DOCSLIB.ORG

Anticipating Criminal Behaviour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anticipating Criminal Behaviour Anticipating criminal behaviour USING THE NARRATIVE IN CRIME-RELATED DATA Peter A.M.G. de Kock ANTICIPATING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR USING THE NARRATIVE IN CRIME-RELATED DATA Wer nicht von dreitausend Jahren sich weiß Rechenschaft zu geben, bleib im Dunkel unerfahren, mag von Tag zu Tage leben. (He who cannot draw on three thousand years, is living from hand to mouth) J.W. von Goethe Peter A. M. G. de Kock ANTICIPATING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR USING THE NARRATIVE IN CRIME-RELATED DATA PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de Universiteit op 10 September 2014 door Peter A.M.G. de Kock geboren op 20 juni 1967 te Maastricht, Nederland Promotores: Prof. dr. H.J. van den Herik Prof. dr. ir. J.C. Scholtes Copromotor: Dr. ing P.H.M. Spronck Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. A. Plaat Prof. dr. E.O. Postma Prof. mr. T.A. de Roos Prof. dr. B.A. de Graaf (Beatrice) Prof. dr. B.G.J. de Graaff (Bob) SIKS Dissertation Series No. XXXXX The research reported in this thesis has been carried out under the auspices of SIKS, the Dutch Research School for Information and Knowledge Systems. TiCC Ph.D. Series No. XXXXX ISBN: XXXXX Copyright © 2014 by Peter A.M.G. de Kock (www.dekock.pe) Printed by XXXXX Published by XXXXX Thesis statistics: 106,990 words; 365 Pages; 74 figures and tables; 7 boxes. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the author. Preface This thesis is the result of a rather unorthodox combination of fine art, law enforcement, and science. The enumeration of these disciplines reflects the development of my scientific career. In 1990, as a student at the Film Academy of the Amsterdam School of the Arts, I became engaged in a dispute with one of my lecturers over the metaphysical quality of narratives. He claimed that any imaginable narrative could be created by a handful of scenario components, and I was challenged to compile a limitative list of these components from of all the narratives that were to be studied during the four-year course. In 2007, after a career as filmmaker and director of documentary films that spanned more than fifteen years, I applied for a Master of Criminal Investigation. To complete my study, I wrote a master thesis on the concept of applying a narrative approach (based on the aforementioned scenario components) to anticipate terrorist attacks. The publication of this dissertation resulted in an invitation by the Royal and Diplomatic Protection Service (DB&B) of the Dutch National Police1, to pursue the proposed concept in operational and real-life situations. As the team leader of a covert unit, I was able to introduce an innovative method of close protection. Instead of re-acting to the moves of our adversaries and trying to withstand an attack, we predicted their moves and tried to prevent an attack. First, we analysed historical data to acquire “the narrative” of our adversaries. Next, we created a “counter-narrative” that would alter the developments to our benefit. Once we had defined the narratives in detail, we designed covert operations to intervene accordingly. The results of our team were thought provoking and prompted the interest of counter-terrorism and intelligence organisations. I was invited to demonstrate the method of operation to prominent members of Dutch Parliament and the Ministry of Security and Justice. 1 During the realisation of this Ph.D. research, the regional police forces of the Netherlands were incorporated into one national police force. In this thesis we consistently use the current nomenclature. i Following one of these presentations, I was offered the opportunity to pursue the use of scenarios to anticipate crime, in a Ph.D. study at Tilburg University. The idea to converge art, law enforcement, and science in the development of a new scenario model was a thrilling perspective and became the start of a journey that ends here, with the completion of this thesis. Without the help of many organisations and people, this thesis would not have been possible. Here, I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to them. