DOCSLIB.ORG

Explosives and Terminal Ballistics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Explosives and Terminal Ballistics AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE AAF SCIEN'rIFIC ADVISORY GROUP By D. P. MAC DOUGALL Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington, D. C. N. M. NEWMARK Department oj Civil Engineering, University oj Illinois • PMblished May, 1946 by HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND PUBLICATIONS BRANCH, INTEJtJYiE~9) '1001 WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO V-46579 The AAF Scientific Advisory Group was activated late in 1944 by General of the Army H. H. Arnold. He se­ cured the services of Dr. Theodore von Karman, re­ nowned scientist and consultant in aeronautics, who agreed to organize and direct the group. Dr. von Karman gathered about him a group of Ameri­ can scientists from every field of research having a bearing on air power. These men then analyzed im­ portant developments in the basic sciences, both here and abroad, and attempted to evaluate the effects of their application to air power. This volume is one of a group of reports made to the Army Air Forces by the Scientific Advisory Group. Thil document contolnl Information affecting the notional defenle of the United Statel within the meaning of the Espionage Ad, SO U. S. C., 31 and 32, 01 amended. Its tronsmiulon or the revelation of Its contents In any manner to on unauthorized person II prohibited by low. AAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP Dr. Th. von Karman Director Colonel F. E. Glantzberg Dr. H. L. Dryden Deputy Director, Military Deputy Director, Scientific Lt Col G. T. McHugh, Executive Capt C. H. Jackson, Jr., Secretary CONSULTANTS Dr. C. W. Bray Dr. A. J. Stosick Dr. L. A. DuBridge Dr. W. J. Sweeney Dr. Pol Duwez Dr. H. S. Tsien Dr. G. Gamow Dr. G. E. Valley Dr. 1. A. Getting Dr. F. L. Wattendorf Dr. L. P. Hammett Dr. F. Zwicky Dr. W. S. Hunter Dr. V. K. Zworykin Dr. 1. P. Krick Colonel D. N. Yates Dr. D. P. MacDougall Colonel W. R. Lovelace II Dr. G. A. Morton Lt Col A. P. Gagge Dr. N. M. Newmark Lt Col F. W. Williams Dr. W. H. Pickering Major T. F. Walkowicz Dr. E. M. Purcell Capt C. N. Hasert Dr. G. B. Schubauer Mr. M. Alperin Dr. W. R. Sears Mr. I. L. Ashkenas Mr. G. S. Schairer LAYOUT & ILLUSTRATION Capt M. Miller Capt T. E. Daley ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Part I - Pages 3 to 37 inclusive, has been deleted. Page Part II - Properties of High Explosives Introduction and Summary .........•.........••.' ......•••••........•.... 41 General Discussion •••.•••.•.•......•.....••..•...........••••...•....•• 43 Solid Explosives. • . • . • . • • . • . .. 47 Solid Explosive Mixtures .............................•......••...... 49 Aluminized Explosives ...............................•........•... " 5 1 Liquid Explosives .•.•.....•...................•..........••••.•••••.•••. 53 Quantitative Comparison ...•.•.•.................•....••.•....••........ 55 Table I ....•••...•.••.•.......••............•..••••••••••.....•......... 57 Table II ............•.•••..•••...........' ..........••.•..•.••.•••.•••••. 58 Part III - Terminal Ballistics and Destructive Effects Summary •••........•....•...............................•••••••••....... 61 Means of Producing Damage. • . • • • . • • . • . • • • • • . • . .. 61 Basic Physical Principles ...•..•...............•....•..•...•..•••.••... " 62 Impact and Penetration ..•.........................•....•...•.•••.... 62 Fragmentation. • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • • .. 63 Blast in Air. • . • . • • . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . •• 66 Blast in Earth or Water .......•.......................•.•......••.••. 69 Debris ..•.•...•..•.........•••...•................•.••••...•..•••••. 71 Fire, Chemical Actions, etc.. • . • . • • • . • . • . .• 71 Classification of Targets •...•••......•.••..•...........•••••....••••••••• 73 Types of Existing Weapons. • • . • . • . • . • • . • • . • . • . • . .. 74 Factors Influencing Selection of Weapons for Attack .•.....••••.•••..•.•.. 75 Getting Weapons to the Target ...................................... 75 Countermeasures ....••...•.•.•...............•• ; ..........••.•.....• 75 Fusing ..•............•..••.•............................•••••.••.•.• 76 Major Uncertainties. • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • . • • • . • .. 76 Present Status of Weapons Selection .•...••...••••..........•...••.•. 76 Future Needs ...•••••..••.••.••..••••...••.......••.....••••...