Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 41435-013: TSSD- ADF (Loan 3570/8331 and Grant 0542))

June 2020

Cambodia: Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project - Additional Financing

For 18 subprojects: - Two (2) Core Subproject. (Chbar Ampov Village Road and Irrigation Subprojects), and - Sixteen (16) Subprojects Bidding on December 2019. (1-Laterite Road in Knach Romeas commune, 2-DBST Road in Kouk Khmum commune, 3-Rehabilitation of Secondary Canal In Basak and Communes, 4-DBST Road in Bos Sbov commune, 5-SBST Road in commune, 6-SBST Road in Chi Meas Commune, 7-DBST Road in Tang Krasang and Pnov Commune, 8-Laterite road in Sandan and Dang Kambet commune, 9-SBST Road in Kampong Trabeak commune, 10-SBST Road in Romlech commune, 11- Asphalt concrete road in Sangkat Chreav, 12-Earth Road in Svay Sar commune, 13-Rahabilitation of Secondary canal (Bak Ay) in Kak Communes, 14-Concrete road in Toul Snuol commune, 15-DBST road in Batheay and Me Pring commune, 16-SBST Road in Sdaeung Chey commune)

Prepared by PIC of NCDD and MAFF for the Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction – Additional Fund for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 5 May 2020)

Currency unit – Cambodian Riel (KR) KR1.00 = $0.000244 $1.00 = KR4,099

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AF – additional financing CARD – Council for Agriculture and Rural Development CCAM – Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model CoC – Environmental Code of Conduct CDP – commune development plan CDRA – climate and disaster risk assessment CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DBST – Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DRR – disaster risk reduction DSC – Design and Supervision Contractor EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EHS – Environmental, Health and Safety EIA – environmental impact assessment ESIA – Environment and Social Impact Assessment ESO – Environmental Safeguards Officer (National) EMP – environmental management plan GHG – greenhouse gas GRM – grievance redress mechanism ICT – Information and Communication Technology IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IESIA – Initial Environment and Social Impact Assessment IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPM – Integrated Pest Management IWR – Irrigation Water Requirement – Environmental Safeguards and Climate Change Specialist (of the ESCC PIC) LIG – livelihood improvement group MAFF – Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries MOE – Ministry of Environment MOWRAM – Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology – National Committee for Sub-National Democratic Development NCDDS Secretariat PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRC – procurement review committee PST – provincial support team RCP – Representative Concentration Pathway SBST – Single Bituminous Surface Treatment SRES – Special Report on Emission Scenarios SSP – special service provider TSSD – Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project Page | 1

US EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha – hectare km – kilometer kW – kilowatt kWh – kilowatt-hour m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mm – millimeter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT 3

LIST OF TABLES 6

LIST OF FIGURES 8

LIST OF PHOTOS 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 A. Background 11 B. Assessment Findings 11 C. Capacity Building 12 D. Public Consultation 12 E. Grievance Redress Mechanism 12 F. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Code of Conduct (CoC) 12

I. INTRODUCTION 14 A. Overall Goals of the Project 14 B. Project Components 14 C. The Initial Environmental Examination Report 15

II. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 16 A. ADB Environmental Requirements 16 B. Cambodian Government Environmental Regulations 16 1. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management 16 2. Environmental impact assessment process sub-decree 16 C. Evaluation Standards 18 1. Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers 18 2. Law on Water Resources Management 19 3. Water pollution control sub-decree 19 4. Drinking water quality standards 20 5. Solid waste management sub-decree 20 6. Air pollution control sub-decree 20 7. Silt/Sediment quality 21 8. National Integrated Pest Management Programme 21 D. International Agreements 22 E. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines 22

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS 23 A. Overall Project 23 B. Core Subprojects 24 1. Irrigation Rehabilitation in Lvea Commune, Province 24 2. Village road rehabilitation in Chbar Ampov Communes 28 C. 16 Subprojects 29 1. Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Commune, District, Province (5km-length and 1 road culvert) 32 2. DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune, , (1.898 km-length) 34 3. DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune, District, Banteay Meanchey Province (2.786km-length and 5 road culverts) 36 4. Samraong SBST Road Sub-project (2.511 Km-Length and 1 Box culvert) in Samraong Commune, , Banteay Meanchey Province 38

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5. SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes, , (6.056km-length with 1 Road box culvert) 43 6. DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune, , Kampong Thom Province (4.395km-length and 1 pipe culvert) 45 7. Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes, , Kampong Thom Province (7.39km-Length with 01 Concrete Bridge, 01 Causeway and 4 Culverts) 47 8. Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project (3.479 km of Length, 5m-width) in Kampong Trabaek Commune, , Prey Veng Province51 9. SBST ROAD SUB-PROJECT in Rumlech Commune, , (2.750km-length with 5 pipe culvert) 53 10. Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav, Municipality, (1.0km length with 2 pipe culverts) 55 11. Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune, , Siem Reap Province (8.993 km-length and 5 Pipe Culverts) 58 12. Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune, , (1.5km-length with 2 road culverts) 60 13. DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune, , Province (3.327km-length with 1 pipe culvert) 64 14. SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune, , (2.508Km of Length and 1 Pipe Culvert) 67 15. Basak-Preaek Chik Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project (9.00km length with 6 Irrigation structures) in Basak-Preaek Chik Commune, Rukh Kiri District, Battambang Province 70 16. Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune, , Tboung Khmum Province (5.5km length with 15 Irrigation structures) 72 D. Project Implementation 75

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 79 A. The Project Provinces 79 B. Environmental Setting 80 1. Climate 80 2. Annual Rainfall 80 3. Floods and Droughts 84 4. Water Quality 85 5. Air Quality and Noise 89 6. Land Use and Vegetation 89 7. Protected Areas 94 8. Physical cultural resources 95 9. Socio-economic Environment 95

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 100 A. Environmental Screening of Subprojects 100 1. Irrigation 100 2. Roads 100 B. Areas of Influence for Impact assessment 101 C. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 103 D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design and Pre-Construction Phase 104 1. Site Preparation 104 2. Features of Detailed Design 105 3. Construction Readiness 105 E. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase 106 1. Construction 106

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2. Contractor Performance and Site Management 111 3. Environmental Health and Safety 111 F. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation 112 1. Irrigation Subprojects 112 2. Village Road Subprojects 117 G. Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation 118 H. Climate Change Impact Assessment 118 3. Natural Disasters 122

VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 123 A. Consultation and Participation Process for two Core Subprojects 123 1. Commune Consultative Process 123 2. Project Information Dissemination 123 3. Consultation during Household Survey 123 B. Consultation and Participation Process for Sixteen (16) Subprojects 125

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 129

V. CONCLUSION AND ASSURANCES 130 A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 130 B. Negative Impacts 130 C. Assurances 130 D. Conclusion 131

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2: List of Projects Required an Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 17 Table 3: Water Quality Standard in Public Water Areas for Biodiversity Conservation ...... 19 Table 4: Drinking Water standards ...... 20 Table 5: Ambient Air Quality Standard ...... 20 Table 6: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dB (A)) ...... 21 Table 7: List of Structures ...... 27 Table 8: List of Sixteen Subprojects for bidding in 4 th Quarter of 2019...... 30 Table 9: Summary Scope of Work for Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Khnach Romeas Commune ...... 33 Table 10: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune .. 35 Table 11: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune ...... 37 Table 12: Summary of Scope of Work for Samraong SBST Road Sub-project ...... 39 Table 13: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes ...... 43 Table 14: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune ...... 46 Table 15: Summary Scope of Work for Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes ...... 49 Table 16: Summary Scope of Work for Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project ...... 52 Table 17: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Sub-Project in Rumlech Commune ...... 54 Table 18: Summary Scope of Work for Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav ...... 56 Table 19: Summary Scope of Work for Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune ...... 58 Table 20: Summary Scope of Work for Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune . 61 Table 21: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune ...... 64 Table 22: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune ...... 67 Table 23: Summary Scope of Work for Basak-Preaek Chik Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project . 70 Table 24: Summary Scope of Work for Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune ...... 73 Table 25: Institutional Arrangements ...... 75 Table 26: Contact List of NCDDS and PST for the TSSD-AF ...... 76 Table 27: Annual rainfall of Banteay Meanchey Station ...... 81 Table 28: Annual Average Rainfall data for Battambang Province...... 81 Table 29: The Average Annual Rainfall of Kampong Thom Station ...... 82 Table 30: Annual Rainfall of Tboung Khmum and Kampong Cham Station from 1991 to 2012 83 Table 31: Annual Rainfall of Prey Veng Province ...... 84 Table 32: Flood Impacts 1996 – 2019 ...... 84

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Table 33: Drought Impacts 2000 – 2018 ...... 85 Table 34: Water Quality Results of Surface Water in the Main Canal, Lvea Commune ...... 87 Table 35: Water Quality Results of Surface Water in the Creek Midway along the Village Road ...... 87 Table 36: Groundwater Quality Results of Groundwater at Wells in the Lvea Irrigation Subproject Area ...... 88 Table 37: Groundwater Quality Results of Groundwater at Wells in the Subproject Schemes 88 Table 38: Agricultural lands as a proportion of land area per province ...... 91 Table 39: Vegetation growing along selected road subprojects ...... 94 Table 40: Commune Populations and Gender Breakdown ...... 95 Table 41: Household Incomes of Sample Group ($) ...... 96 Table 42: Households Holding ID Poor Card in Sample Group ...... 96 Table 43: Population of Beneficiary of 16 Subprojects ...... 97 Table 44: Assessment Areas of the Infrastructure Subprojects ...... 101 Table 45: Environmental Category of Proposed Subprojects ...... 102 Table 46: Loss of Assets for the two Core Subproject and sixteen Subprojects...... 104 Table 47: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance ...... 107 Table 48: Irrigation Water Requirements for Different Cropping Alternatives ...... 114 Table 49: Selected Dry and Average Year Flows in the Trabaek River for December-March (dry season cropping) a ...... 114 Table 50: Water Availability ...... 115 Table 51: Water Balance for an Additional 344 ha Irrigation Area of Dryland Cropping at Lvea Commune ...... 115 Table 52: Fertilizer and Pesticide Use Before and After the Project ...... 116 Table 53: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Paddy ...... 118 Table 54: GHG Emissions and GWP from Rice Paddy Increases ...... 118 Table 55: Predicted IWRs from Climate Change and IWRs used in Subproject Water Balances ...... 120 Table 56: Awareness and Support of Project ...... 123 Table 57: Expected Benefits from the Project ...... 124 Table 58: Current Environmental Issues Affecting Commune ...... 124 Table 59: Environmental Impacts from Project Implementation ...... 125 Table 60: List of Participants in Public Consultation Meeting ...... 126