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors for their support and detailed advice during this Ph.D. research. I have had the honour to receive guidance from Jaap van den Herik, Jan Scholtes, and Pieter Spronck. Their support and belief in me have been a crucial factor in the completion of this thesis. Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratitude towards the following organisations. Tilburg University for granting me the opportunity to pursue my Ph.D. study. The Graduate School of Tilburg School of Humanities (TSH), and the Tilburg centre for Cognition and Communication (TiCC) for receiving me with hospitality, and for allowing me to work with their students. I would like to thank Utrecht University, in particular the department of History of International Relations, for entrusting me a talented Master student. Furthermore, I owe gratitude towards ZyLAB for their guidance and assistance in discovering the potential of text mining. Finally, I would like to thank The National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism, and the International Centre for Counter- Terrorism for their support. Additionally, I would like to thank three students whose contributions have proven to be a valuable part of this thesis: Liesbeth van der Heide, Linda Stege and Sophie Bressers. ii My Ph.D. research has been accompanied by an advisory board, which I wish to thank for their critical and supporting advice. - Ms. P.M. Zorko (Chief Constable of Landelijke Eenheid of the Nationale politie) - Mr. A.H. van Wijk LLM (College van procureurs-generaal) - Ms. H. van Mansfeld (Deputy director of Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheids-dienst (AIVD)) - Mr. E.C. Mac Gillavry LLM (Deputy director of Wetenschappelijk Bureau van het Openbaar Ministerie) - Mr. E.S.M. Akerboom (Secretary-general of Ministerie van Defensie), who I would like to thank in particular, as he was (in his capacity of Chair of the NCTv) one of the first people to recognise potential in my attempts to thwart an attack on his life during the exercise PH32. Moreover, I would like to thank the members of my thesis committee, for their preparedness to read this thesis and to assess it to the best of their abilities: Prof. dr. A. Plaat, Prof. dr. E.O. Postma, Prof. mr. T.A. de Roos, Prof. dr. B.A. de Graaf (Beatrice), and Prof. dr. B.G.J. de Graaff (Bob). Most importantly, I would like to thank my employer, the Landelijke Eenheid of the Nationale Politie for allowing me the professional space to come up with new and unusual ideas. In particular, I would like to thank Mr. R.G.C. Bik (Plaatsver-vangend korpschef Nationale Politie) and Ms. P.M. Zorko, (Politiechef Landelijke Eenheid) on a personal level, for supporting me on this journey. Apart from the organisations and people mentioned in this section, there is a number of people whose support has been essential in the completion of this thesis. Because my appreciation for them transcends the merits of a preface, I have dedicated a special section to their acknowledgements (see page 343). Peter de Kock Amsterdam, 2014. 2 PH3 refers to a series of red-team exercises that were designed by the DB&B of the Dutch National police. iii iv Table of contents Preface i Table of contents v List of abbreviations xi List of definitions xiii List of illustrations xiv List of boxes xvii ONE Finding the narrative 19 1.1 Anticipating criminal behaviour 22 1.2 Research objective 23 1.3 Scientific relevance 24 1.4 Restrictions of research 25 1.4.1 The object of inquiry 26 1.4.2 The time of inquiry 26 1.4.3 The scale of inquiry 26 1.4.4 The classification of information 26 1.5 Problem statement and research questions 27 1.5.1 Problem statement 27 1.5.2 Four research questions 27 1.6 Research methodology 29 1.7 Structure of thesis 31 1.8 Publications related to this research 36 TWO Understanding Crime 39 2.1 Crime 40 2.2 Criminological theories 41 2.2.1 The psychological approach: Control theory 42 2.2.2 The economical approach: Rational choice theory 43 v 2.2.3 The sociological approach: Routine activity theory 44 2.2.4 Section conclusion 45 2.3 The crime – terrorism nexus 46 2.3.1 Organised crime 47 2.3.2 Terrorism 48 2.3.3 Organised crime – terrorism 52 2.4 Lone operators 54 2.5 Organisational learning 57 2.5.1 Learn, adapt, and anticipate 58 2.5.2 Accumulation, articulation, and codification 59 2.5.3 Organisational learning and anticipating criminal behaviour 61 2.6 Chapter summary 63 THREE Using scenarios 65 3.1 Terminology 