3.8 76.9

IHANJA 5 16.7 19.2 96.2

SEPUKA 1 3.3 3.8 100.0

Total 26 86.7 100.0

Missing System 4 13.3

Total 30 100.0

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HHsbq1b gender

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid M 21 70.0 70.0 70.0

F 9 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

HHscq1_1.1a Main source of income

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agriculture 26 86.7 86.7 86.7

Business 2 6.7 6.7 93.3

Employee 2 6.7 6.7 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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HHsbq1d_1 Main economic activity

Main economic activity

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agriculture 27 90.0 90.0 90.0

Food selling 1 3.3 3.3 93.3

Beekeeping 1 3.3 3.3 96.7

Tree seedlings and tree 1 3.3 3.3 100.0 planting

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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HHscq1_1.1b second source of income

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Agriculture 3 10.0 10.3 10.3

Livestock 20 66.7 69.0 79.3 keeping

Business 6 20.0 20.7 100.0

Total 29 96.7 100.0

Missing System 1 3.3

Total 30 100.0

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Hscq1_1.1c Third source of income

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Livestock 6 20.0 28.6 28.6 keeping

Business 14 46.7 66.7 95.2

Employment 1 3.3 4.8 100.0

Total 21 70.0 100.0

Missing System 9 30.0

Total 30 100.0

HHM3 Type of agriculture practiced

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Traditional 29 96.7 96.7 96.7

Modern 1 3.3 3.3 100.0 29 | P a g e

Hscq1_1.1c Third source of income

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Livestock 6 20.0 28.6 28.6 keeping

Business 14 46.7 66.7 95.2

Employment 1 3.3 4.8 100.0

Total 21 70.0 100.0

Missing System 9 30.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

HHM2 Ownership of land

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Yes 27 90.0 90.0 90.0

No 3 10.0 10.0 100.0 30 | P a g e

Hscq1_1.1c Third source of income

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Livestock 6 20.0 28.6 28.6 keeping

Business 14 46.7 66.7 95.2

Employment 1 3.3 4.8 100.0

Total 21 70.0 100.0

Missing System 9 30.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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HHM8 Does household take at least one meal a day?

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Yes 29 96.7 100.0 100.0

Missing System 1 3.3

Total 30 100.0

HHM9 Is household food self sufficient?

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid Yes 23 76.7 76.7 76.7

No 7 23.3 23.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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Table 1 Groups: $MRADIKILIMO Frequencies Qn6. Recommended projects

Responses

N Percent Percent of Cases

Mapendekezo ya miradi- Usindikaji mafuta ya alizeti 1 4.8% 12.5% kilimoa Kilimo cha viazi 1 4.8% 12.5%

Kilimo cha mbogamboga 1 4.8% 12.5% "Horticulture"

Kilimo cha viazi 4 19.0% 50.0% vitamu,Alizeti,Mpunga

Ufugaji kuku 1 4.8% 12.5%

Mifugo mfano ngombe,mbuzi 1 4.8% 12.5%

Kilimo cha mtama mfupi 1 4.8% 12.5%

kilimo cha ulezi 1 4.8% 12.5%

kilimo cha mihogo 1 4.8% 12.5%

Mbegu bora za alizeti 1 4.8% 12.5%

Upatikanaji wa mizinga ya 1 4.8% 12.5% nyuki

Umwagiliaji 4 19.0% 50.0%

Nyenzo kama trekta 1 4.8% 12.5%

Kilimo cha vitunguu 1 4.8% 12.5% 33 | P a g e

Matrekta yapelekwe kwa 1 4.8% 12.5% kilimo cha bonde la nangonyi lipate skimu ya umwagiliaji

Total 21 100.0% 262.5% a. Group

Table2 Summary of recommended projects : Groups

Responses Frequency Percent 1 Kilimo (mazao alizeti,viazi n.k) 10 47.6% 2 Kilimo cha umwagiliaji 4 19.0% 3 Usindikaji wa mafuta ya alizeti 1 4.8% 4 Mifugo 2 9.5% 5 Pembejeo (mbegu bora za alizeti) 1 4.8% 6 Upatikanaji wa mizinga ya nyuki 1 4.8% 7 Nyenzo kama trekta 2 9.5% Total 21 100.0

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Qn6. Mapendekezo ya miradi –Uvuvi “merged tables under variables sq6bi_mpkezoUvuvi, sq6bii_mpkezoUvuvi and sq6biii_mpkezoUvuvi”

Responses

Frequency Percent Percent of Cases

Mapendekezo ya miradi- Uchimbaji / ukarabati wa 3 42.9% 60.0% uvuvia mabwawa ya samaki

Ufugaji samaki 1 14.3% 20.0%

Uboreshaji wa vyanzo vya 1 14.3% 20.0% maji

Uboreshaji wa nyenzo za 2 28.6% 40.0% uvuvi

Total 7 100.0% 140.0% a. Group

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Qn6. Mapendekezo ya miradi –Msitu Vikundi

Responses

Frequency Percent Percent of Cases

Mapendekezo ya miradi- Upandaji miti 5 29.4% 62.5% Msitua Ufugaji Nyuki 6 35.3% 75.0%

Usindikaji Asali 1 5.9% 12.5%

Utunzaji misitu mfano msitu 4 23.5% 50.0% wa miombo

Bwawa la unyankaya lioteshe 1 5.9% 12.5% vitalu vya mbegu za misitu

Total 17 100.0% 212.5% a. Group

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Qn6. Mapendekezo ya miradi –Mingine

Responses

Frequency Percent Percent of Cases

Mapendekezo ya miradi - Ufugaji kuku kibiashara 1 8.3% 14.3% Minginea Ufugaji mbuzi bora 2 16.7% 28.6%

Uboreshaji wa mazao 2 16.7% 28.6% yatokanayo na mifugo

Visima vya maji 1 8.3% 14.3%

Ufugaji kuku wa asili 2 16.7% 28.6%

Utengenezaji wa sabuni za 1 8.3% 14.3% mbuni

Biashara 1 8.3% 14.3%

Nishati mbadala-majiko 1 8.3% 14.3% banifu, mionzi ya jua, bio gas, mashudu ya alizeti, mbono (getrofer), solar cooker.

Mabwawa madogo madogo 1 8.3% 14.3% vijijini ya boreshwe

Total 12 100.0% 171.4% a. Group

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Summary of recommended projects

Responses

Percent Frequency

1 Mifugo (kuku, mbuzi n.k) 5 41.7%

2 Uboreshaji wa mazao yatokanayo na mifugo 2 16.7%

3 Visima vya maji 1 8.3%

4 Utengenezaji wa sabuni za mbuni 1 8.3%

5 Biashara 1 8.3%

6 Nishati mbadala-majiko banifu,mionzi ya jua,bio gas,mashudu 1 8.3%

ya alizeti,mbono(getrofer),solar cooker

7 Mabwawa madogo madogo vijijini ya boreshwe 1 8.3%

Total 12 100.0

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