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of Core Subprojects ...... 24 Figure 2: Location of Lvea Commune Irrigation Subproject Components (red) (From Google Earth) ...... 26 Figure 3: Layout of Lvea Commune Irrigation Subproject ...... 27 Figure 4: Typical Cross Section of Canals ...... 28 Figure 5: Project Location of Chab Ampov Village Road, Kampong Cham province ...... 29 Figure 6: Location of 16 Subproject ...... 31 Figure 7: Typical Cross Section of Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Khnach Romeas Commune ...... 34 Figure 8: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune ...... 36 Figure 9: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune ...... 41 Figure 10: Typical Cross Section of Samraong SBST Road Sub-project ...... 42 Figure 11: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes ...... 45 Figure 12: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune ...... 47 Figure 13: Typical Cross Section of Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes ...... 51 Figure 14: Typical Cross Section of Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project ...... 53 Figure 15: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Sub-Project in Rumlech Commune ...... 55 Figure 16: Typical Cross Section of Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav ...... 57 Figure 17: Typical Cross Section of Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune ...... 59 Figure 18: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune ...... 63 Figure 19: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune ...... 66 Figure 20: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune ...... 69 Figure 21: Typical Cross Section of Prek Chik – Basak Secondary Canal ...... 72 Figure 22: Typical Cross Section for Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune ...... 75 Figure 23: Location of 7 Target Provinces ...... 79 Figure 24: The average rainfall chart of Siem Reap Province for the last 10 years ...... 83 Figure 25: Sampling Points for Surface Water, Groundwater and Noise, Lvea Commune ...... 86 Figure 26: Sampling Points for Surface Water, Groundwater and Noise, Banthaey and Chbar Ampov Communes ...... 86 Figure 27: Overgrown Banks and Canal Bed at Thnaot Village, Lvea Commune ...... 90 Figure 28: Overgrown Canal Banks at Takork Village, Lvea Commune ...... 90 Figure 29: Vegetation along Subprojects ...... 91 Figure 30: Sparse Vegetation in Paddy Areas ...... 91 Figure 31: Landcover Maps for the Seven Project Provinces ...... 91 Figure 32: MOE Protected Areas Map – showing National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Protected Landscapes, Multiple Use Areas, Ramsar Sites and Marine Parks ...... 95 Figure 33: Sensitive Receptor Sites for 16 Subprojects ...... 108 Figure 34: Cropping Calendar for Irrigation Subprojects ...... 114

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Figure 35: Irrigation Water Requirements from IPCC SRES ...... 121 Figure 36: Road Cross-Section at Culvert ...... 122

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LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo 1: Original Condition of Design Road in Khnach Romeas Commune, Battambang Province ...... 32 Photo 2: Original Condition of Design Road in Kouk Khmum, Battambang Province ...... 35 Photo 3: Original condition of design road in Bos Sbov Commune, Banteay Meanchey Province ...... 37 Photo 4: Original condition of Design Road in Samraong commune, Banteay Meanchey Province ...... 39 Photo 5: Original condition of design road in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes, Stoung District, Kampong Thom Province ...... 43 Photo 6: Original condition of design road of Pnov – Tang Krasang DBST Road, Kampong Thom province ...... 46 Photo 7: Existing Condition of two Bridges along the Proposed Laterite Road in Sandan-Dang Kambet, Kampong Thom province ...... 48 Photo 8: Original condition of design road in Kampong Trabaek commune, Prey Veng Province ...... 51 Photo 9: Original condition of design road in Rumlech Commune, Prey Veng Province ...... 53 Photo 10: Original condition of design road in Sangkat Chreav, Siem Reap Province ...... 56 Photo 11: Original condition of design road in Svay Sar Commune, Varin District, Siem Reap Province ...... 58 Photo 12: Original Condition of Design road in Tuol Snuol Commune, Krouch Chhmar District, Tboung Khmum Province ...... 60 Photo 13: Original condition of design road in Batheay and Me Pring Commune, Batheay District, Kampong Cham Province ...... 64 Photo 14: Original Condition of Design Road in Sdaeung Chey Commune, Cheung Prey District, Kampong Cham Province ...... 67 Photo 15: Existing condition of Basak – Preak Chik Canal, Battambant Province ...... 70 Photo 16: Existing condition of Bak Ay Canal of Kak Commune, Tboung Khmum Province .... 72 Photo 17: Public Consultation in Romlech Commune, Prey Veng Province ...... 128

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Background 1. This updated report is prepared as part of Project Implementation Phase ADB LOAN 3570, ADB GRANT 0542 AND IFAD LOAN 8331 CAM: Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project (TSSD) - Additional Financing (AF). This implementation stage is based on agreement between ADB and the Royal Government of (the government). The report covers 2 core subprojects and sixteen subprojects. The sixteen subprojects were already bid to do civil work bidding in 4 th quarter of 2019. - Two (2) Core subprojects: 1-Chbar Ampov Village Road subproject, Kampong Cham province and 2-Lvea Irrigation Subproject, Prey Veng Province, - Sixteen (16) Subprojects Bidding on December 2019 (1-Laterite Road in Knach Romeas commune, 2-DBST Road in Kouk Khmum commune, 3-Rehabilitation of Secondary Canal In Basak and Prek Chik Communes, 4-DBST Road in Bos Sbov commune, 5-SBST Road in Samraong commune, 6-SBST Road in Chi Meas Commune, 7-DBST Road in Tang Krasang and Pnov Commune, 8-Laterite road in Sandan and Dang Kambet commune, 9-SBST Road in Kampong Trabeak commune, 10-SBST Road in Romlech commune, 11-Asphalt concrete road in Sangkat Chreav, 12-Earth Road in Svay Sar commune, 13-Rahabilitation of Secondary canal (Bak Ay) in Kak Communes, 14-Concrete road in Toul Snuol commune, 15-DBST road in Batheay and Me Pring commune, 16-SBST Road in Sdaeung Chey commune). B. Assessment Findings 2. Pre-construction and design issues for the irrigation subproject focus on matching the total irrigation area for a new dry season crop to the availability of water. For the road rehabilitation subproject, careful design will be needed to ensure a longer flood-free access period than is presently the case and through-drainage of the road embankment so that it does not act as a flood barrier, but which also protects the integrity of paddy dykes for individual field inundation and drainage for rice growing during non-flood periods. 3. During construction of the subprojects, the main issues will be traffic accident, air and water pollution and soil erosion, all of which must be managed by strict control of construction contractors and effective implementation of EMP mitigation and monitoring measures. Additional localized traffic congestion is anticipated and this must be minimized by responsible transport planning. Health and safety of construction workers and the community is also, as always, a primary concern. 4. Post-construction, the main concerns for the irrigation subproject are local increases in the levels of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues and their effects on water quality and people. Post-construction mitigation will benefit from capacity building and training under the project to use fertilizers and pesticides efficiently and responsibly. There is also a concern that the irrigation scheme must be sustainable and responsibly managed, to ensure that agreed irrigation flows are maintained and other water users are not disadvantaged. 5. Post-construction impacts for the village road rehabilitation subproject will be from noise and dust from traffic and road safety issues. Increases in traffic impacts will be limited since the road will not open up new access or opportunities. Rather, it will provide an increased certainty of getting to and from markets and services for the villages it connects. 6. Mitigation of construction-phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractors to follow specification clauses specifically designed to minimize pollution of air and water and soil erosion. This mitigation will in turn rely on enforcement by the implementing agency’s Environmental Management Officer and the commune councils. 7. The project’s civil works will be complemented by a wide range of capacity building and livelihood integration and diversification activities. Particularly relevant to the environmental impact of the civil works is commune-based DRR which will be supported by the project through

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the preparation of a commune action plan and training plan for DRR relevant to the irrigation and village road subprojects. This will be integrated with existing Cambodian government national DRR training and planning programme through the National Committee for Disaster Management Secretariat, which aims to undertake all commune level DRR training and planning. 8. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the increased area of paddy as a result of the subprojects total approximately 968 tons/annum. 9. Adaptation to predicted future increases in irrigation water demand in the subproject areas have been covered in the design by the use of conservative estimates of irrigation water requirements (IWRs) for potential cropping patterns. The IWRs which were used in the water availability analysis already exceed the predicted crop water demands in 2020 and 2050 under climate change by 20% and 10% respectively, so the irrigation design is already climate change adapted. Key adaptation measures for the village road subproject focus on flood resilience from seasonal floods and extreme weather events. 10. The rapid environmental assessment for the project identified a medium climate risk. Therefore, a climate and disaster risk assessment (CDRA) was undertaken for the whole project 1 and its recommendations incorporated into project design. These include improving irrigation efficiency through conveyancing improvements, irrigation management, raising of road surface above normal flood level and significantly increasing the number of culverts and capacity of flow- through drainage structure. C. Capacity Building 11. The project includes extensive capacity building outputs directed at support to LIGs and FWUGs, promotion of value chain arrangements for produce, introduction of ICT and commune mobile access technology for agricultural extension and capacity in agricultural machinery. These will include specialized training which will cover environmental management measures in agricultural chemicals and water resource management which are identified in this IEE. D. Public Consultation 12. Public consultation commenced in the core subproject communes in March 2017, with information dissemination meetings in Lvea commune, Prey Veng, on 7-8 March 2017 and at the Banthaey and Chbar Ampov communes, Kampong Cham, on 10 March 2017. This was followed by a round of public consultation in the second half of April 2017 in all three communes in conjunction with the project household surveys. 13. Public consultation commenced in the sixteen (16) subproject communes in March 2019, with information dissemination meetings in all target communes in 7 provinces. This was followed by a round of public consultation in the November and December 2019 in all target communes in conjunction with the social safeguard meeting. E. Grievance Redress Mechanism 14. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established to receive and manage any public environmental issues that may arise due to the project. The environment officer in the implementing agency will coordinate the GRM. All project agencies and staff will be initiated into the GRM procedures by the implementation team and will take an active role in supporting the GRM when necessary. F. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Code of Conduct (CoC) 15. On February 2019 and August 2019, EMPs has prepared for the Chbar Ampov Village Road Subproject and Lvea Irrigation Subproject respectively. In this updated IEE will include EMPs for Category B Subproject and Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) for Category C subproject where the identified environmental impacts and mitigation measures are transformed into an action plan for their implementation. The EMPs/CoC includes methods of mitigation,

1 This used climate change scenarios in current ADB projects in rice and roads as well as the ADB Guidelines for climate proofing agriculture and transport infrastructure.

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responsibilities, indicators of progress, and frequency and nature of monitoring activities with cost estimates. The EMP and CoC are a critical document for each subproject. The provisions of the EMP/CoC will be incorporated into tender documents and construction contracts.

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overall Goals of the Project 16. The overall goal of the project is to assist the government to improve the management and governance of existing irrigation systems, increase agricultural production, and improve the productivity of subproject areas with the aim to increase the incomes of poor farmers. The project will focus on increased efficiency of irrigation systems and improved management of water resources in the uplands areas away from the Tonle Sap. 17. The impact of the overall project, which is aligned with the Cambodia Country Partnership Strategy 2014-2018, ADB’s Assessment, Strategy and Roadmap for the Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development Sector, and the government’s Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity, and Efficiency Phase III, will be improved livelihoods and resilience in target communes in seven provinces (Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Prey Veng, Siem Reap, and Tboung Khmum provinces) in the Tonle Sap Basin by 2023. The outcome of the overall project will be agricultural productivity increased, climate resilience strengthened, and access to markets improved in 270 communes in seven provinces in the Tonle Sap Basin. This will include improved rural infrastructure, improved agricultural support and rural financial services, increasing diversification of household economic activities, and the creation of on- and off-farm livelihood opportunities. 18. The project will focus on assisting communities establish livelihood improvement strategies for resource-poor farming households with assets that give them the potential to increase their farm based income. Outcomes will be measured on the basis of (i) average rice yields increasing to more than 3.5 t/ha; (ii) average rice yields of ID Poor households in target communes increased to minimum 3.0 t/ha for wet season rice production; (iii) diversified farming systems reduce share of household income from rice by 20%; (iv) marketed farm and off-farm products increased by 25%; and (v) awareness of climate smart agriculture and disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning increased. 19. The project has three major Outputs: 20. Output 1: Rural productive infrastructure and livelihood improved with capacity in disaster risk management enhanced. (i) Rural roads, small scale irrigation, and other production related infrastructure; (ii) Support to new and old livelihood improvement groups (LIGs); and (iii) Capacity building in disaster risk management. 21. Output 2: Enabling environment for increased agricultural productivity, diversification and climate resilience created. (i) Value chain and agribusiness support; (ii) Support to market improvement groups; and (iii) ICT/Commune Mobile Access program.

22. Output 3: Project management strengthened. B. Project Components 23. Under Output 1 the project will invest in commune infrastructure development focusing on improvements in irrigation and village roads. A long list of candidate subprojects in irrigation and roads was developed during the course of the implementation stage, along with selection criteria for finalizing the preferred ones. These criteria identified the two core subproject and sixteen subprojects to be bided in December 2019. These are three (3) irrigation subprojects and fifteen (15) village roads subprojects where are located in all seven provinces; Battambang, Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Thom, Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum, Prey Veng and Siem Reap provinces.