••••••••• 77 iii PART II PROPERTIES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES By D. P. MacDOUGALL sF $ PART II PROPERTI ES OF HIG H EXPLOSIVES 3 APRIL 1945 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The purpose of this report is to give a brief summary of the present status of our knowledge concerning the properties and utilization of military high ex­ plosives. Attempts are also made to give estimates concerning the behavior of several mixtures and compounds which are not now in use, but might be considered for use in the future. This report does not contain a thorough discussion of the terminal. ballistics of explosive-loaded munitions. However, this subject is discussed briefly in order to provide a basis for comparison of different explosives. Particular attention is paid to the performance of high explosives in blast bombs, partly because this phase is probably of most interest to the Air Forces, and partly because the action of ex­ plosives in producing blast has been more thoroughly investigated than other types of action. Of the explosives in military use today, HBX or desensitized Torpex appears to be the best all round filler for bombs. A bomb loaded with HBX will produce an area of destruction about 45 % greater than that from the same bomb loaded with TNT. On the other hand, HBX is sufficiently stable and insensitive to shock to be used in G.P. Bombs. If, in the future, conditions arise which permit the use of explosives of much greater shock sensitivity than TNT (for filling some sort of robot bomb, perhaps), the best bet, if the comparison is made on a volume basis, would appear to be an explosive of the Torpex type, but with a larger percentage of aluminum. One might hope to achieve, with such an explosive. a damage area twice that of the same volume of TNT. If the weight, rather than the volume, of explosive is chosen as the basis for comparison, the most effective explosive would be a stoichrometric mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. This mixture might give a damage area four or five times as great as that produced by the same weight of 'fNT. Because of the low density however, this mixture would not be very effective on a volume comparison. There is some discussion in the report of SBX, by which is meant an explosive consisting entirely of a fuel (plus a small amount of conventional H.E. to give dis­ persion) and which utilizes atmospheric oxygen in the detonation reaction. Since 41 V.46579 only the fuel must be carried, the amount of enes-gy liberated per unit weight is, in general, large compared with the value for a conventional high explosive, where, in a sense, both the fuel and the oxygen are carried together. The analysis given in the body of the report suggests that gasoline, used as SBX, might put somewhat over twice as much energy into the blast wave as the same volume of TNT. On a weight basis, the comparison is even more favorable to the SBX. However, experi­ ments with SBX have shown that while it is effective in confined spaces, it is very in­ effective in the open. This is probably due to a slow reaction between the fuel and the oxygen of the air, which may be overcome in the future. This is a subject which might generously repay future investigation. 42 GENERAL DISCUSSION There are many jobs which a high explosive may be called upon to do, and there is not now, and probably never will be, a single explosive which is best for all uses. The properties desirable in the explosive used as the filler of an armor-piercing shell are different from those required for the filling of a depth charge, and a de­ molition explosive must meet still other requir~ments. In the present discussion, most attention will be paid to explosives which can be used as fillings for aerial bombs, both because such explosives are of greatest interest to the Air Forces, and because, on a tonnage basis at least, they are the most important. Even in a single type of muni­ tion, such as a general purpose bomb, the explosive produces damage by at least three different methods, air blast, fragments, and earth shock. It is not necessar~ly true that a given '!xplosive is equally effective in producing all three types of damage. In selecting an explosive for a particular munition, therefore, it is important to have available information concerning its effectiveness in the specific type of action in­ volved. A high explosive is a material which can be induced, at a predetermined time and place, to explode or detonate. In the process of detonation the explosive is con­ verted rapidly, in a period of a few microseconds, into a large amount of gas at a high temperature and pressure, with the release of a large amount of chemical energy. An explosive must therefore be a material of controlled stability. If it is too stable, it will be impossible to make it explode, while if it is not stable enough, it may ex­ plode before one is ready for it to do so. Due to its latent instability, every explosive can be made to decompose, with varying degrees of violence if heated sufficiently. However, if the material is to be of practical utility, it must not undergo appreciable decomposition during extended periods of storage at temperatures which might be encountered in magazines, storage depots, holds of ships, etc. An explosive which does undergo such decomposition during storage is undesirable because