67 3.1.1 Scenario 68 3.1.2 Scenario model 69 3.1.3 Scenario learning 69 3.1.4 Scenario planning 70 3.2 Scenario planning 72 3.2.1 Managing uncertainties 72 3.2.2 The role of creativity 74 3.3 An effective scenario model 76 3.4 Scenario development 78 3.4.1 A typology of approaches 78 3.4.2 Two examples 81 3.5 Creative scenarios 83 3.6 Proactive models in law enforcement 85 3.6.1 Reactive use 86 3.6.2 Proactive use 88 vi 3.7 Limitations of scenarios 93 3.7.1 Limited availability of information 93 3.7.2 Oversimplification 94 3.7.3 Inaccurate data 95 3.8 Answer to research question 1 95 FOUR Modelling criminal behaviour: ESC12 99 4.1 A choreographed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Explosives and Terminal Ballistics
    AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE AAF SCIEN'rIFIC ADVISORY GROUP By D. P. MAC DOUGALL Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington, D. C. N. M. NEWMARK Department oj Civil Engineering, University oj Illinois • PMblished May, 1946 by HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND PUBLICATIONS BRANCH, INTEJtJYiE~9) '1001 WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO V-46579 The AAF Scientific Advisory Group was activated late in 1944 by General of the Army H. H. Arnold. He se­ cured the services of Dr. Theodore von Karman, re­ nowned scientist and consultant in aeronautics, who agreed to organize and direct the group. Dr. von Karman gathered about him a group of Ameri­ can scientists from every field of research having a bearing on air power. These men then analyzed im­ portant developments in the basic sciences, both here and abroad, and attempted to evaluate the effects of their application to air power. This volume is one of a group of reports made to the Army Air Forces by the Scientific Advisory Group. Thil document contolnl Information affecting the notional defenle of the United Statel within the meaning of the Espionage Ad, SO U. S. C., 31 and 32, 01 amended. Its tronsmiulon or the revelation of Its contents In any manner to on unauthorized person II prohibited by low. AAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP Dr. Th. von Karman Director Colonel F. E. Glantzberg Dr. H. L. Dryden Deputy Director, Military Deputy Director, Scientific Lt Col G. T. McHugh, Executive Capt C. H. Jackson, Jr., Secretary CONSULTANTS Dr. C. W. Bray Dr. A. J. Stosick Dr. L. A.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Composition C-4: Towards an Alternate Binder and Reduced Sensitivity
    Recent Developments in Composition C-4: Towards an Alternate Binder and Reduced Sensitivity NDIA Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium 2009 Jim Owens* BAE SYSTEMS OSI, Holston Army Ammunition Plant Paul Vinh RDECOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 1 Presentation Outline • Research Extrudable Moldable Insensitive eXplosive (OSX-REMIX) • Background • Program Objectives • Technical Approach • Formulation and Evaluation • Summary • Alternate Plastic-binder Extrudable eXplosive (OSX-APEX) • Background • Program Objectives • Technical Approach • Formulation • Modified Accelerated Aging Trial • Summary IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 2 Acknowledgement • PM-CCS • Mr. Felix Costa • RDECOM-ARDEC • Mr. Paul Vinh • Mr. Sanjeev Singh • Mr. Gregory Tremarco • BAE SYSTEMS OSI • Mr. Jim Haynes • Ms. Kelly Guntrum • Mr. Alberto Carrillo • Mr. Matt Hathaway • Mr. Brian Alexander IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 3 OSX-REMIX – Program Objectives • Composition C-4 already fares well in the arena of insensitivity, due to relatively large amount of binder. • Passes Bullet Impact and Fragment Impact (Army) sensitivity tests at ambient temperature. • Fails shock stimulus – Sympathetic Detonation and Shaped Charge Jet. • BAE’s task – to develop an alternate extrudable formulation with similar physical and energy output characteristics, while enhancing its insensitivity. • Maintain current binder configuration for comparison to standard C-4. • Identify modifications to process or alternate input energetics. • Formulate and evaluate physical and energetic properties. IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 4 OSX-REMIX – Technical Approach • Modification to manufacturing process. • Maintain aqueous slurry-coating process. • Premixing RDX with fluid portion of binder (DOA/Oil).