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C. The Initial Environmental Examination Report 24. The objectives of the IEE report are to: (i) Describe the existing natural and socio-economical resources in and surrounding project area; (ii) Identify and assess potential significant impacts based on existing environmental conditions including during project pre-construction, construction, and operation/ maintenance stages; (iii) Identify and recommend mitigation measures to minimize any potential impacts caused by project activities; (iv) Undertake public consultation to present subproject environmental issues to project stakeholders and local people of the subprojects area and to collect community concerns; and (v) Develop an EMP/CoC with cost estimates, and including monitoring plans during construction and operation stages to guide subproject implementation. 25. The IEE was prepared following the formats in the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS, 2009). ADB projects are assigned to an environment category depending on the significance of the potential environmental impacts and risks. This project has been classified as Category B for environment. The impacts of such projects are judged to be site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. An IEE, including an EMP is required. 26. Since the subprojects involve the refurbishment of existing small-scale infrastructure, they do not require environmental impact assessment under government sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK. 27. The sixteen subprojects which are the subject of this IEE have been chosen using a set of selection criteria which included environmental screening. This ensured that candidate subprojects with significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented were not included.

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II. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

28. This initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared for sixteen subprojects of the Additional Financing (AF) to the Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project (TSSD) in the Kingdom of Cambodia. It has been designed to satisfy both ADB and relevant Cambodian environmental guidelines and regulations. A. ADB Environmental Requirements 29. On the basis of subproject screening in the feasibility stage, using a rapid environmental checklist, the subprojects have been determined to be Category B and Category C for environmental impact as impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. This consolidated IEE has been prepared under the provisions of the ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 which requires a number of critical considerations, including: (i) project level grievance redress mechanism (GRM), including documentation in the environmental management plan (EMP)/Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC); (ii) physical cultural resources damage prevention analysis; (iii) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (iv) occupational and community health and safety requirements, including emergency preparedness and response); (v) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (vii) meaningful consultation and participation; and (viii) an EMP/CoC which comprises implementation schedule and (measurable) performance indicators. B. Cambodian Government Environmental Regulations 1. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management 30. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management was enacted by the National Assembly and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS-RKM-1296/36. It was enacted on 24 December 1996. This law has the following objectives: (i) To protect and promote environment quality and public health through prevention, reduction and control of pollution; (ii) To assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the government; (iii) To ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management and use of the natural resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia; (iv) To encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in the protection of environment and the management of the natural resources; and (v) To suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment.

31. Under this law the developers or project owners need to prepare an initial environmental impact assessment or a full environmental impact assessment (EIA) report for their proposed or existing development projects. 2. Environmental impact assessment process sub-decree 32. The sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK in the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment Process dated 11 August 1999 sets out EIA procedures. The main objectives of this sub-decree are: (i) To determine an EIA for every private and public project or activity, through review by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), prior to the submission for a decision from the government; (ii) To determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and on-going activities in both private and public sector prior to undertaking the process of EIA; and

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(iii) To encourage public participation in the implementation of the EIA process and take into account their input and suggestions for re-consideration prior to the implementation of any project. 33. The sub-decree includes an annex which provides a schedule of developments which require EIA. An excerpt for relevant industries is at Table 1 below. Table 1: List of Projects Required an Environmental Impact Assessment No. Type and activities of the projects Size / Capacity B. AGRICULTURE 1. Concession forest  10,000 Hectares 2. Logging  500 Hectares 3. Land covered by forest  500 Hectares 4. Agriculture and agro-industrial land  10,000 Hectares 5. Flooded and coastal forests All sizes 6. Irrigation systems  5,000 Hectares 7. Drainage systems  5,000 Hectares D INFRASTRUCTURE  1. Urbanization development All sizes 2. Industrial zones All sizes 3. Construction of bridge -roads ≥ 30 Ton nes weight 4. Buildings Height ≥ 12 meter or floor ≥ 8,000 square meter 5. Restaurants ≥ 500 Seats 6. Hotels ≥ 60 Rooms 7. Hotel adjacent to coastal area ≥ 40 Rooms 8. National road construction ≥ 100 Kilometres Source: Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK on Environment Impact Assessment Process. 1999.

3. Declaration (Prakas) No. 21 on Classification of Environmental Impact Assessment for Development Projects 34. The Prakas No. 21 on Classification of Environmental Impact Assessment for Development Projects dated 3 February 2020 sets out project classification which are required to compliance with MoE related to environmental assessment. The main objectives of this Prakas are: - To help facilitate and provide guidance to private and public development project owners to effectively implement the procedure for environmental impact assessment for development projects in the Kingdom of Cambodia, - to classify environmental impact assessment for development projects which are required to have Environmental Protection Agreement or Initial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report or Full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report 35. The Prakas includes an annex which provides a schedule of developments which require ESIA/IESIA/Environmental Protection Agreement. Classification of environmental impact assessment according to size of development project No. Type of project Environmental ESIA IESIA Protection Agreement 142 Irrigation system (≥5,000 hectares) (1000 – <5000 hectares) 143 Drainage System (≥5000 hectares) (1000 – <5000 hectares) 179 Road construction (> 100 km) (≥ 30 – 100 km) (10 – <30 km) 181 Road construction in natural (> 30 km) (≥ 10 – 30 km) (< 10 km) protected areas

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36. Irrigation subproject. Since subproject complies with the selection criteria and will involve the refurbishment of existing irrigation canals providing water for an additional 344 hectare (ha) only, it will not require environmental impact assessment under sub-decree No. 72 ANRK.BK and the new Prakas No 21 dated February 2020. 37. Village road subprojects. The rural village road rehabilitation and realignment does not qualify as national road construction and will be in the range 5 - <10 kilometer. Drainage structures and culverts will be rated for farm vehicles, farm machinery and small haulage, with maximum loads of 10-15 tons. It will therefore not require environmental impact assessment under the government’s regulations such as the EIA sub-decree No 72 and the New Prakas No 21 by MoE. 4. National Action Plan: Preparing for and Responding to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Kingdom of Cambodia 38. In response to the Covid-19, the Ministry of Health has updated Cambodia’s existing pandemic response strategy in a new document entitled “National Action Plan: Preparing for and Responding to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Kingdom of Cambodia , February to August 2020”. The Plan stages that the extent of geographic spread of COVID-19 within Cambodia will influence the set of response actions required at any given stage. Response actions fall along a continuum between two strategic approaches, namely Containment and Mitigation. Containment refers to stopping or slowing down the spread of a new disease. Mitigation refers to the set of public health options that Cambodia can take to minimize the health, social and economic impact of the epidemic once COVID-19 is widely circulating in the country. At the time of writing, the overall immediate health risk assessment from COVID-19 to Cambodia was considered moderate to high. Cambodia is currently in the Containment Phase. 39. The current COVID-19 National Action Plan has four strategic objectives: (1) to reduce and delay transmission, (2) to minimize serious disease and reduce associated deaths, (3) to ensure ongoing essential health services particularly during epidemic peak periods; and (4) to minimize social and economic impact through multi-sectoral partnerships. Nine priority areas of action to manage community transmission are drawn from the 2019 updated National Pandemic Preparedness Plan and are as follows: incident management and planning, surveillance and risk assessment, laboratory, clinical management and health care services, infection prevention and control, non-pharmaceutical public health measures, risk communication, points of entry and operational logistics. C. Evaluation Standards 1. Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers 40. The Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers was enacted on 14 January 2012. This law has the following objectives: (iv) to support a policy promoting the effectiveness potentiality of agriculture sector, for the development of social and national economy; (v) to ensure the safe and effective control of pesticides and fertilizers, whether in consistent with the international standards; (vi) to enhance public awareness on the implementation of standard requirements of pesticides and fertilizers for all relevant activities related to these products; and (vii) to reduce risks caused by the use of pesticides and fertilizers, for beneficiary of farmers and people nationwide, by ensuring food security, food safety, public health, and the sustainability of environment. 41. The scope of the law shall apply to the management and the implementation of standard requirements for: (i) all type of pesticides and fertilizers, raw materials or active ingredients and other compositions of pesticides and fertilizers which are used as inputs in agricultural production; and

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(ii) all activities of natural persons or legal entities who are traders, formulators, pests control services operators, advertisers, donors, and users of all types of pesticides and fertilizers. 2. Law on Water Resources Management 42. The Law on Water Resources Management was adopted by the National Assembly on 22 May 2007. This law provides procedures for the management of water resources within Cambodia. The purpose of the law is to foster the effective management of the water resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia to attain socio-economic development and the welfare of communities. 43. The Law determines: (i) The rights and obligations of water users; (ii) The fundamental principles of water resources management; (iii) The institutions in charge of its implementation and enforcement; and (iv) The participation of users and their associations in the sustainable development of water resources. 44. Under this law, the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) may declare any basin, sub-basin or aquifer as Water Law Implementation Area when within that basin, sub-basin, ground water or aquifer there are likely to be conflicts among water users, problems of water pollution or watershed degradation. 3. Water pollution control sub-decree

45. The sub-decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated on 6 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce the water pollution of public water so that the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity can be ensured. 46. This sub-decree applies to all sources of pollution and all activities causing pollution of public water areas. The sub-decree also provides the pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas. Water quality standards are stipulated in this sub- decree for public water (Table 2). Table 2: Water Quality Standard in Public Water Areas for Biodiversity Conservation No. Parameter Unit Standard Value A. River 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD 5 mg/l 1 – 10 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coli-form MPN/100ml < 5000 B. Lakes and Reservoirs 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 COD mg/l 1 – 8 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 – 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05 C. Coastal water 1 pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3 2 COD mg/l 2 – 8 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 5 Oil content mg/l 0 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.2– 1.0

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No. Parameter Unit Standard Value 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09 BOD 5 = biochemical oxygen demand, COD = chemical oxygen demand, l = liter, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, MPN = most probable number per 100ml, pH = potential of hydrogen. Source: Sub-Decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control. 1999.

4. Drinking water quality standards 47. For well water used for domestic purposes, including drinking, the Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy’s Drinking Water Quality Standards of January 2004 is the evaluation standard. These are summarized in Table 3. Table 3: Drinking Water standards Parameter Unit Standard Value pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 Turbidity NTU 5 Arsenic mg/l 0.05 Iron 0.03 Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 800 Chlorine mg/l 0.2-0.5 Copper mg/l 1 Sulphate mg/l 250 Nitrite mg/l 3 Nitrate mg/l 50 Lead mg/l 0.01 Mercury mg/l 0.001 Coliform CFU/100ml 0 CFU = Colony Forming Units, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, pH = potential of hydrogen. Source: Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy.

5. Solid waste management sub-decree

48. The sub-decree No. 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated on 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in order to ensure the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity. 49. This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste. 6. Air pollution control sub-decree

50. The sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance dated 10 July 2000. Its purpose is to protect the quality of environment and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution (Tables 4 and 5). This sub-decree applies to all movable sources and immovable sources of air and noise pollution. Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Standard Period 1h Period 8h Period 24h Period 1year Parameters Average mg/m 3 Average mg/m 3 Average mg/m 3 Average mg/m 3 Carbon monoxide (CO) 40 20 - - Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) 0.3 - 0.1 -

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 Ozone (O 3) 0.2 - - - Lead (Pb) - - 0.005 - Total Suspended Particulate - - 0.33 0.1 (TSP) mg/m 3 = milligram per cubic meter. Note: This standard applied to evaluation of ambient air quality and to monitoring of air pollution status. Source: Sub-Decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Control of Air Pollution and Noise Disturbance. 2000.

