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Localories Per Mole LOS ALAMOS SERIES ON DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES LOS ALAMOS DATA CENTER FOR DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Charles L. Mader Program Manager Terry R. Gibbs Explosive Data Editor Charles E. Morris Shock Wave Profile Editor Stanley P. Marsh Equation of State Editor Alphonse Popolato Explosive Data Editor Martha S. Hoyt Computer Applications Analyst Kasha V. Thayer Technical Editor Sharon L. Crane Technical Editor John F. Barnes Richard D. Dick John W. Hopson, Jr. James N. Johnson Elisabeth Marshall Timothy R. Neal Suzanne W. Peterson Raymond N. Rogers John W. Taylor Melvin T. Thieme Jerry D. Wackerle John M. Walsh . 111 LASL EXPLOSIVE PROPERTY DATA Editors - Terry R. Gibbs Alphonse Popolato CONTRIBUTORS John F. Baytos Bobby G. Craig Arthur W. Campbell William E. Deal Jerry J. Dick Robert H. Dinegar Raymond P. Engelke Thomas E. Larson Elisabeth Marshall John B. Ramsay Raymond N. Rogers Diane Soran Manuel J. Urizar Jerry D. Wackerle UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley l Los Angeles l London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright @ 1980 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN o-520-040 12-O Series ISBN O-520-04007-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-53635 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 vi CONTENTS PART I. EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVES ................ 1 Baratol ............................................................. 3 Composition B ....................................................... 11 Cyclotol ............................................................. 24 DATB .............................................................. 34 HMX ............................................................... 42 Nitroguanidine ...................................................... 52 Octal ............................................................... 61 PBX 9011 ........................................................... 72 PBX 9404 ........................................................... 84 PBX 9407 ........................................................... 99 PBX 9501 ........................................................... 109 PBX 9502 ........................................................... 120 PETN .............................................................. 130 RDX ............................................................... 141 TATB .............................................................. 152 Tetryl ............................................................... 163 TNT. .... :‘. ......................................................... 172 XTX 8003 ........................................................... 188 XTX 8004...........................................................19 6 vii PART II. EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY PROPERTIES ............. 203 1. Chemical Properties .......................................... 204 2. Thermal Properties ........................................... 216 2.1 Heat Capacity Determination .............................. 216 2.2 Thermal Conductivity ..................................... 217 2.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion .......................... 218 2.4 Thermal Decomposition Kinetics ........................... 219 2.5 Heats of Combustion and Formation ........................ 221 2.6 Differential Thermal Analysis and Pyrolysis Test ............ 223 2.7 Time-to-Explosion Test .................................... 231 3. Detonation Properties ......................................... 234 3.1 Detonation Velocity and Diameter Effect. ................... 234 3.2 Cylinder Test Performance ................................. 249 3.3 Detonation Pressure Determined from Initial Free-Surface Velocity ...................................... 258 3.4 Plate Dent Test ........................................... 280 3.5 Detonation Failure Thickness .............................. 289 4. Shock Initiation Properties .................................... 291 4.1Wedge Test Data ......................................... 293 4.2 Small- and Large-Scale Gap Tests .......................... 425 4.3 Minimum Primary Charge ................................. 433 4.4 Rifle Bullet Tests ......................................... 434 4.5 Miscellaneous Tests ....................................... 440 5. Sensitivity Tests ............................................. 446 5.1 Drop Weight Impact Test .................................. 446 5.2Skid Test ................................................. 454 5.3 Large-Scale Drop Test or Spigot Test ....................... 458 5.4 Spark Sensitivity .......................................... 460 GLOSSARY ........................................................ 462 AUTHORINDEX ................................................... 466 SUBJECT INDEX .................................................. 468 ... F 111 PREFACE This volume of the Los Alamos Series on Dynamic Materials Properties is designed to provide a single source of reliable data on high explosives in use or formerly used at the Los Alamos National Scientific Laboratory (LASL). These are the best LASL data available and, as revisions are made, new or better data will be added. The volume is divided into two major parts for the user’s convenience. Part I pre- sents in one place the properties of explosives by explosive and summarizes all the property data and the results of various tests generally used to characterize ex- plosives. It covers only pure explosives and explosive formulations that have been well characterized. However, for many of these materials there are some properties or test results that have not been determined and in those cases the section normal- ly used to list the property or test result has been omitted. Part 11,presents the properties of explosives by property or method of determination It covers many more materials, often those for which only one property has been determined. Part II permits ready comparison of explosives and, for a number of properties, contains detailed data that permit use of other data reduction methods, such as the user’s own fitting techniques. Because many explosives properties depend upon the exact details of charge preparation, and their determination depends upon the exact details of the testing procedures, many of the test procedures used in gathering these data are described. References on the test procedures and data are cited where possible; however, much of the data has been taken from unpublished internal LASL reports. If more than one group of data or conflicting data were available, we selected the most credible. Also, because almost all of these explosives are heterogeneous polycrystalline materials, some of their properties, especially initiation by strong shocks, depend upon such factors as charge density, the particle size distribution of the crystals, and the degree of crystal perfection. Therefore, Part II includes detailed descrip- tions of the test explosives wherever possible. In Part I the explosives are discussed alphabetically and the various plastic- bonded explosives, PBXs, and extrudable explosives, XTXs, are discussed in numerical order. Part II, because it covers many more explosives formulations, ix treats pure explosives first, alphabetically; then castables; then plastic-bonded ex- plosives, alphabetically by major explosive constituent; and, finally, propellants. An explosives table gives the composition of each material covered in this volume, and a glossary defines acronyms and unusual terms. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help that was provided by Margaret M. Cox and Jeanne Stein in producing many of the graphics. X PART I EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVE EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVE 1. Baratol . , . 3 2. Composition B . ..*........*....*..*.........*............ 11 3. Cyclotol . , . * . * .I........................................,..... 24 4. DATB . ..I................................................... 34 5. HMX . ..*...*...**.*........*....** ..*........*....*....,..... 42 6. Nitroguanidine ,.................................................... 52 7. Octal ,....,...,....,......................,........................ 61 8. PBX 9011 . 72 9. PBX 9404 . , . , . ...*........*.............................**. 84 10. PBX 9407 , . , . ,......,........,...,...,,........................ 99 11. PBX 9501 . , . ..I....... ,.*.............*....*.... 109 12.PBX 9502 . ..s............ 120 13. PETN . ..I............ 130 14.RDX . ..,........,....L.......,...... 141 15. TATB . ..*...*......*.................... 152 16. Tetryl............................... ..*.......*....*......... 163 17. TNT. , . , . 172 18. XTX 8003 . +. ..*.*...*.*...*........... 188 19. XTX 8004.. 196 BARATOL 1. GENERAL PROPERTIES 1.1 Chemical and Physical Description. Baratol, a mixture of barium nitrate, Ba(NO,),, and TNT, C,HsNBOB, is off-white to gray. 1.2 Common Use. During World War II, the British developed baratols that con- tained about 20 wt% barium nitrate to replace TNT. The United States used baratols that contained slightly more barium nitrate in depth charges and other limited munitions. Baratols that contain up to 76 wt% barium nitrate are now used as the low detonation velocity explosive in waveshaping devices such as plane-wave lenses. 1.3 Toxicity.’ Barium nitrate can irritate skin and mucous membranes. 2. MANUFACTURE AND PROCUREMENT 2.1 Manufacture. Finely ground barium nitrate is added to molten TNT to form a castable slurry. To lower the slurry viscosity, which increases
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