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures.” Electronic Scientific Notebook 1160E
    NUREG/CR-7201 Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as books, NRC’s Library at www.nrc.gov/reading-rm.html. Publicly journal articles, transactions, Federal Register notices, released records include, to name a few, NUREG-series Federal and State legislation, and congressional reports. publications; Federal Register notices; applicant, Such documents as theses, dissertations, foreign reports licensee, and vendor documents and correspondence; and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings NRC correspondence and internal memoranda; bulletins may be purchased from their sponsoring organization. and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers Copies of industry codes and standards used in a and their attachments. substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are maintained at— NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC regulations, The NRC Technical Library and Title 10, “Energy,” in the Code of Federal Regulations Two White Flint North may also be purchased from one of these two sources. 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852-2738 1. The Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Publishing Office These standards are available in the library for reference Mail Stop IDCC use by the public. Codes and standards are usually Washington, DC 20402-0001 copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov organization or, if they are American National Standards, Telephone: (202) 512-1800 from— Fax: (202) 512-2104 American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement Melt-Castable Formulations for Composition B
    LA-UR-17-24143 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Title: Final report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement melt-castable formulations for Composition B Author(s): Leonard, Philip Francois, Elizabeth Green Intended for: Report Issued: 2017-05-19 Disclaimer: Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. By approving this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. Final report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement melt-castable formulations for Composition B Elizabeth Francois; Philip Leonard, M-7 Los Alamos National Laboratory With technical contributions from Philip Samuels, ARDEC Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Composition C-4: Towards an Alternate Binder and Reduced Sensitivity
    Recent Developments in Composition C-4: Towards an Alternate Binder and Reduced Sensitivity NDIA Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium 2009 Jim Owens* BAE SYSTEMS OSI, Holston Army Ammunition Plant Paul Vinh RDECOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 1 Presentation Outline • Research Extrudable Moldable Insensitive eXplosive (OSX-REMIX) • Background • Program Objectives • Technical Approach • Formulation and Evaluation • Summary • Alternate Plastic-binder Extrudable eXplosive (OSX-APEX) • Background • Program Objectives • Technical Approach • Formulation • Modified Accelerated Aging Trial • Summary IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 2 Acknowledgement • PM-CCS • Mr. Felix Costa • RDECOM-ARDEC • Mr. Paul Vinh • Mr. Sanjeev Singh • Mr. Gregory Tremarco • BAE SYSTEMS OSI • Mr. Jim Haynes • Ms. Kelly Guntrum • Mr. Alberto Carrillo • Mr. Matt Hathaway • Mr. Brian Alexander IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 3 OSX-REMIX – Program Objectives • Composition C-4 already fares well in the arena of insensitivity, due to relatively large amount of binder. • Passes Bullet Impact and Fragment Impact (Army) sensitivity tests at ambient temperature. • Fails shock stimulus – Sympathetic Detonation and Shaped Charge Jet. • BAE’s task – to develop an alternate extrudable formulation with similar physical and energy output characteristics, while enhancing its insensitivity. • Maintain current binder configuration for comparison to standard C-4. • Identify modifications to process or alternate input energetics. • Formulate and evaluate physical and energetic properties. IMEMTS 2009 – Tucson, AZ Cleared for Public Release by BAE Systems 4 OSX-REMIX – Technical Approach • Modification to manufacturing process. • Maintain aqueous slurry-coating process. • Premixing RDX with fluid portion of binder (DOA/Oil).