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Table 5: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dB (A))

Period Location 06:00 to 18:00 18:00 to 22:00 22:00 to 06:00 Silence Area - Hospital - Library 45 40 35 - School - Nursery Resident Area - Hotel 60 (55) 50 (55) 45 (45) - Administration place - House Commercial, Services Areas 70 65 50 and mix Small Industrial factories intermingling in residential 75 (70) 70 (70) 50 (70) areas Notes: This standard is applied to control of noise level of any source of activity that emitted noise into the public and residential areas. ( ) denotes World Bank/IFC EHS targets. Source: Sub-Decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Control of Air Pollution and Noise Disturbance. 2000.

7. Silt/Sediment quality

51. For the re-use and disposal of silt from canal cleaning or dredging, there is no government standard. Standards applying to paddy field environments from China and Japan will therefore be referenced. These will include PRC: GB4284-84 Control standards for pollutants in sludge for agricultural use , PRC: GB/T23486-2009 Sludge quality for afforestation in gardens or forests, and Japan’s Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for soil pollution , August 1991. 8. National Integrated Pest Management Programme

52. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme in Cambodia was established in 1993 after conducting national workshop on “Environment and IPM”. The overall goal of National IPM programme is to promote food security in Cambodia by enhancing the sustainability of intensified crop production system through the promotion of integrated crop management skills at farm level. The objectives of this programme are: (i) to reduce dependence on agricultural chemical, especially pesticides, in agricultural production and to minimize hazards to the human health, animals and environment; (ii) to develop the capacity of farmers and agricultural technical officers in conducting training and experiments so that they are able to identify problems occurring in agricultural production and find appropriate solution to deal with the problem by themselves; and (iii) to educate farmers on agricultural technology by enhancing their knowledge on field ecology and by developing skills among farmers in monitoring and analyzing field situations that enable them to manage crops properly.

53. At the national level, the position of the IPM Programme was strengthened by a Prakas (Ministerial Declaration) in July 2002, recognizing the National IPM Programme as coordinating body for all IPM related activities in Cambodia. The Prakas also established a Steering Committee and a Deputy Director to act as the National Coordinator. 54. For pesticides, while Cambodia is a signatory to the Stockholm Convention of persistent organic pollutants, it lacks restrictions on distribution and use of these chemicals, and can be accessible to personnel without proper training, equipment, and facilities to handle, store, apply and dispose of these products properly. In this case, international good practice such as the

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Food and Agricultural Organization’s International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides will be enacted by the project.

D. International Agreements

55. International Conventions and Agreements to which Cambodia is a signatory and to which the country has ratified are the following: (i) Kyoto Protocol ratified – 2002; (ii) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ratified - 1995; (iii) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1995; (iv) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – 2003; (v) UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) ratified – 1997; (vi) CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) – 1997; (vii) World Heritage Convention – 1991; (viii) ASEAN Heritage Convention (National Parks: Bokor and Virakchey) (regional) – 2003; (ix) Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships - 1994; (x) Measures on prevention of climate change, ozone depletion, on freshwater resource protection and on sustainable forest ASEAN - 1999; (xi) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (RAMSAR) – 1999; (xii) Basel Convention on Control, Transport and Disposal of Trans-boundary Hazardous Waste - 2001; (xiii) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants – 2001; and (xiv) Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer – 2001.

E. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines

56. ADB’s SPS (2009) applies pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. The EHS Guidelines provide the context of international best practice and contribute to establishing targets for environmental performance. The noise standards in the EHS Guidelines will be used to complement the government standards in this document where needed. The EHS Guidelines provide no targets for water quality or soil quality. For these parameters United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Drinking Water Standards were used. 57. Occupational and community health and safety, as laid out in the EHS Guidelines, will be a cross-cutting assessment for the subprojects.

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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS

A. Overall Project

58. The TSSD-AF will modify the on-going project scope by strengthening activities in the existing 196 communes of the TSSD project and scale up the current project activities in an additional 75 communes. With the AF, the overall project impact will be improved livelihoods and resilience in target communes in five provinces in the Tonle Sap Basin 2 where TSSD activities have been undertaken. These five provinces, plus Battambang, and Prey Veng will be included in TSSD-AF. The project outcome will be increased agricultural productivity and improved access to markets in 271 communes in the Tonle Sap Basin. 59. The project has three major Outputs:  Output 1: Rural productive infrastructure and livelihood improved with capacity in disaster risk management enhanced (i) Rural roads, small scale irrigation, and other production related infrastructure; (ii) Support to new and old livelihood improvement groups (LIGs); and (iii) Value chain support.  Output 2: Enabling environment for increased agricultural productivity, diversification and climate resilience created. (i) Quarterly value chain cluster meetings; (ii) Information and communication technology (ICT)/commune mobile access program; (iii) Developing capacity to service agricultural machinery at commune level.  Output 3: Project management strengthened. 60. TSSD-AF subproject outputs under Output 1 which require civil works will require environmental impact assessment. These are: 1a - Rural Roads: will rehabilitate a total of 450 km of DRR road in commune areas prone to floods. 1b - Small Scale Irrigation: will rehabilitate a total of 6,000 ha of irrigation capable of year round water provision and support tertiary irrigation construction where indicated as viable after a feasibility study.

61. Outputs 1a and 1b will be delivered under similar methodologies. Road and irrigation subprojects will be included in commune development plans (CDP), confirming community interest. 62. The civil works under Output 1 will be complemented by support to communes, water user groups and farmers under Output 2. Under this output, at each irrigation scheme the design and supervision consultants will ascertain if tertiary canals should be constructed or if pumping remains the better technical option. Should tertiary canals seem the appropriate option they will include the project on the CDP and make a request to the national design and construction supervision contractor to undertake a feasibility study. Once the feasibility study is approved by ADB tertiary canal construction can be supported. The environmental assessment of these works would be carried out in accordance with the EARF. 63. Capacity building in support of the civil works to ensure their sustainability will include training of trainers in the national climate smart curriculum being developed between the Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the

2 Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, and Tboung Khmum provinces.

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United Nations under the service provision contract, rice and diversified production elements using training methodologies adapted from farmer field schools. The project will also facilitate quarterly meetings in each commune between input suppliers, farmers, and processors/traders to develop value chain clusters.

B. Core Subprojects 64. A long list of candidate subprojects was developed during the course of the PPTA, along with selection criteria for finalizing the preferred ones. These criteria identified the first two core subprojects to be funded. These are the Lvea Commune irrigation rehabilitation in Prey Veng Province and the Banthaey to Chbar village road rehabilitation in Kampong Cham Province (Figure 2). Figure 1: Location of Core Subprojects

Source : NIRVn - Map created using QGIS, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43121523.

1. Irrigation Rehabilitation in Lvea Commune, Prey Veng Province

65. Irrigated agriculture in Prey Veng Province is rice-based with irrigation used mainly for a second crop in the dry season. If sufficient irrigation water is available, a second crop of rice is sown. In general, lands have level topography and the poor condition of the canals is the primary constraint to irrigation. 66. Farmers employ low-head portable diesel pumps (owned or rented) where the water level in canals or even drains are too low to service lands by gravity. Rice yields are moderate to good in general between 1.5 and 3 ton/ha, with only a few places reaching 2.5 tons/ha. Post- harvest

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drying and processing are potentially wasteful with significant losses. Seed quality is often poor. Most planting is broadcast, and requires both rain and some irrigation to meet the large needs of land soaking and land preparation. 67. Under this subproject it is proposed to rehabilitate three secondary canals with a total length of 4 km. Water will come from primary and secondary canals supplied by Pumping Station No. 2 on the Trabaek River. These are: (i) Secondary Canal 1: a 1 km canal north of Highway 1 in Thnaot village, flowing south from a secondary canal: adding a command area of 57 ha for a dry season crop. (ii) Secondary Canal 2: a 3 km long canal south of Highway 1, starting at an intake gate on main canal (no. 10) and flowing eastward through Boeung Snao and Takork villages and finishing at a ruined Pol Pot era gate: adding 179 ha for a dry season crop. (iii) Secondary Canal 3: a 1 km long canal south of Highway 1, starting at an intake gate on main canal (no.10) and flowing westward: adding 69 ha for a dry season crop. 68. Rehabilitation will involve the excavation of existing canals to re-establish efficient flow rates and carrying capacities and the installation or repair of regulators at the junctions with main canal, and road/track crossing points.

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Figure 2: Location of Lvea Commune Irrigation Subproject Components (red) (From Google Earth) SC1

SC2 SC3

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Figure 3: Layout of Lvea Commune Irrigation Subproject SC1

SC3 SC2

Source: PPTA Team.

69. Expected increases in dry season cropping areas from the rehabilitation of these three secondary canals is 307ha: (i) 57 ha at Thnaot Village; (ii) 179 ha at Boeung Snao and Takork Villages; and (iii) 71 ha at the western extension of the Boeung Snao and Takork canal 70. The specifications of the subproject comprise works to improve the secondary canals. The proposed works are summarized in Table 6 and cross sections for the three canals at Figure 4. Table 6: List of Structures Description of Description of No. Station Type of Structure Existing Structure Rehabilitation Measure 1 SC1 (PK. 0+025) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell RE New Design with Pr/Ch 2 SC1 (PK. 0+410) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell RE New Design with Pr/Ch 3 SC2 (PK. 1+043) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell N/A New Design with Pr/Ch

4 SC2 (PK. 1+551) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell N/A New Design with Pr/Ch 5 SC2 (PK. 1+825) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell RE New Design with Pr/Ch 6 SC2 (PK. 2+094) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell RE New Design with Pr/Ch 7 SC3 (PK. 0+000) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell RE New Design with Pr/Ch 8 SC3 (PK. 0+420) Pipe Culvert 1 Cell N/A New Design with Pr/Ch Note: Note: RE: Remove existing structure, Pr/Ch: Protection/Channeling, N/A: Not available, SC: Secondary Canal

Figure 4: Typical Cross Section of Canals

Source: PPTA Team.

2. Village road rehabilitation in Chbar Ampov Communes

71. A 1.37 km section of the road through Chbar Ampov village will be rehabilitated. In a southerly direction, the proposed road joins a recently improved road which, through a longer route, links to Highway No. 6 through Chealea commune (see map below). This is the route villagers use when the road through Batheay commune to Highway No. 6 is flooded. 72. At present the village has a 5m to 6m wide earth road that was funded by the commune. The road is in fair condition but becomes muddy and slippery during rain. Two culverts taking drainage flows under the road are in good condition but may require cleaning. The road is affected by flood roughly one year in two. 73. It is assumed that traffic will comprise motorcycles, cars, small trucks and farm vehicles with maximum loads of 10 to 15 tons. 74. The road embankment will be raised where necessary to take the top elevation just over 10 m msl, which will be above the local Mekong flood level about 3 years in 4 and thereby provide improved disaster risk reduction. The road will be provided with 4 m wide x 0.15 m thick concrete surface. The decision on the pavement width was made with regard to cost and the need to restrict resettlement issues. Given the relatively low levels of traffic, continuous grassed shoulders built up to the height of the concrete pavement and providing a total width of 5 m will provide adequate space for larger vehicles to pass one another. The shoulder material must be stable but able to

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support grass. A well graded sandy soil with some gravel is suitable. The concrete pavement will be laid on a well compacted subbase which will be stabilized with cement or lime where necessary. 75. Grass will be planted on the embankment and shoulders to improve resilience to heavy rain and floods and thus improve climate resilience. 76. Some stone will come from the local stone quarry, but most construction material will come from the Skun town at the junction of Highway No. 6 and Highway No. 7, about 24 km from Chbar Ampov. 77. The Chbar Ampov Commune Committee – CC will be the project owner. The CC will sign and manage the contract and monitor construction by the contractor with guidance and support from the Infrastructure Design and Supervision Consultants. Figure 5: Project Location of Chab Ampov Village Road, Kampong Cham province

Concrete Pavement

C. 16 Subprojects 78. A long list of candidate subprojects was developed during the course of the implementation plan in 2019, along with selection criteria for finalizing the preferred ones. In fourth quarter of 2019, these criteria identified the sixteen (16) subprojects in seven provinces to be funded. Below table lists the 16 subprojects and location of target subprojects is in Figure 6.