    [Show full text]
  • Tnt Equivalence of C-4 and Pe4: a Review of Traditional Sources and Recent Data
    TNT EQUIVALENCE OF C-4 AND PE4: A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL SOURCES AND RECENT DATA D. Bogosian1, M. Yokota1, S. Rigby2 1Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, 360 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Ste 1090, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA; 2University of Sheffield, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Since standard engineering-level blast models are typically developed to predict airblast parameters (pressure and impulse) from TNT bursts, prediction of airblast from other materials uses an equivalence factor by which an equivalent TNT weight is computed and used in the source term of the model. This approach is widespread in the industry and has been codified in numerous manuals, books, and papers. A recent effort co-sponsored by TSWG (U.S.) and FSTD (Singapore) collected and compiled equivalence data for a wide variety of explosive materials (both military grade as well as home-made) into a single software tool named STREET. The database thus assembled provides a comprehensive and expandable repository for equivalence data. Two of the main achievements in STREET are the consideration of equivalence as a function of scaled standoff (rather than a scalar), and the documentation of uncertainty in the estimated value. In this paper, we consider specifically the manual- and test-derived data related to Composition C-4, and as a first step, we draw some judgments regarding the equivalence implicit in blast curves provided by UFC 3-340-02, for both pressure and impulse. Next, we consider PE4, which is similar in composition to C-4 and is used widely in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastic Explosives
    History and Present DIRECTORS of VUPCH Plastic Explosives Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry (VÚPCH) with its seat in Pardubice-Semtín was established by the Ministry of Defense Decree of November 2nd, 1953 to In the fifties of the last century the research and later the industrial production January 1st 1954 as a state administration facility with the scope of activities - research and development of explosives. VÚPCH was entitled to administrate research of plastic explosives based on High explosives and non-explosive plasticizer workplaces of national enterprise Synthesia, and experts were centralized there from the original research department, the so-called Central Laboratories of the was started in VCHZ (today known as Explosia). ® company, and technological groups of the former Explosia. The activity of VÚPCH continuously linked up to the activity of departments R and X that had been entrusted Plastic explosives from Explosia are known under the trade name Semtex . with research, development and testing within the framework of Explosia a.s. since 1923. From the beginning, the newly established research institute (VÚPCH) was the author of the technical solutions of plastic explosives as well as most of the By the Ministry of Chemical Industry Decree of December 30th, 1958 VÚPCH was abolished as an independent budgetary organization and to the date of January 1st, production equipment. 1959 transferred into administration of national enterprise East Bohemian Chemical Works Synthesia. Within the framework of Synthesia there were, however, some changes in actual organizational incorporation of VÚPCH, especially in connexion with establishing the position of Deputy for Special Production in the 1970s, and the Pl Np 10 (The Black Semtex) Plant 05 Special Production in the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Texhuka U Memodbi Hdepho-(Pii3weckozo 3Kcnepumehma