    [Show full text]
  • Tnt Equivalence of C-4 and Pe4: a Review of Traditional Sources and Recent Data
    TNT EQUIVALENCE OF C-4 AND PE4: A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL SOURCES AND RECENT DATA D. Bogosian1, M. Yokota1, S. Rigby2 1Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, 360 N. Sepulveda Blvd., Ste 1090, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA; 2University of Sheffield, Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Since standard engineering-level blast models are typically developed to predict airblast parameters (pressure and impulse) from TNT bursts, prediction of airblast from other materials uses an equivalence factor by which an equivalent TNT weight is computed and used in the source term of the model. This approach is widespread in the industry and has been codified in numerous manuals, books, and papers. A recent effort co-sponsored by TSWG (U.S.) and FSTD (Singapore) collected and compiled equivalence data for a wide variety of explosive materials (both military grade as well as home-made) into a single software tool named STREET. The database thus assembled provides a comprehensive and expandable repository for equivalence data. Two of the main achievements in STREET are the consideration of equivalence as a function of scaled standoff (rather than a scalar), and the documentation of uncertainty in the estimated value. In this paper, we consider specifically the manual- and test-derived data related to Composition C-4, and as a first step, we draw some judgments regarding the equivalence implicit in blast curves provided by UFC 3-340-02, for both pressure and impulse. Next, we consider PE4, which is similar in composition to C-4 and is used widely in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Former), OU 2 Mead, NE 4/7/1997
    PB97-964304 EPA/541/R-97/143 January 1998 EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Nebraska Ordnance Plant (Former), OU 2 Mead, NE 4/7/1997 ~-+,+--,+- ,#'+'+'-'+'+ lit Woodward-Clyde ~ October 1, 1996 WCC Project 92KW030M Commander u.s. Army Engineer District, Kansas City ATTN: CEMRK-EP-EC (Ms. Rosemary Gilbertson) 700 Federal Building 601 East 12th Street Kansas City, Missouri 64106-2896 Re: Transmittal ofFinal Record ofDecision for Signature Pages Completion For Operable Unit No.2 (Groundwater) Former Nebraska Ordnance Plant, Mead, Nebraska Contract No. DACA41-92-C-0023 Dear Ms. Gilbertson: We are hereby transmitting seven copies ofthe subject document. We understand that after the signature pages have been completed, we will distribute copies ofthe signed document according to the attached distribution list. On September 30, 1996, we transmitted to you 13 pages ofthis document which showed revisions from the draft final document in redline/strikeout format. We also copied the transmittal to Mr. Craig Bernstein ofthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Mr. Troy Bredenkamp ofthe Nebraska Department ofEnvironmental Quality. Electronic facsimile was used to make the transmittals. Please contact us should you have any questions. Very truly yours, Curt Elmore, Ph.D., P.E. OU2 Project Manager Mead Project Manager Enclosure cc: Steve Iverson (CEMRK-ME-H) w/o enc. Craig Bernstein (U.S. Environnmental Protection Agency) 92030\RODLTRJ.ACE 10/01196 9:44AM Woodward.Clyde Consultants - A subsidiary of WOOdward-Clyde Group. Inc 10975 EI Monte. SUite 100 Overland Park. Kansas 66211 (913) 344-1000 Fax (913) 344-1011 DISTRIBUTION LIST (After Signature) OF THE FINAL RECORD OF DECISION OPERABLE UNIT NO.2 FORMER NEBRASKA ORDNANCE PLANT MEAD, NEBRASKA Organization Copies U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Risk Assessment