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Table 7: List of Sixteen Subprojects for bidding in 4 th Quarter of 2019

Length No. Bid No. Description SP Type Commune District Province (km) TSSD-AF-BTB- Reparation of 5.00 km of Laterite Knach 1 NCB-W/RR005- Knach Romeas Laterite 5 Bavel Battambang Road Romeas NCDDS Road TSSD-AF-BTB- Improvement of 1.898 DBST Kouk Thma 2 NCB-W/RR021- km of Kouk Khmum 1.898 Battambang Road Khmum Koul NCDDS DBST Road Rehabilitation of 9 km of TSSD-AF-BTB- Inter Commune Basak~ SC Basak- 3 NCB-W/IR019- 9 Rukh Kiri Battambang Prek Chik Canal Irrigation Prek Chik NCDDS subproject TSSD-AF-BMC- Preah Upgrading of 2.786 km DBST Banteay 4 NCB-W/RR006- 2.786 Bos Sbov Netr of Bos Sbov DBST Road Road Meanchey NCDDS Preah TSSD-AF-BMC- Improvement of 2.511km SBST Banteay 5 NCB-W/RR008- of Samraong SBST 2.51 Ou Chrov Road Meanchey NCDDS Road Msar Improvement of 6.056 TSSD-AF-KPT- Krang and km of Msar Krang and SBST Kampong 6 NCB-W/RR010- 6 Kampong Stoung Kampong Chen Cheung Road Thom NCDDS Chen SBST Road Cheung TSSD-AF-KPT- Improvement of 4.390km Tang DBST Kampong 7 NCB-W/RR017- of Tang Krasang – Pnov 4.39 Krasang- Santuk Road Thom NCDDS DBST Road Pnov TSSD-AF-KPT- Construction of 7.388 km Sandan Laterite Kampong 8 NCB-W/RR003- of Sandan – Dang 7.388 and Dang Sandan Road Thom NCDDS Kambet Laterite Road Kambet TSSD-AF-PVG- Construction of 3.497 km SBST Kampong Kampong 9 NCB-W/RR023- of Kampong Trabeak 3.497 Prey Veng Road Trabaek Trabaek NCDDS SBST Road TSSD-AF-PVG- Improvement of 2.750 SBST Sithor 10 NCB-W/RR014- km of Romlech SBST 2.75 Romlech Prey Veng Road Kandal NCDDS Road Improvement of 1.00 km TSSD-AF-SRP- Asphalt of Chreav Asphalt Siem 11 NCB-W/RR007- 1 Concrete Chreav Siem Reap Concrete Pavement Reap NCDDS Road Road TSSD-AF-SRP- Rehabilitation of 8.993 Earth 12 NCB-W/RR009- km of Svay Sar Earth 8.993 Svay Sar Varin Siem Reap Road NCDDS Road TSSD-AF-TKM- Rehabilitation of 5.5 km SC Ponhea Tboung 13 NCB-W/IR013- of Bak Ay Canal 5.5 Kak Irrigation Kraek Khmum NCDDS subproject TSSD-AF-TKM- Upgrading of 1.5 km of Concrete Krouch Tboung 14 NCB-W/RR004- Tuol Snuol Concrete 1.5 Tuol Snuol Road Chhmar Khmum NCDDS Road TSSD-AF-KPC- Construction of 3.327 km DBST Batheay- Kampong 15 NCB-W/RR016- of Batheay – Me Pring 3.327 Batheay Road Me Pring Cham NCDDS DBST Road TSSD-AF-KPC- construction of 2.508 km SBST Sdaeung Cheung Kampong 16 NCB-W/RR015- of Sdaeung Chey SBST 2.508 Road Chey Prey Cham NCDDS Road

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Figure 6: Location of 16 Subproject

1. Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Khnach Romeas Commune, , Battambang Province (5km-length and 1 road culvert) 79. The proposed sub-project names the laterite road construction of Khnach Romeas Commune. This sub-project is located in Khnach Romeas Commune, Bavel District, Battambang Province. This proposed sub-project is located about 45km north-west of Battambang City and it could be passing and take about 1 hour through National Road 5 and National Road 57B. The Khnach Romeas Commune is bounded by Bavel and Kdol Tahen Commune at the west, at the east side is bordered with Anlung Run and Roung Chrey Commune and at the north is bounded by Commune. 80. This proposed laterite pavement road construction sub-project of Khnach Romeas Commune is linking from National Road No. 57B to provincial road (Phnom 150) which it could be accessed to provincial town. As present, the proposed road is basically constructed earth road which had been used by people in four villages of Khnach Romeas Commune and also used by other people from neighbor communes and the road condition is muddy, slippery while raining and flooded during wet season. Based on survey team, the existing top width road is 5.5 m – 6.5 m (See Photo 1). Photo 1: Original Condition of Design Road in Khnach Romeas Commune, Battambang Province

81. The proposed laterite road which originally in Commune Investment Plan (CIP) is 18.89km length with 6m width (the existing width is 5.5 m – 6.5 m), 1:1.5 of slide slope and 11 places of single pipe culverts (800mm diameters and 7m-length) and it was already surveyed but according to some existing condition of the road is properly usable so the design team have decided to select station 8+000 to station 13+000 for detail design study which this station which currently condition is muddy, slippery while raining and flooded during heavy raining. This proposed station 8+000 to 13+00 laterite road sub-project with length of 5km, width of 5m, 1:1.5 side slop, one (1) single pipe culvert (800m diameters and 6.0m length) and laterite pavement of 150mm-thk. Based on typical cross section (Figure 7), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The estimation period of construction of Khnach Romeas Laterite Road Sub-project is about 150 days

Table 8: Summary Scope of Work for Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Khnach Romeas Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with 1.1 tone 40 Fair road in 50 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staffs and labor to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by 2.1 m2 50,624.25 removing of top soil at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the trees having 30cm-dia. or more. no 15 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 39,747.83 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.4 m3 39,747.83 compaction, no less than 98% Soil transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with 2.5 m3 39,747.83 difficult road in 50 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment 2.6 m2 4,956.37 and growth establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road pavement after compacted m3 3,945.00 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering 2.8 m3 3,945.00 and compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel transportation to construction site with difficult 2.9 m3 3,945.00 road in 50 km-dist. 3 Structure 3.1 Reinforced concrete M25 (include material transportation) m3 3.54 3.2 Blinding concrete M10 (include material transportation) m3 1.82 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut, bent and fixed 3.3 Kg 164.98 securely in place as shown on the drawings 3.4 RC pipe, 0.8m-dia. m 7 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 3 4.2 Project Signboard no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to road embankment 4.3 no. 4 (Provisional Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Environmental Health and Safety Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient 5.1 LS 1 safety equipment (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1 Source: SSP6, 2019

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Figure 7: Typical Cross Section of Laterite Road Reparation Sub-project in Khnach Romeas Commune

2. DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune, Thma Koul District, Battambang Province (1.898 km-length) 82. The proposed sub-project names the DBST road construction of Kouk Khmum Commune. This sub-project is located in Kouk Khmum Commune, Thma Koul District, Battambang Province. The Kouk Khmum Commune is bounded by and Commune at the east, at the west side is bordered with Bansay Commune, at the south is bounded by Ou Ta Ki Commune and at the north is bounded by Chrouy Commune. 83. At the present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been used by people in three villages of Kouk Khmum Commune and also used by other people from neighbor communes and the road condition is muddy, slippery while raining and flooded during wet season. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 9 meter.

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Photo 2: Original Condition of Design Road in Kouk Khmum, Battambang Province

84. Designed dimension standards of DBST Road in Kouk Khmum commune are 1.898 km- length, 4m-width, DBST pavement 38mm-thk, base course of 150mm-thickness and laterite sub-base is to vary following existing level. Based on typical cross section (Figure 8), the total road shoulder is 0.5 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides.The estimation of construction of Kouk Khmum DBST Road Sub-project is about 120 days. 85. Under achievement output of the DBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 9: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road 1.1 tone 40 in 25 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labor to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top 2.1 m2 9,857.23 soil at least 15cm-thk Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and 2.2 m2 1,563.35 growth establishing 2.3 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 3,112.99 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.4 m3 3,112.99 compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 40 km- 2.5 m3 3,112.99 dist. 3 Structure 3.1 DBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 292.29 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, 3.2 m3 1,239.39 (Include material transportations)

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 1 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional 4.3 no. 3 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1 Figure 8: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Sub-project in Kouk Khmum Commune

3. DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune, Preah Netr Preah District, Banteay Meanchey Province (2.786km-length and 5 road culverts) 86. The proposed sub-project names the DBST Road construction of Bos Sbov Commune. This sub-project is located in Bos Sbov Commune, Preah Netr Preah District, Banteay Meanchey Province. This proposed sub-project is located about 20km eastern of City (the capital town of Banteay Meanchey Province) and the proect site could be reached through National Road 6 about 10km from the town and about 10km through Road No.268B and take about 30min. The Bos Sbov Commune is bounded by Sangkat Kampong Svay of Serei Saophoan City at the west, at the east side is bordered with Saroung and Ta Pho Commune of

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Commune and at the south is bounded by Sangkat Phneat of Serei Saophoan. 87. This proposed DSBT road construction sub-project of Bos Sbov Commune is linking two villages namely Kbal Khting and Bantoat Baoh to Road No.268B and National Road N.6. At the present, the proposed road is basically constructed earth road which had been used by people in two villages of Bos Sbov Commune and also used by other people from neighbor communes and the road condition is muddy, slippery while raining and flooded during wet season. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 5 m – 6.5 m (Photo 3). Photo 3: Original condition of design road in Bos Sbov Commune, Banteay Meanchey Province

88. The proposed DBST road which originally in CIP is 2.78km length with 5 places of single pipe culverts (1000mm-diameter and 7m-length) and the designed dimension of the DBST is 2.78km with 5m-width, 1:1.5 of slide slopes with 5 places of single pipe culvert (1000mm- diameter and 7m-length). The estimation of construction of Bos Sbov DBST Road Sub-project is about 120 days. Based on typical cross section (Figure 9), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. 89. Under achievement output of the DBST Road sub-project of the Bos Sbov, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 10: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune

No. Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with Fair road in 1.1 tone 40 19km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staffs and labors to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 19,652.75 at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 2,847.15

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No. Description of work Unit Quantity Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no less 2.3 m3 2,847.15 than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 2 km- 2.4 m3 2,847.15 dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.5 m2 2,376.01 establishing 2.6 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 1,716.18 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.7 m3 1,716.18 compaction, no less than 98% 2.8 Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with Fair road in 20 km-dist. m3 1,716.18 3 Structure and DBST 3.1 DBST-38mm m3 529.34 3.1a Crush Stone m3 3,172.42 3.2 Reinforced concrete M25 m3 24.65 3.3 Blinding concrete M10 m3 11.3 3.4 Mortar m3 0.12 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut, bent and fixed securely in place 3.5 Kg 1,630.60 as shown on the drawings 3.6 RC pipe, 1m-dia. m 35 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 3 4.2 Project signboard no. 1 4.3 Traffic sign as required on approaches to road embankment (Provisional Qty.) no. 3 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) LS 1

4. Samraong SBST Road Sub-project (2.511 Km-Length and 1 Box culvert) in Samraong Commune, Ou Chrov District, Banteay Meanchey Province 90. The proposed sub-project names the Samraong SBST Road is located Samraong commune, Ou Chrov District of Banteay Meanchey Province, around 22 km west of the provincial and through National Road No. 5. Banteay Meanchey is a province of Cambodia located on the Uplands of the Country. It borders the provinces of Battambang to the south, Siem Reap to the east, Paoy Paet to the west, and shares an international border with Thialand to the west. Its capital and largest city is Serei Saophoan. 91. Ou Chrov district is a western district in the province and shares a border with Thialand and Battambang province. Reading from the north clockwise, Ou chrov shares a border with Serei Saophoan district to the east. The north border of the district is shared with of Banteay Meanchey and the Thailand, province Sa Kaeo, which also wraps around to the western border. To the south Bavel districts of Battambang. 92. The sub-project was originally constructed in the Regime in about 1977.