    TexHUKa u Memodbi HdepHO-(pii3wecKozo 3KcnepuMeHma HanpaBJieHHoro pacxoxgieHHa. Jljin BbiMHCJieHHfl Marpmrbi OTKJiHKa HaimcaHa nporpaMMa, OCHO- BaHHaa Ha Hcnonb30BaHHH Meroaa MoHTe-Kapjio. IlpH pacneTe MaipHUbi yHHTbmaioTca npaKTH- qecKH Bee 4>H3HHecKHe npoixeccbi, npOTeicaiomHe B CHeraiKax no,zjo6Horo THna. H3JiyHeHHe npaiamecKH JiK>6oro HCTOHHHKa HefirpOHOB conpoBO^caaeTca HcnycKaHHeM conyrcTByiomHx y-KBaHTOB. IIponopUHOHajibHbie ra30Bbie cneTHHKH, KaK H 6ojibuiHHCTBO aerrcK- TOpOB, HCnOJIb3yeMbIX JUW perHCTpaUHH HeHTpOHOB, HyBCTBHTeJIbHbl H K Y"H3JiyHeHHK). Il03T0My Y-(J)OH MOHcer BHOCHTB HCKa^ceHHfl B BoccTaHaBJiHBaeMbie HeihpoHHbie pacnpeaejieHHa. B HC- nojib3yeMOM HeihpoHHOM cneicrpoMeTpe raMMa-4)OH OKa3biBaeT BJIHHHHC B zmana30He SHeprafi OT 0 flo 0,5 MsB. J\o HacToamero BpeMeHH yneT Y-4>0Ha npOBOflHJica pacneTHbiM nyreM. OflHaico BbiHHCJieHHe Y-OTKJiHKa He Bceraa flaer HafleacHbie pe3ynbTaTbi H BHOCHT aonojiHHTejibHbie norpeumocTH B o6jiacTH 3HepraH H©HTPOHOB HHMce 0,5 MsB. KapflHHajibHMM peiueHHeM 3TOH npo6jieMU HBJM- 0113 eTCH pa3pa6oTKa CHCTCMW zmcKpHMHHauHH y-^ ' npHHUHn fleficTBHa KOTopofi ocHOBaH Ha CymeCTBCHHOM pa3JIHHHH yfl&IIbHOH HOHH3aUHH, BbI3BaHHOH npOTOHOM OTflaHH OT HeirrpoHa n sjieinpoHOM, o6pa3yiomHMCfl npn B3aHM0fleHCTBHH Y-KBairra c BemecTBOM. OflHaKO JlO C03flaHHH TaKOH CHCTeMbI Heo6xOflHMO 6bIJIO HCCJieflOBaTb B03MOHCHOCTb flHC- 0Ha 1 KpHMHHauHH Y-<J> W * Hcnojib3yeMoro cHeTHHKa H oueHHTb HHXCHHH 3HepreTHHecKHH nopor pa3fleJieHHfl HMnyjlbCOB OT HeHTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB. JiflSL 3TOrO C nOMOIUbK) UH(^pOBOrO 0CUHJ1J10- rpacj)a c naMflTbio 6bin nojiyneH MaccHB aaHHbix o 4>opMe HMnyjlbCOB cneTHHKa npH ero o6jiy*ie- HHH HeiiTpoHaMH H Y"KBaHTaMH. B KanecTBe HCTOHHHKa CMeuiaHHoro HefiTpoHHoro H Y-H3Jiy- 252 HeHHH Hcnojib3o8ajicfl Cf, HCTOHHHKOM Y-H3Jiy4eHHH cjiyaauiH CJIOH H3 Ha6opa o6pa3UOBbix cneinpoMeTpHHecKHX Y-HCTOHHHKOB. Bcero 3a BpeMa npoBe,aeHHa H3MepeHHH 6buio 3anncaHO 4 =5-10 ocuHJiJiorpaMM HMnyjlbCOB mix HCTOHHHKa CMeuiaHHoro HefiTpoHHoro H Y-H3JiyieHH« 252 4 Cf H ~ 1 • 10 OCUHJIJIOrpaMM flfla HCTOHHHKa Y-KBaHTOB.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction-Based Recovery of RDX from Obsolete Composition B
    G Model JIEC 3540 1–5 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry xxx (2017) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jiec 1 Extraction-based recovery of RDX from obsolete Composition B 2 Q1 a a a a, b Hyewon Kang , Hyejoo Kim , Chang-Ha Lee , Ik-Sung Ahn *, Keun Deuk Lee 3 a Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea 4 b Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received 3 November 2016 Recovery of explosives from obsolete ammunition has been considered an eco-friendly alternative to Received in revised form 20 July 2017 conventional dumping or detonation disposal methods Composition B, made of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Accepted 26 July 2017 (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and paraffin wax, has been used as the main Available online xxx explosive filling in various munitions. It was selected as a model explosive for this study. TNT was extracted from Composition B by exploiting the different solubilities of TNT and RDX in acetonitrile. After Keywords: removing paraffin wax by hexane washing, RDX was recovered from unused Composition B with a purity Composition B higher than 99% and a yield of 84%. Recovery © 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering RDX Chemistry. Extraction Demilitarization 5 29 Introduction destroyed using the following techniques: dumping at sea, outdoor 30 burning, open detonation, and detonation in a mine tunnel [9,10].
    [Show full text]
  • A NARROW- BEAM X - RAY ATTENUATION of PHOTONS 0.05 - 0.5 Mev in CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES
    The Sixth International Conference "Modern Problems of Nuclear Physics", September 19-22,2006 _ _ _ INP-SO A NARROW- BEAM X - RAY ATTENUATION OF PHOTONS 0.05 - 0.5 MeV IN CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES Cherkasov A.S. National University, Kharkov, Ukraine UZ0603199 Basic explosives [1] are - Tetryl (CeHsNsOg); Hexamethylenetetramine (urotropin) (HMT- C6Hi2N4); 2,4,6 - Trinitrotoluene (TNT - C7H5N3O3); 1,3 - Dinitrobenzene (DNB - C6H4N2O4); Picric acid (2,4,6 - trinitrophenol - C6H3N3O7); TATP (C9Hig06); Hexogen (RDX - C3H6N6O6); Pentaeritronitrate-Nitropenta (PETN - C5H8N4O12); Octogen (HMX - C^NgOg). RDX and/or PETN are usually used in plastic explosives. Examples include C-4, Detasheet, and Semtex). HMX (Octogen) is a very powerful and expensive military explosive, which has been employed in solid-fuel rocket propellants and in military high performance warheads. Currently used military explosives are mostly a combination of TNT, RDX, PETN, HMX, with