    GREENLINK MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT- IRELAND APPENDIX J Marine Detailed UXO Risk Assessment P1975_R4500_RevF1 July 2019 Greenlink Interconnector - connecting the power markets in Ireland and Great Britain For more information: W: www.greenlink.ie “The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.” Detailed Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Risk Assessment Project Name Greenlink Client Intertek Site Address Pembrokeshire, Wales to County Wexford, Ireland Report Reference DA2985-01 Date 15th April 2019 Originator MN Find us on Twitter and Facebook st 1 Line Defence Limited Company No: 7717863 VAT No: 128 8833 79 Unit 3, Maple Park, Essex Road, Hoddesdon, Herts. EN11 0EX www.1stlinedefence.co.uk Tel: +44 (0)1992 245 020 [email protected] Detailed Unexploded Ordnance Risk Assessment Greenlink Cable Route Intertek Executive Summary Description and Location of Study Area The Greenlink project is a proposed subsea and underground cable interconnector, with associated convertor stations, between existing electricity grids in Wales and Ireland. The project is designed to provide significant additional energy interconnection between Ireland, the UK and continental Europe with the aim of delivering increased security of supply, fuel diversity and greater competition. It is also designed to provide additional transmission network capacities, reinforcing the existing electricity grids in south-east Ireland and south Wales. The study area is approximately 160km in length and spans the St George’s Channel, including areas of landfall in Ireland and Wales. Its westernmost section intercepts the Hook Peninsula in County Wexford and the easternmost section incorporates an area of land surrounding Freshwater West Beach in Pembrokeshire.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastic Explosives
    History and Present DIRECTORS of VUPCH Plastic Explosives Research Institute of Industrial Chemistry (VÚPCH) with its seat in Pardubice-Semtín was established by the Ministry of Defense Decree of November 2nd, 1953 to In the fifties of the last century the research and later the industrial production January 1st 1954 as a state administration facility with the scope of activities - research and development of explosives. VÚPCH was entitled to administrate research of plastic explosives based on High explosives and non-explosive plasticizer workplaces of national enterprise Synthesia, and experts were centralized there from the original research department, the so-called Central Laboratories of the was started in VCHZ (today known as Explosia). ® company, and technological groups of the former Explosia. The activity of VÚPCH continuously linked up to the activity of departments R and X that had been entrusted Plastic explosives from Explosia are known under the trade name Semtex . with research, development and testing within the framework of Explosia a.s. since 1923. From the beginning, the newly established research institute (VÚPCH) was the author of the technical solutions of plastic explosives as well as most of the By the Ministry of Chemical Industry Decree of December 30th, 1958 VÚPCH was abolished as an independent budgetary organization and to the date of January 1st, production equipment. 1959 transferred into administration of national enterprise East Bohemian Chemical Works Synthesia. Within the framework of Synthesia there were, however, some changes in actual organizational incorporation of VÚPCH, especially in connexion with establishing the position of Deputy for Special Production in the 1970s, and the Pl Np 10 (The Black Semtex) Plant 05 Special Production in the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Texhuka U Memodbi Hdepho-(Pii3weckozo 3Kcnepumehma
    TexHUKa u Memodbi HdepHO-(pii3wecKozo 3KcnepuMeHma HanpaBJieHHoro pacxoxgieHHa. Jljin BbiMHCJieHHfl Marpmrbi OTKJiHKa HaimcaHa nporpaMMa, OCHO- BaHHaa Ha Hcnonb30BaHHH Meroaa MoHTe-Kapjio. IlpH pacneTe MaipHUbi yHHTbmaioTca npaKTH- qecKH Bee 4>H3HHecKHe npoixeccbi, npOTeicaiomHe B CHeraiKax no,zjo6Horo THna. H3JiyHeHHe npaiamecKH JiK>6oro HCTOHHHKa HefirpOHOB conpoBO^caaeTca HcnycKaHHeM conyrcTByiomHx y-KBaHTOB. IIponopUHOHajibHbie ra30Bbie cneTHHKH, KaK H 6ojibuiHHCTBO aerrcK- TOpOB, HCnOJIb3yeMbIX JUW perHCTpaUHH HeHTpOHOB, HyBCTBHTeJIbHbl H K Y"H3JiyHeHHK). Il03T0My Y-(J)OH MOHcer BHOCHTB HCKa^ceHHfl B BoccTaHaBJiHBaeMbie HeihpoHHbie pacnpeaejieHHa. B HC- nojib3yeMOM HeihpoHHOM cneicrpoMeTpe raMMa-4)OH OKa3biBaeT BJIHHHHC B zmana30He SHeprafi OT 0 flo 0,5 MsB. J\o HacToamero BpeMeHH yneT Y-4>0Ha npOBOflHJica pacneTHbiM nyreM. OflHaico BbiHHCJieHHe Y-OTKJiHKa He Bceraa flaer HafleacHbie pe3ynbTaTbi H BHOCHT aonojiHHTejibHbie norpeumocTH B o6jiacTH 3HepraH H©HTPOHOB HHMce 0,5 MsB. KapflHHajibHMM peiueHHeM 3TOH npo6jieMU HBJM- 0113 eTCH pa3pa6oTKa CHCTCMW zmcKpHMHHauHH y-^ ' npHHUHn fleficTBHa KOTopofi ocHOBaH Ha CymeCTBCHHOM pa3JIHHHH yfl&IIbHOH HOHH3aUHH, BbI3BaHHOH npOTOHOM OTflaHH OT HeirrpoHa