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The methodology of construction can be classified as indigenous as no heavy equipment was available by that time. The compaction of the road embankment was done manually, pooling a mass of people to do the required filling and compaction. As a result, the facilities did not last long under extreme weather conditions like heavy rains and floods. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m – 9 m. Photo 4: Original condition of Design Road in Samraong commune, Banteay Meanchey Province

93. Designed dimension standards of SBST Road in Samraong commune are 2.511 km- length, 5m-width , SBST pavement 19mm-thk, Base course of 200mm-thickness and laterite sub- base is to vary following existing level, and 1 box culverts. Based on typical cross section (Figure 10), the total road shoulder is 1.2 meter width that will be grassed sod both sides. 94. Under achievement output of the SBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 11: Summary of Scope of Work for Samraong SBST Road Sub-project

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 1.1 tone 40 22 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staffs and labours to site LS 1 1.3 Site camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top 2.1 m2 18,659.03 soil at least 15cm-thk 53.00 2.2 Removing and disposal of the trees having a 30cm diameter. nos. (Fruit Tree) Supplying and grassing on both side slopes of road embankment and 2.3 m2 4,846.81 growth establishing 2.4 Laterite cost and excavation for subbase after compacted m3 7,878.90 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road Laterite with watering and compaction, 2.5 m3 7,974 no less than 98%

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 50 km- 2.6 m3 7,878.90 dist .

3 Structure 3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 247.35 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, (Include 3.2 m3 2,726.95 material transportations) Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.3 m3 29.31 transportations) Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material 3.4 m3 2.10 transportations) Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely 3.5 Kg 3,640.88 in place as shown on the Drawings (Include material transportation) 3.6 Soil fill, spread, watering, compaction and removal for detour road nos 1 3.7 Gabion Mattress (6x2x0.3m) m3 4.80 3.8 Geo-Textile m2 19.60

4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) nos. 2 4.2 Project Sign Board nos. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to road embankment (Provisional 4.3 nos. 3 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

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Figure 9: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Sub-project in Bos Sbov commune

Figure 10: Typical Cross Section of Samraong SBST Road Sub-project

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5. SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes, Stoung District, Kampong Thom Province (6.056km-length with 1 Road box culvert) 95. The proposed sub-project names the SBST Road is located Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes, Stoung District of Kampong Thom Province. This sub-project is located about 55km at the east west of Kampong Thom Town and this area could be accessed through National Road No. 6. At the present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been used by people in six villages of these two communes. The road condition is muddy and slippery while raining and flooded if heavily rain. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 6.9 m – 9 m. Photo 5: Original condition of design road in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes, Stoung District, Kampong Thom Province

96. The proposed subproject is link through Msar Krang Commune to Kampong Chen Cheung Commune was identified as prioritized and top-ranking sub-project of 59 target communes of Kampong Thom Province. This design standard of SBST pavement road improvement sub-project with 6.056km-length, 5m-width and 1:1.5 side slop with one (1) place of box culvert (4.7m-width, 7.5m-length) will be constructed to link Stoung capital town to Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes. Based on typical cross section (Figure 11), the total road shoulder is 1.2 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The total number of civil works of Chi Meas SBST pavement improvement project is about 210days. 97. Under achievement output of the SBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 12: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with 1.1 tone 40 good road in 5km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work s LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by 2.1 m2 47,357.48 removing of top soil at least 15cm-thk 160.00 2.2 Removing and disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. (Fruit trees)

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity

2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 21,858.71 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.4 m3 21,858.71 compaction, no less than 98% Soil transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with 2.5 m3 21,858.71 fair road in 3 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment 2.6 m2 10,917.56 and growth establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 3,471 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering 2.8 m3 3,471 and compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with fair road in 2.9 m3 4,512.30 30 km-dist. 3 Structure

3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportation) m3 581.38

Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 3.2 m3 4,808.46 98%, (Include material transportation) 3.3 Remove existing structures and disposal LS 1

3.4 Temporary coffer dam and Detour m3 325

3.5 Soil excavation for bridge foundation . m3 103.79

3.6 Soil backfill and compaction, no less than 98% for Box Culvert m3 24.60 Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.7 m3 32.12 transportation) Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material 3.8 m3 3 transportation) Cerement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely 3.9 in place as shown on the Drawings (Include material Kg 4,497.12 transportation) 3.10 Dowel Bar (Ø16) no. 10

3.11 PVC water stop (w=200mm) m 12.90 3.12 Steel U 50x50x3mm m 19.20

3.13 Gabion Mattress (6x2x0.3m) m3 12.61 3.14 Geo-Textile m2 60

4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 7 4.2 Project Signboard no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment 4.3 no. 20 (Provisional Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1

5 Safety and environment control

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient 5.1 LS 1 safety equipment (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environment management plan (EMP) LS 1 Figure 11: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Improvement Sub-project in Msar Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung Communes

6. DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune, Santuk District, Kampong Thom Province (4.395km-length and 1 pipe culvert) 98. The proposed sub-project names the DBST Road construction of Pnov-Tang Krasang Commune. This sub-project is located in Pnov and Tang Krasang Commune, Santuk District, Kampong Thom Province. The proposed sub-project is located about 34km from Steung Sen town of Kampong Thom Province (Fig. 9). This sub-project site could be accessed through National Road No.6 and take about one hour from the Steung Sen town. 99. This proposed DSBT road construction sub-project of Tang Krasang and Pnov Commune is linking Pnov and Tang Krasang Commune to National Road No. 6 especially it is linking the commune to community market of Santuk District where is located along the National Road No.6. 100. As present, the proposed road is basically laterite road which had been used by people from Tang Krasang and Pnov Commune and also used by other people from neighbor communes and the road condition is muddy, slippery while raining and flooded during wet season. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m.

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Photo 6: Original condition of design road of Pnov – Tang Krasang DBST Road, Kampong Thom province

The designed standard of DBST road is 4.395km length (5m-width and 1:1.5 of side slope) with 1 places of single pipe culverts (1000mm-diameter and 6m-length). The construction of Pnov-Tang Krasang DBST Road is estimated about 180days (6 months) . Based on typical cross section ( 101. Figure 12), the total road shoulder is 1.63 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides 102. Under achievement output of the DBST Road sub-project of the Pnov and Tang Kransang Commune, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 13: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with hard road in 18 1.1 tone 40 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staffs and labors to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 34,805.33 at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 4,340.11 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.3 m3 4,340.11 less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 2 km- 2.4 m3 4,340.11 dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.5 m2 14,846.26 establishing 2.6 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 3,292.50 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 3,292.50 compaction, no less than 98% 2.7 Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with fair road in 20 km-dist. m3 3,292.50 3 Structure and DBST 3.1 DBST pavement (Include material transportation) m3 834.10

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, (Include 3.1a m3 4,390 material transportation) 3.2 Reinforced concrete M25 m3 4.93 3.3 Blinding concrete M10 m3 2.26 3.4 Mortar m3 0.02 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut, bent and fixed securely in place 3.5 Kg 326.12 as shown on the drawings 3.8 RC pipe, 1m-dia. m 6 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 5.00 4.2 Project signboard no. 1 4.3 Traffic sign as required on approaches to road embankment (Provisional Qty.) no. 3 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

Figure 12: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Subproject in Pnov & Tang Krasang commune

7. Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes, Sandan District, Kampong Thom Province (7.39km-Length with 01 Concrete Bridge, 01 Causeway and 4 Culverts) 103. The proposed sub-project names the rehabilitation of Sandan-Dang Kambet laterite road. This laterite road located in Sandan and Dang Kambet commune, Sandan district, Kampong Thom province. Sandan is at the north of Kampong Thom provincial town, the district capital of Sandan is located around 70km north-east of the provincial capital town of Kampong Thom province. 104. As present, the proposed road is basically unconstructed earth road which had been used by people in three villages of these two communes. The road condition is muddy and slippery while raining and people could not be accessed if heavily rain, an old wooden bridge across Ou Touk have been constructed by people’s fund of Sandan commune but currently is almost unusable and another one wooden bridge also constructed by people in Dang Kambet Commune and it is unusable for

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heavy vehicles even two-wheel hand tractor or car. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 5 m – 15 m. Photo 7: Existing Condition of two Bridges along the Proposed Laterite Road in Sandan-Dang Kambet, Kampong Thom province

The proposed subproject is link through Sandan Commune to Dang Kambet Commune was identified as prioritized and top ranking sub-project of 59 target communes of Kampong Thom Province. This proposed sub-project for construction of laterite pavement road with 7.39km-length, 4.5m-width and 1:1.5 side slop with 3 single pipe culverts (6.0m-diameters and 6.0m-length), a triple pipe culvert (600mm diameters and 6.0m length), a causeway (17.3m-width and 6.0m length) and a bridge (4.8m-width and 12.5m-length) will be constructed to link between Dan Kambet commune to Sandan commune which is the capital town of Sandan district. Based on typical cross section (

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105. Figure 13), the total road shoulder is 2 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. 106. Under achievement output of the Laterite Road construction sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 14: Summary Scope of Work for Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 1.1 tone 40 70 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work s LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 64,389.13 at least 15cm-thk 225.00 (Fruit tree; 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. cashew nut, Banna …) 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 69,664.32 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.4 m3 69,664.32 less than 98% Soil transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with difficult road 2.5 m3 69,664.32 in 5 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.6 m2 30,352.79 establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road pavement after compacted m3 7,912.55 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 7,912.55 compaction, no less than 98% 2.9 Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with difficult road in 5 km-dist . m3 7,912.55 3 Structure 3.1 Reinforced c oncrete pavement M30 m3 30.69

3.2 Reinforced concrete M25 m3 150.02 3.3 Blinding concrete M10 m3 40.10 3.4 Mortar m3 2.05 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely in 3.5 Kg 14,429.73 place as shown on the Drawings

3.6 Stone Masonry m3 10.04 3.7 Pile 300 x 300 m 96 3.8 Gabion Mattress (6x2x0.3m) m3 39.60 3.9 Geo-Textile m2 132

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity 3.10 RC pipe, 0.6m-dia. m 138 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 6 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1

4.3 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional Qty.) no. 15 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environment management plan (EMP) LS 1

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Figure 13: Typical Cross Section of Sandan-Dang Kambet Laterite Road Sub-project in Sandan & Dang Kambet Communes

8. Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project (3.479 km of Length, 5m-width) in Kampong Trabaek Commune, Kampong Trabaek District, Prey Veng Province 107. The proposed sub-project names the SBST Road construction of Kampong Trabaek Commune, Kampong Trabaek District, Prey Veng Province. This proposed sub-project is located about 57km south east of Prey Veng town and it could be accessed through National Road 11 and National Road No 1. The Kampong Trabaek Commune is bordered by Prasat and Kansoma Ak Commune at the east, Krang Savay and Sena Reach Odorm Commune of Preah Sdach Commune at the west, Peam Muntea Commune at the south and Sdoa Kaong Commune of Ba Phnom District at the north. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 4 m – 6 m. Photo 8: Original condition of design road in Kampong Trabaek commune, Prey Veng Province

