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Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures.” Electronic Scientific Notebook 1160E NUREG/CR-7201 Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as books, NRC’s Library at www.nrc.gov/reading-rm.html. Publicly journal articles, transactions, Federal Register notices, released records include, to name a few, NUREG-series Federal and State legislation, and congressional reports. publications; Federal Register notices; applicant, Such documents as theses, dissertations, foreign reports licensee, and vendor documents and correspondence; and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings NRC correspondence and internal memoranda; bulletins may be purchased from their sponsoring organization. and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers Copies of industry codes and standards used in a and their attachments. substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are maintained at— NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC regulations, The NRC Technical Library and Title 10, “Energy,” in the Code of Federal Regulations Two White Flint North may also be purchased from one of these two sources. 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852-2738 1. The Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Publishing Office These standards are available in the library for reference Mail Stop IDCC use by the public. Codes and standards are usually Washington, DC 20402-0001 copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov organization or, if they are American National Standards, Telephone: (202) 512-1800 from— Fax: (202) 512-2104 American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street 2. The National Technical Information Service New York, NY 10036-8002 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312-0002 www.ansi.org www.ntis.gov (212) 642-4900 1-800-553-6847 or, locally, (703) 605-6000 Legally binding regulatory requirements are stated only in A single copy of each NRC draft report for comment is laws; NRC regulations; licenses, including technical speci- available free, to the extent of supply, upon written fications; or orders, not in NUREG-series publications. The request as follows: views expressed in contractorprepared publications in this series are not necessarily those of the NRC. Address: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission The NUREG series comprises (1) technical and adminis- Office of Administration trative reports and books prepared by the staff (NUREG– XXXX) or agency contractors (NUREG/CR–XXXX), (2) Publications Branch proceedings of conferences (NUREG/CP–XXXX), (3) reports Washington, DC 20555-0001 resulting from international agreements (NUREG/IA–XXXX), E-mail: [email protected] (4) brochures (NUREG/BR–XXXX), and (5) compilations of Facsimile: (301) 415-2289 legal decisions and orders of the Commission and Atomic and Safety Licensing Boards and of Directors’ decisions Some publications in the NUREG series that are posted under Section 2.206 of NRC’s regulations (NUREG–0750). at NRC’s Web site address www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/ DISCLAIMER: This report was prepared as an account doc-collections/nuregs are updated periodically and may of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. differ from the last printed version. Although references to Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any employee, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, material found on a Web site bear the date the material or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third was accessed, the material available on the date cited party’s use, or the results of such use, of any information, may subsequently be removed from the site. apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this publication, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. NUREG/CR-7201 Characterizing Explosive Effects on Underground Structures Manuscript Completed: September 2013 Date Published: September 2015 Prepared by A. H. Chowdhury, CNWRA T. E. Wilt, CNWRA Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses Southwest Research Institute® 6220 Culebra Road San Antonio, Texas 78238-5166 Kris Jamgochian, NRC Project Manager Peter S. Lee, NRC Technical Monitor NRC Job Code N4128 Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response ABSTRACT A literature review and finite element analyses were conducted to characterize the effects of explosions on underground structures for explosive charges located close to and on the ground surface. Explosive charge weights were selected to be consistent with Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (VBIEDs) terrorists make mostly using chemicals and available precursor materials. The phenomena associated with air and surface explosions of VBIEDs, propagation of their dynamic waves through air, crater formation, and propagation through subsurface media are similar to those of conventional high explosive military weapons. Empirical equations for predicting these blast-induced effects and designing underground structures under explosive loads are available in the literature. These empirical equations, however, do have a specific range of applicability. Numerical analysis techniques (e.g., finite element) also require specific assumptions and idealizations. A limited finite element parametric study was used to investigate the influence of important parameters. These influences include the explosive charge weight and how the distance of a point in the subsurface soil from the location of explosion affects the explosion-generated pressure distribution in the underground soil. The blast-induced pressure wave in the soil surrounding an underground structure results in time-dependent loading (pressure or impulse force) of the underground structure. The current methodology for the designing underground structures subjected to explosive loads uses concepts and provisions of other specific codes, standards, and design manuals commonly used in designing reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, masonry, and steel structures. An underground structure that may be subjected to both explosive and seismic loads should consider both types of loads in appropriate combinations. iii CONTENTS Section Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ xv ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................xvii 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................1-2 2 EXPLOSIVE EFFECTS .....................................................................................................2-1 2.1 Fundamentals of Explosives ....................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Vehicle-borne Improvised Explosive Devices ..............................................2-1 2.2 Dynamics of Explosion Propagation in Air and Underground Media .........................2-7 2.3 Blast Consequences ..............................................................................................2 -12 2.3.1 Effects on the Structure .............................................................................2 -12 2.3.2 Effects on Equipment ................................................................................2 -13 2.3.3 Effects on Humans ....................................................................................2 -13 2.4 Surface Blast Effects and Ground Shock ...............................................................2 -14 2.4.1 Analytical Methods for Evaluating Blast-Induced Ground Effects .............. 2-15 2.4.1.1 Blast Wavefront Parameters .......................................................2 -16 2.4.1.2 Blast-Induced Ground Motions....................................................2 -19 2.4.2 Calculation of Subsurface Pressure ..........................................................2 -22 2.4.3 Calculation of Crater Dimensions ..............................................................2 -24 2.5 Underwater Detonations ........................................................................................2 -25 3 NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE EFFECTS DUE TO AIR AND SURFACE BURSTS ..........................................................................................3-1 3.1 Finite Element Lagrangian Model .............................................................................3-1
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