n sjieinpoHOM, o6pa3yiomHMCfl npn B3aHM0fleHCTBHH Y-KBairra c BemecTBOM. OflHaKO JlO C03flaHHH TaKOH CHCTeMbI Heo6xOflHMO 6bIJIO HCCJieflOBaTb B03MOHCHOCTb flHC- 0Ha 1 KpHMHHauHH Y-<J> W * Hcnojib3yeMoro cHeTHHKa H oueHHTb HHXCHHH 3HepreTHHecKHH nopor pa3fleJieHHfl HMnyjlbCOB OT HeHTpOHOB H Y-KBaHTOB. JiflSL 3TOrO C nOMOIUbK) UH(^pOBOrO 0CUHJ1J10- rpacj)a c naMflTbio 6bin nojiyneH MaccHB aaHHbix o 4>opMe HMnyjlbCOB cneTHHKa npH ero o6jiy*ie- HHH HeiiTpoHaMH H Y"KBaHTaMH. B KanecTBe HCTOHHHKa CMeuiaHHoro HefiTpoHHoro H Y-H3Jiy- 252 HeHHH Hcnojib3o8ajicfl Cf, HCTOHHHKOM Y-H3Jiy4eHHH cjiyaauiH CJIOH H3 Ha6opa o6pa3UOBbix cneinpoMeTpHHecKHX Y-HCTOHHHKOB. Bcero 3a BpeMa npoBe,aeHHa H3MepeHHH 6buio 3anncaHO 4 =5-10 ocuHJiJiorpaMM HMnyjlbCOB mix HCTOHHHKa CMeuiaHHoro HefiTpoHHoro H Y-H3JiyieHH« 252 4 Cf H ~ 1 • 10 OCUHJIJIOrpaMM flfla HCTOHHHKa Y-KBaHTOB.
    [Show full text]
  • HAIDA Frequently Asked Questions
    HMCS HAIDA Frequently Asked Questions The standard reference manuals for HMCS HAIDA are the primary source for information regarding the ship: • HMCS HAIDA Interpretation Manual latest version February 2009 • HMCS HAIDA Basic Reference Kit An edited version of the Interpretation Manual produced by Jerry Proc, latest version 21 April 2014. Both these manuals are available on-line at the Hamilton Naval Heritage website http://hamiltonnaval.ca/haida-references/ The HAIDA FAQ is intended to capture the questions asked by visitors to the ship and provide short simple answers. Hopefully it will be a living document with HAIDA volunteers and Parks Canada staff suggesting questions and answers on an ongoing basis. Please contact me with questions, answers & comments at [email protected]. Yours aye, LCdr (Ret’d) Neil S. Bell, CD 8 August 2018 1 / 23 25/09/2020 Contents Anchors ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Ammunition - see also “Magazines” .......................................................................................... 5 Armament – see Guns, Depth Charges, Hedgehog, Squid, Torpedoes ...................................... 5 Armour ........................................................................................................................................ 5 ASDIC......................................................................................................................................... 5 Birthday......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES
    Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES This chapter classifies commercial blasting compounds according to their explosive class and type. Initiating devices are listed and described as well. Military explosives are treated separately. The ingredi- ents and more significant properties of each explosive are tabulated and briefly discussed. Data are sum- marized from various handbooks, textbooks, and manufacturers’ technical data sheets. THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES In general, an explosive has four basic characteristics: (1) It is a chemical compound or mixture ignited by heat, shock, impact, friction, or a combination of these conditions; (2) Upon ignition, it decom- poses rapidly in a detonation; (3) There is a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high-pressure gases that expand rapidly with sufficient force to overcome confining forces; and (4) The energy released by the detonation of explosives produces four basic effects; (a) rock fragmentation; (b) rock displacement; (c) ground vibration; and (d) air blast. A general theory of explosives is that the detonation of the explosives charge causes a high-velocity shock wave and a tremendous release of gas. The shock wave cracks and crushes the rock near the explosives and creates thousands of cracks in the rock. These cracks are then filled with the expanding gases. The gases continue to fill and expand the cracks until the gas pressure is too weak to expand the cracks any further, or are vented from the rock. The ingredients in explosives manufactured are classified as: Explosive bases. An explosive base is a solid or a liquid which, upon application or heat or shock, breaks down very rapidly into gaseous products, with an accompanying release of heat energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Potentially Explosive Chemicals*