Designed dimension standards of SBST Road in Kampong Trabaek Commune are 3.497km-length, 5m- width, SBST pavement. The construction of Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project is estimated about 90days (3 months). Based on typical cross section (

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108. Figure 14), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. 109. Under achievement output of the SBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 15: Summary Scope of Work for Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 13 tone 40 1.1 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staffs and labors to site LS 1 1.3 Site camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 26,053.90 at least 15cm-thk 115 2.2 Removing and disposal of the trees having a 30cm dia nos. (Fruit tree) 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 11,508.78 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no less 2.4 m3 11,508.78 than 95% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 2 km- 2.5 m3 11,508.78 dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slopes of road embankment and growth 2.6 m2 6,749.59 establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for Sub-base after compacted m3 1,986.30 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road Laterite with watering and compaction, 2.8 m3 1,986.30 no less than 98% 2.9 Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 14 km-dist. m3 1,986.30 3 Structure 3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 335.71 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, (Include 3.2 m3 2,776.62 material transportations) 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) nos. 2 4.2 Project Sign Board nos. 1 4.3 Traffic sign as required on approaches to road embankment (Provisional Qty.) nos. 3 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) LS 1

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Figure 14: Typical Cross Section of Kampong Trabaek SBST Road Sub-Project

9. SBST ROAD SUB-PROJECT in Rumlech Commune, Sithor Kandal District, Prey Veng Province (2.750km-length with 5 pipe culvert) 110. The proposed sub-project names the SBST Road is located Rulech commune, Sithor Kandal District of Prey Veng Province. Prey Veng Province is bordered by those of Kampong Cham to the northwest, Tbong Khmum to the northeast, Kandal to the west, and Svay Rieng to the east and by to the south. The total land area of the province is 4,883 km², which equals 2.7% of the total land area of Cambodia (181,035 km²). This consists of 445.18 km² or 9.12% of human settlements, 3,100 km² or 63.49% of agricultural land use, 194.61 km² or 3.99% of forested area, 1,082.86 km² or 22.18% of public land, infrastructure and water bodies. The remaining 60.35 km² or 1.24% are unused areas. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m – 8 m. Photo 9: Original condition of design road in Rumlech Commune, Prey Veng Province

Designed dimension standards of SBST Road in Rumlech commune are 2.750 km-length, 5m- width, SBST pavement 19mm-thk, Base course of 150mm-thickness, laterite sub-base 200mm-

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thickness and embankment is to vary following existing level, and 05 single pipe culverts. Based on typical cross section ( 111. Figure 15), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The completion deadline for each construction schedules at least consist three months . 112. Under achievement output of the SBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 16: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Sub-Project in Rumlech Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity

1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 1.1 tone 40 30 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top 2.1 m2 19,310.90 soil at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. 8 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 7,328.20 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.4 m3 7,328.20 less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 2 2.5 m3 7,328.20 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.6 m2 2,459.48 establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 3,245 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 3,245 compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 28 km- 2.9 m3 3,245 dist. 3 Structure 3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 266.75 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, (Include 3.2 m3 2,208.25 material transportations) Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.3 m3 13.25 transportations) Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material 3.4 m3 6.58 transportations) 3.5 Mortar (Include material transportations) m3 0.07 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely 3.6 Kg 780.95 in place as shown on the Drawings 3.7 RC pipe, 0.6m-dia. (Include material transportations) m 30 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 3 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional 4.3 no. 3 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

Figure 15: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Sub-Project in Rumlech Commune

10. Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav, , Siem Reap Province (1.0km length with 2 pipe culverts) 113. The proposed sub-project names the Asphalt Concrete Road Construction of Sangkat Chreav, Siem Reap District, Siem Reap Province. This proposed sub-project is located in the Siem Reap Municipality and it is located about 3.5 km from National Road No.6. The Sangkat Chreav is bounded by Kandek Commune of Prasat District at the east, at the west side is bordered with Sangkat Siem Reap, Sangkat Slor Kram at the north and bordered by Tonle Sap Lake at the south. 114. This proposed asphalt concrete road construction sub-project of Sangkat Chreav is linking from provincial road to National Road No.6. As present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been used by people in one villages of Sangkat Chreav and also used by other people from neighbor Sangkats and the road condition is muddy, slippery while raining. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 9 m.

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Photo 10: Original condition of design road in Sangkat Chreav, Siem Reap Province

115. This design standard of asphalt concrete road sub-project with length of 1.0km, width of 5m and 1:1.5 side slop with two (2) single pipe culverts (1,000m diameters and 6.0m length). Based on typical cross section (Figure 11), the total road shoulder is 1.5 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides 116. Under achievement output of the Asphalt Concrete Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 17: Summary Scope of Work for Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav

Item Description of work Unit Quantity

1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road 1.1 tone 40 in 4 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labor to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top 2.1 m2 10,356.35 soil at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. 8 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 7,619.30 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, 2.4 m3 7,619.30 no less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 10 2.5 m3 7,619.30 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and 2.6 m2 4,795.34 growth establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 1,213 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 1,213 compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 70 km- 2.9 m3 1,213 dist. 3 Structure

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Asphalt Concrete pavement (Include material transportations) m2 5,000

3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 96 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, 3.2 m3 1,086 (Include material transportations) Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.3 m3 9.86 transportations) Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material 3.4 m3 3.88 transportations) 3.5 Mortar (Include material transportations) m3 0.04 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely 3.6 Kg 652.24 in place as shown on the Drawings 3.7 RC pipe, 1m-dia. (Include material transportations ) m 12 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 2 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional 4.3 no. 3 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, 5.1 Banners, Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety LS 1 equipment (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1 Figure 16: Typical Cross Section of Asphalt Concrete Road Improvement Sub-Project in Sangkat Chreav

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11. Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune, Varin District, Siem Reap Province (8.993 km-length and 5 Pipe Culverts) 117. The proposed sub-project names the rehabilitation of earth road. This Earth road located in Svay Sar commune, Varin district, Siem Reap province. This commune is located around 100km north of the provincial capital town of Siem Reap and about 10km from Varin district. 118. The sub-project was originally constructed by the Khmer Rouge Regime in about 1977. The compaction of the road embankment was done manually, pooling a mass of people to do the required filling and compaction. As a result, the facilities did not last long under extreme weather conditions like heavy rains and floods. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 4 m – 8 m. Photo 11: Original condition of design road in Svay Sar Commune, Varin District, Siem Reap Province

119. The commune has proposed to improve the road by rehabilitating the earth road for 8.993km of length with the road width of 6m and install the 5 single pipe culverts and expected that after the subproject is completed the construction works, the people in commune have a good road for communication ease from where to other where such as health center, school, market, public service, etc. with minimizing of traveling period and payment. Based on typical cross section (Figure 17), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The completion deadline for each construction schedules at least consist three months. Table 18: Summary Scope of Work for Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with fair road in 51 1.1 ton 40 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed works LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 65,678 at least 15cm-thk 30.00 2.2 Removing and disposal of the trees having a 30cm dia nos. (Fruit tree) 2.3 Existing road excavation m3 1,428.98 2.4 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 36,652.50

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.5 m3 38,081.48 less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 3 km- 2.6 m3 36,652.50 dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.7 m2 14,035.74 establishing 3 Structure Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.1 m3 15.92 transportations) 3.2 Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material transportations) m3 8.42 3.3 Mortar (Include material transportation) m3 0.10 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely in 3.4 Kg 807.32 place as shown on the Drawings (Include material transportation) 3.5 RC pipe, 0.6m-dia. (Include material transportation) m 14 3.6 RC pipe, 0.8m-dia. (Include material transportation) m 21 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) nos. 2 4.2 Project Sign Board nos. 1 4.3 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional Qty.) nos. 3 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1 Figure 17: Typical Cross Section of Earth Road Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Svay Sar Commune

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12. Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune, Krouch Chhmar District, Tboung Khmum Province (1.5km-length with 2 road culverts) 120. The proposed sub-project names the reinforced concrete road construction of Tuol Snuol Commune. This sub-project is located in Tuol Snuol Commune, Krouch Chhmar District, Tboung Khmum Province. This proposed sub-project is located about 51km west of Tboung Khmum capital twon and it could be passing about 1 hour through National Road 7 and Chub Rubber Plantation Road. The Tuol Snuol Commune is bounded by Prek Achi Commune at the west, at the east side is bordered with Chhuk Commune, at the north is bounded by Svay Klaeng Commune and bordered by Roka Por Pram at the south. 121. This proposed reinforced concrete road construction sub-project of Tuol Snuol Commune is linking from commune center to provincial road and National Road No. 7. As present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been constructed and maintenance by commune fund. This road is used by people in two villages of Tuol Snuol Commune and also used by other people from other villages which linked to this road and the existing condition of this road are 70% still properly usable and good condition; the rest are unconstructed earth road thus it is muddy, slippery while raining. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m – 9 m. Photo 12: Original Condition of Design road in Tuol Snuol Commune, Krouch Chhmar District, Tboung Khmum Province

This proposed reinforced concrete road sub-project with length of 700m, width of 6m, 2.5m two lanes shoulder, 1:1.5 of side slop, two (2) single pipe culvert (800m diameters and 6.0m length). Based on typical cross section (

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122. Figure 18), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The completion deadline for each construction schedules at least consist three months. 123. Under achievement output of the reinforced concrete road construction sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 19: Summary Scope of Work for Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 1.1 tone 40 30 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 10,727.43 at least 15cm-thk 2.2 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 135.40 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.3 m3 135.40 less than 98% Soil transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with good road in 2.4 m3 135.40 8 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.5 m2 2,277.27 establishing 2.6 Sub-base sand and Plastic sheet m3 262.50 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 2,829 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 2,829 compaction, no less than 98% 2.9 Laterite/gravel transportation to construction site with good road in 8 km-dist. m3 2,829 3 Structure 3.1 Reinforced concrete pavement M35 (include material transportation) m3 787.50 3.2 Reinforced concrete M25 (include material transportation) m3 7.07 3.3 Blinding concrete M10 (include material transportation) m3 3.60 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely in 3.4 Kg 38,277.62 place as shown on the Drawings 3.5 Dowel Bar nos 7,576.00 3.6 Seal Prime Coat with sand (2cm-wth and 2.5cm-thk) m3 0.76 3.7 Joint Sealant (12.5cm-thk and 2cm-with) m3 0.56 3.8 RC pipe, 0.8m-dia. m 12 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 2 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional 4.3 no. 4 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

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Figure 18: Typical Cross Section of Concrete Road Sub-Project in Tuol Snuol Commune

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13. DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune, Batheay District, Kampong Cham Province (3.327km-length with 1 pipe culvert) 124. The DBST Road Improvement Sub-project is located Batheay and Me Pring Commune, Batheay District of Kampong Cham Province. This sub-project is located about 65km at the west of Kampong Cham Provincial Town and this area could be accessed through National Road No. 7 and National Road No. 6. Batheay Commune is bordered with Chbar Ampov and Ph’av Commune on the east, Ampel Teouk Commune of on the west, Chea Lea and Sambor Commune on the south and Me Pring Commune on the north. 125. As present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been used by people in four villages of Me Pring and Batheay Communes. The road condition is muddy and slippery while raining and flooded if heavily rain. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m – 8 m. Photo 13: Original condition of design road in Batheay and Me Pring Commune, Batheay District, Kampong Cham Province

126. The proposed subproject is link from the villages of Me Pring and Batheay Commune to National Road No.6; it was identified as prioritized and top ranking sub-project of 30 proposed sub- projects of 30 target communes of Kampong Cham Province. This design of DBST pavement road improvement sub-project is 3.327km-length, 5m-width and 1:1.5 side slop with 1 single pipe culvert (800mm-diametre and 7m-length). Based on typical cross section (Figure 14), the total road shoulder is 1 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. The completion deadline for each construction schedules at least consist three months. 127. Under achievement output of the DBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 20: Summary Scope of Work for DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good 1.1 tone 40 road in 5 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of 2.1 m2 29,552.33 top soil at least 15cm-thk