a number of organic compounds (waxes (e.g. nitroparaffine - C10H8N2O4), plasticizers, stabliers, oil, etc.); example Composition B (RDX, TNT), Composition C-4 (or PE-4) (RDX), Detasheet (PETN), Octol (HMX, TNT), Semtex-H (RDX, PETN), etc. Nitroglycerin (NG - C3H5N3O9)5 Nitrocellulose (QKWMONCfefc. C6H803(ON02)2, C6H9O4(ONO2)) and Ammonium Nitrate (AN - H4N2C>3) are used as a basis of other families of explosives: a) dynamites in case of NG with nitroglycol (C4H8N2O2), powders of Al or Mg, with TNT and ammonal (TNT with Al-powder), wood flour, etc.; b) white(smokeless) gunpowders(guncotton-nitrocotton - collodion cotton, pyroxylinies (e.g. tetranitrate of pulp - colodion wool - C^HigOeONTC^), cordites, ballistites with ammonium perclorate (NH4CIO4) as oxidizer. Dynamites are typically used as a high explosive for industrial applications and in solid rocket propellants.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems For
    2.5.3.8 EXPRAY Field Test Kit EXPRAY is a unique, aerosol-based field test kit for the detection of what the manufacturer refers to as Group A explosives (TNT, DNT, picric acid, etc.), Group B explosives (Semtex H, RDX, PETN, NG, smokeless powder, etc.), and compounds that contain nitrates that are used in improvised explosives. Detection of explosive residue is made by observing a color change of the test paper. EXPRAY can be used in a variety of applications, and although in some aspects it does not perform as well as many of the other trace detectors discussed in this section, it costs only $250. This very low cost, coupled with simplicity and ease of use, may make it of interest to many law enforcement agencies (see the EXPRAY kit in fig. 13). The EXPRAY field kit2 is comprised of the following items: - one can of EXPRAY-1 for Group A explosives, - one can of EXPRAY-2 for Group B explosives, - one can of EXPRAY-3 for nitrate-based explosives (ANFO, black powder, and commercial and improvised explosives based on inorganic nitrates), - special test papers which prevent cross contamination. Figure 13. Photo of the EXPRAY Field Test Kit for explosives Initially, a suspected surface (of a package, a person’s clothing, etc.) is wiped with the special test paper. The paper is then sprayed with EXPRAY-1. The appearance of a dark violet-brown color indicates the presence of TNT, a blue-green color indicates the presence of DNT, and an orange color indicates the presence of other Group A explosives.
    [Show full text]
  • Commerce in Explosives; 2020 Annual Those on the Annual List
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 247 / Wednesday, December 23, 2020 / Notices 83999 inspection at the Office of the Secretary or synonyms in brackets. This list Black powder substitutes. and on EDIS.3 supersedes the List of Explosive *Blasting agents, nitro-carbo-nitrates, This action is taken under the Materials published in the Federal including non-cap sensitive slurry and authority of section 337 of the Tariff Act Register on January 2, 2020 (Docket No. water gel explosives. of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1337), 2019R–04, 85 FR 128). Blasting caps. and of §§ 201.10 and 210.8(c) of the The 2020 List of Explosive Materials Blasting gelatin. Commission’s Rules of Practice and is a comprehensive list, but is not all- Blasting powder. Procedure (19 CFR 201.10, 210.8(c)). inclusive. The definition of ‘‘explosive BTNEC [bis (trinitroethyl) carbonate]. materials’’ includes ‘‘[e]xplosives, BTNEN [bis (trinitroethyl) nitramine]. By order of the Commission. BTTN [1,2,4 butanetriol trinitrate]. Issued: December 18, 2020. blasting agents, water gels and detonators. Explosive materials, Bulk salutes. William Bishop, include, but are not limited to, all items Butyl tetryl. Supervisory Hearings and Information in the ‘List of Explosive Materials’ Officer. C provided for in § 555.23.’’ 27 CFR Calcium nitrate explosive mixture. [FR Doc. 2020–28458 Filed 12–22–20; 8:45 am] 555.11. Accordingly, the fact that an BILLING CODE 7020–02–P Cellulose hexanitrate explosive explosive material is not on the annual mixture. list does not mean that it is not within Chlorate explosive mixtures. coverage of the law if it otherwise meets DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Composition A and variations.