    Potentially Explosive Chemicals* Chemical Name CAS # Not 1,1’-Diazoaminonaphthalene Assigned 1,1-Dinitroethane 000600-40-8 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate 006659-60-5 1,2-Diazidoethane 000629-13-0 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 000602-96-0 1,3-Diazopropane 005239-06-5 Not 1,3-Dinitro-4,5-dinitrosobenzene Assigned Not 1,3-dinitro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Assigned Not 1,4-Dinitro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylolbutanetetranitrate Assigned Not 1,7-Octadiene-3,5-Diyne-1,8-Dimethoxy-9-Octadecynoic acid Assigned 1,8 –dihydroxy 2,4,5,7-tetranitroanthraquinone 000517-92-0 Not 1,9-Dinitroxy pentamethylene-2,4,6,8-tetramine Assigned 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 000585-79-5 Not 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitro-3,3'-dihydroxyazobenzene Assigned 2,2-di-(4,4,-di-tert-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane 001705-60-8 2,2-Dinitrostilbene 006275-02-1 2,3,4,6- tetranitrophenol 000641-16-7 Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl methyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso nitrobenzene Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso-1,4-dinitrobenzene Assigned 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazo benzene 029306-57-8 Not 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-diazabenzene Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl trimethylol methyl nitramine trinitrate Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitroso-3-methyl nitraminoanisole Assigned 2,4-Dinitro-1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene 000608-50-4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 000119-26-6 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol 000519-44-8 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diydroperoxy hexane 2-Nitro-2-methylpropanol nitrate 024884-69-3 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 000609-99-4 Not 3-Azido-1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate
    [Show full text]
  • List of Explosive Materials Mixtures (Cap Sensitive)
    64446 Federal Register / Vol. 80, No. 205 / Friday, October 23, 2015 / Notices Dated: January 15, 2015. list supersedes the List of Explosive Cyanuric triazide. Ray Sauvajot, Materials dated October 7, 2014 (Docket Cyclonite [RDX]. Associate Director, Natural Resources, No. 2014R–25T, 79 FR 60496). Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Stewardship and Science, Washington Office, [HMX]. Notice of the 2015 Annual List of National Park Service. Cyclotol. Explosive Materials Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine [RDX]. Editorial Note: This document was Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 841(d) and 27 received for publication by the Office of the D Federal Register on October 20, 2015. CFR 555.23, I hereby designate the following as explosive materials covered DATB [diaminotrinitrobenzene]. [FR Doc. 2015–26999 Filed 10–22–15; 8:45 am] under 18 U.S.C. 841(c): DDNP [diazodinitrophenol]. BILLING CODE 4312–52–P DEGDN [diethyleneglycol dinitrate]. A Detonating cord. Acetylides of heavy metals. Detonators. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Aluminum containing polymeric Dimethylol dimethyl methane propellant. dinitrate composition. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, Aluminum ophorite explosive. Dinitroethyleneurea. and Explosives Amatex. Dinitroglycerine [glycerol dinitrate]. [Docket No. 2015R–23] Amatol. Dinitrophenol. Ammonal. Dinitrophenolates. Commerce in Explosives; 2015 Annual Ammonium nitrate explosive Dinitrophenyl hydrazine. List of Explosive Materials mixtures (cap sensitive). Dinitroresorcinol. * Ammonium nitrate explosive Dinitrotoluene-sodium nitrate AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, mixtures (non-cap sensitive). explosive mixtures. Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); Ammonium perchlorate having DIPAM [dipicramide; Department of Justice. particle size less than 15 microns. diaminohexanitrobiphenyl]. ACTION: Notice of list of explosive Ammonium perchlorate explosive Dipicryl sulfone. materials. mixtures (excluding ammonium Dipicrylamine. SUMMARY: Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 841(d) perchlorate composite propellant Display fireworks.
    [Show full text]