    [Show full text]
  • BUTTE COUNTY SHERIFF's OFFICE Explosives Recognition and Response for First Responders
    BUTTE COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE Explosives Recognition and Response for First Responders I. Training Briefing A. A brief history of the civilian Bomb Squads in the United States. 1. Hazardous Devices School: began official training of all civilian Bomb Technicians in 1971. 2. Butte County has had an accredited Bomb Squad since the early 1990’s. (a) Information about the current members. 3. Training requirements for Bomb Technicians B. Overview of training. 1. Commercial explosives, military ordnance, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), statutes and response to possible explosives related incident. C. Agency policies 1. Does your agency have policies in place? 2. Have they been reviewed for current compliance? (a) Requirements II. Explosives A. Definition: Rapid conversion of a solid or liquid explosive compound into gases. 1. Explosion - a rapid form of combustion. 2. The speed of the burning reaction constitutes the difference between combustion, explosion, and detonation. (a) Detonation is defined as instantaneous combustion B. Effects of an explosion 1. Blast Pressure (a) Detonation produces expanding gases in a period of 1/10,000 of a second and reaches velocities of up to 13,000 mile per hour, producing 700 tons of pressure per square inch and can reach temperatures of about 8,000 degrees F. (b) The blast front will vaporize flesh and bone and pulverize concrete. (c) Mass of expanding gas rolls outward in a spherical pattern like a giant wave. 2. Positive and Negative pressure (a) Positive: short fast and hard (shock) (b) Negative: longer, slower in duration and more damaging (c) Differences can be measured in 1000th’s of a second Training OuTline 1 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Tetryl
    TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TETRYL (2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry June 1995 TETRYL ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. TETRYL iii UPDATE STATEMENT Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE, E-29 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 TETRYL vii CONTRIBUTORS CHEMICAL MANAGERS (S)/AUTHOR (S): Carolyn Harper, Ph.D ATSDR, Division of Toxicology, Atlanta, GA Fernando Llados, Ph.D. Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC THE PROFILE HAS UNDERGONE THE FOLLOWING ATSDR INTERNAL REVIEWS: 1. Green Border Review. Green Border review assures consistency with ATSDR policy. 2. Health Effects Review. The Health Effects Review Committee examines the health effects chapter of each profile for consistency and accuracy in interpreting health effects and classifying end points. 3. Minimal Risk Level Review. The Minimal Risk Level Workgroup considers issues relevant to substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs), reviews the health effects database of each profile, and makes recommendations for derivation of MRLs. 4. Quality Assurance Review. The Quality Assurance Branch assures that consistency across profiles is maintained, identifies any significant problems in format or content, and establishes that Guidance has been followed. TETRYL ix PEER REVIEW A peer review panel was assembled for tetryl.
    [Show full text]
  • Explosives Recognition and Response for First Responders
    Explosives Recognition and Response for First Responders I. Training Briefing A. A brief history of the civilian Bomb Squads in the United States. 1. Hazardous Devices School: began official training of all civilian Bomb Technicians in 1971. a. Butte County has had an accredited Bomb Squad since the early 1990’s. (1) Information about the current members. 2. Training requirements for Bomb Technicians B. Overview of training. 1. Commercial explosives, military ordnance, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), statutes and response to possible explosives related incident. II. Chemical Explosives A. Rapid conversion of a solid or liquid explosive compound into gases. 1. Explosion - a rapid form of combustion. 2. The speed of the burning reaction constitutes the difference between combustion, explosion, and detonation. a. Detonation is defined as instantaneous combustion. B. Effects of an explosion 1. Blast Pressure a. Detonation produces expanding gases in a period of 1/10,000 of a second and reaches velocities of up to 13,000 mile per hour, producing 700 tons of pressure per square inch. b. The blast front will vaporize flesh and bone and pulverize concrete. c. Mass of expanding gas rolls outward in a spherical pattern like a giant wave. 2. Fragmentation a. Pipe bomb will reach about the same velocity as a military rifle bullet - approximately 2,700 feet per second. 3. Incendiary Thermal Effect a. High explosives will reach temperatures of about 8,000 degrees F. C. Explosives 1. Classification a. Low Explosives (1) Deflagrate (burn) rather than detonate (a) Burning is transmitted from one grain to the next Training OuTline 1 (2) Initiated by a flame/safety fuse (3) Primarily used as propellants and have pushing or heaving effect (4) Black powder/smokeless powder (5) Must be confined to explode (6) Burning rate of under 3,280 fps b.
    [Show full text]