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. 8 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 10,556.69 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.4 m3 10,556.69 compaction, no less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road 2.5 m3 10,556.69 in 2.5 km-dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and 2.6 m2 11,346.90 growth establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 7,855.75 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 7,855.75 compaction, no less than 98% Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 2.9 m3 7,855.75 12 km-dist. 3 Structure 3.1 DBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 632.13 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, 3.2 m3 2,495.25 (Include material transportations) Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.3 m3 3.54 transportations) Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material 3.4 m3 1.80 transportations) 3.5 Mortar (Include material transportations) m3 0.02 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed 3.6 Kg 164.98 securely in place as shown on the Drawings 3.7 RC pipe, 0.8m-dia. (Include material transportations) m 7 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 3 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment 4.3 no. 6 (Provisional Qty ) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient 5.1 LS 1 safety equipment (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

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Figure 19: Typical Cross Section of DBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Batheay and Me Pring Commune

14. SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune, Cheung Prey District, Kampong Cham Province (2.508Km of Length and 1 Pipe Culvert) 128. The SBST Road Improvement Sub-project is located Sdaeng Chey Commune, Cheung Prey District of Kampong Cham Province. This sub-project is located about 50km at the west of Kampong Cham Provincial Twon and this area could be accessed through National Road No. 7 and National Road No. 6. This Commune is bordered with Trapeang Kor and Sampong Chey Commune on the east, Tumub and Sandaek Commune on the west, Srama and Pdao Chum Commune on the south and Pring Chrum on the north. 129. As present, the proposed road is basically constructed laterite road which had been used by people in four villages of Sdaeung Chey Communes. The road condition is muddy and slippery while raining and flooded if heavily rain. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 7 m – 9 m. Photo 14: Original Condition of Design Road in Sdaeung Chey Commune, Cheung Prey District, Kampong Cham Province

130. The proposed subproject is link from the villages of Sdaeung Chey Commune to National Road No.6; it was identified as prioritized and top ranking sub-project of 30 proposed sub-projects of 30 target communes of Kampong Thom Province. This design of SBST pavement road improvement sub-project is 2.508km-length, 4m-width and 1:1.5 side slop with 1 single pipe culvert (800mm-diametre and 6m-length). Based on typical cross section (Figure 15), the total road shoulder is 2 meter width of both sides that will be grassed sod both sides. 131. Under achievement output of the SBST Road sub-project, it is expected the road shall be easy given the people of the commune in communication to school, health center and other where with payment reduction, especial transportation of agricultural yields to the market. Table 21: Summary Scope of Work for SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune

Item Description of work Unit Quantity

1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site with good road in 1.1 tone 40 10 km-dist. 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labor to site LS 1 1.3 Site Camp, toilet preparation with electric and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Bush and shrub clearing at sub-project output location by removing of top soil 2.1 m2 16,922.25 at least 15cm -thk 2.2 Removing and Disposal of the tree having 30cm.dia no. 8 2.3 Soil cost and excavation for road embankment after compacted m3 2,538.34 Soil backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and compaction, no 2.4 m3 2,538.34 less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit to construction site with fair road in 3 km- 2.5 m3 2,538.34 dist. Supplying and grassing on both side slope of road embankment and growth 2.6 m2 5,101.13 establishing 2.7 Laterite cost and excavation for road sub-base after compacted m3 5,104.59 Laterite/gravel backfill and fill for road embankment with watering and 2.8 m3 5,104.59 compaction, no less than 98% 2.9 Laterite/gravel Transportation to construction site with good road in 4 km-dist. m3 5,104.59

3 Structure

3.1 SBST pavement (Include material transportations) m3 190.61 Base course/Crush stone 12mm-40mm ,CBR>80%, Compact 98%, (Include 3.2 m3 1,881 material transportations) Reinforced concrete M25 for cross drainages (Include material 3.3 m3 3.54 transportations)

3.4 Blinding concrete M10 for cross drainages (Include material transportations) m3 1.58

3.5 Mortar (Include material transportations) m3 0.02 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely in 3.6 Kg 164.98 place as shown on the Drawings 3.7 RC pipe, 0.8m-dia. (Include material transportations ) m 6

4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary Benchmarks (TBM) no. 3 4.2 Project Sign Board no. 1 Traffic sign as required on approaches to Road embankment (Provisional 4.3 no. 6 Qty.) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) LS 1 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc. 5.2 Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) LS 1

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Figure 20: Typical Cross Section of SBST Road Construction Sub-Project in Sdaeung Chey Commune

15. Basak-Preaek Chik Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project (9.00km length with 6 Irrigation structures) in Basak-Preaek Chik Commune, Rukh Kiri District, Battambang Province

132. The proposed sub-project names the rehabilitation of Basak - Preaek Chik is in Basak and Preaek Chik Commune, Rukh Kiri District, Battambang Province which is about 250km from the Capital City, south of provincial capital town of Battambang. It is accessible through National Road No.5. The distance from Battambang city to the sub-project area is about 50km. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 4 m – 8 m. Photo 15: Existing condition of Basak – Preak Chik Canal, Battambant Province

133. The total irrigable area of Basak –Preaek Chik is 900ha and the total designed width is 18 meter. The rehabilitated canal is supplied from Basak reservoir – 5km away south to north – at present the dam, all gates and irrigated system were rehabilitated under Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project. The Preaek Chik- Basak secondary canal is basically non- existing. 134. Recently, it was considered for rehabilitation under Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project – Additional Financing (TSSD-AF) because of its potential to contribute to the food security of Cambodia through rice production and other crops. At present though, its existing condition/facilities are not good and damaged that they could not supply the required water for irrigation. The existing system cannot be operated anymore. Table 22: Summary Scope of Work for Basak-Preaek Chik Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project

Item Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item Transportation of equipment to and from construction site in fair condition of 1.1 ton 40 road and distance of 30km, 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labor to site LS 1 1.3 Site camp preparations with toilet, electricity and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork Bush and shrub clearing on project output location by removing of top soil at 2.1 m2 122,549.41 least 15cm thk 2.2 Removing and disposal of the trees having a 30cm dia or more no. 5 Excavation and disposal of unsuitable material from foundation areas to 2.3 m3 100 disposal area directed by the Engineer. (Provisional Quantity) Backfill to replace unsuitable material in the foundation areas with compaction, 2.4 m3 100 no less than 98%. (Provisional Quantity) Soil excavation of Canal in accordance with the specification and as shown 2.5 m3 119,198.42 on the drawings 2.6 Soil cost and excavation from borrow pit area m3 -

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity Soil backfill and fill for Canal embankment with watering and compaction , no 2.7 m3 119,198.42 less than 98% Soil Transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with good road 2.8 m3 59,599.21 condition and distance 2km Supplying and placing of grass sods on Canal embankment slopes with 2.9 m2 63,000.00 watering as req uired to establish growth. Laterite pavement for Canal embankments to form roads, to the depth shown 2.10 on the Drawings and as specified. 2.10.1 Laterite cost and excavation m3 0 Laterite pavement for Canal embankment with watering and compaction , no 2.10.2 m3 0 less than 98% 2.10.3 construction site with good road condition and distance 15km m3 0 3 Structure work 3.1 Remove existing structures and disposal m3 0 3.2 Temporary coffer dam and diversion channel m3 0 Soil excavation for structures in soil condition fair in accordance with the 3.3 m3 0 Specification and as shown on the Drawings Soil backfill in embankments for structures, with compaction, no less than 3.4 m3 0 98% 3.5 Laterite pavement for Canal structure with compaction , no less than 98% m3 0 3.6 Gabion mattress m3 39.6 3.7 Geotextile Filter m2 200.4 3.8 Mass concrete M10 (include material transportation) m3 10.98 3.9 Reinforce Concrete M25 (include material transportation) m3 230.4 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely in 3.10 Kg 25344 place as shown on the Drawings (include material transportation) 3.11 RC pipe-600mm diameter (include material transportation) m 0 3.12 RC pipe 800mm diameter (include material transportation) m 0 3.13 RC pipe 1000mm diameter (include material transportation) m 0 3.14 Galvanized Steel bar for handrail and Ladder, detail as shown on the Drawings m 369 3.15 Dowel Bar (Ø16) no. 288 3.16 PVC water stop (w=200mm) m 174 3.17 PVC pipe for dowel bar m 174 3.18 Gravel filter for weep hole m3 0.52 Sand filter for weep hole m3 4.13 3.19 PVC pipe for weep hole m 140.4 3.20 Mechanism gate Supply and install vertical lift, single spindle gates, including all embedded 3.20.1 parts and frames and lifting mechanism water Gate (WxH): 1 m x 2.2 m with no. 6 bar length not more than 5 m, and Include all fixing and painting. 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary benchmarks (TBM) in Concrete no. 5 4.2 Project Sign board no. 1 Water gauge installation at Intake structure (1 units with length not more than 4.3 m 4 5 m) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) km 3 5 Safety and environment control Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, Banners, 5.1 Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment LS 1 (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc.

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Item Description of work Unit Quantity 5.2 Environment management plan (EMP) (provisional quantities) LS 1 Figure 21: Typical Cross Section of Prek Chik – Basak Secondary Canal

16. Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune, Ponhea Kraek District, Tboung Khmum Province (5.5km length with 15 Irrigation structures) 135. The proposed sub-project names the rehabilitation of Bak Ay canal. This canal is an unusable irrigated system which located in Kak commune, Ponhea Kraek district, Tboung Khmum province. The Bak Ay canal is located 25km from Tboung Khmum capital town and it takes time almost 1 hour and a half passing through the National Road No. 11 and the Kak commune is bounded on the west by Doun Tey and Krabao commune, on the east by Trapaeng Phlong communes, on the north by Kandoal Chrum and Korng Kang communes, and on the south by Krabao commune and bordered to Vietnam. Based on survey team of SSP6, the existing width of road is 12 m – 17 m. Photo 16: Existing condition of Bak Ay Canal of Kak Commune, Tboung Khmum Province

136. The sub-project was formerly constructed in the Pol Pot Regime. The methodology of construction can be classified as indigenous as no heavy equipment was available by that time. The

Page | 72 compaction of the canal embankment was done manually, pooling a mass of people to do the required filling and compaction. As a result, the facilities did not last long under extreme weather conditions like heavy rains and floods. 137. The existing canal length is 5.7 kilometers and was built during Pol Pot time and the officially canal reservation land have been measured approximately 15 meters for the whole width including both outside slopes, left and right embankments and canal width. Until now the right side embankment is disappeared its features (equal to land field elevation) and the right side embankment (used as road) are commonly used to transport but there are partly damaged due to the erosion in rainy season and no regular maintenance. 138. Recently, it was considered for rehabilitation under Tonle Sap Poverty Reduction and Smallholder Development Project – Additional Financing (TSSD-AF) because of its potential to contribute to the food security of Cambodia through rice production and other crops. At present though, its existing condition/facilities are not good and damaged that they could not supply the required water for irrigation. The existing system cannot be operated anymore. The command area of designed canal is 734 ha and the total designed width of canal is 18 meter. 139. Water Source for Subproject. Bak Ay stream is the main water resource to fill up the water into Bak Ay reservoir. The have 700m length of Dam with one spillway and two Head Regulators. The sub-project get water through existing Canal. Other resource of water is rainfall in command area, the water remain from the filed used release to canal through the inlet structure on canal embankment. When the people need the water to supplement to field they use pump for irrigation. Table 23: Summary Scope of Work for Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune

No. Description of work Unit Quantity 1 General Item 1.1 Transportation of equipment to and from construction site in good ton 40 condition of road and distance of 17km, 1.2 Mobilization of Contractor's staff and labour to site LS 1 1.3 Camp preparations with toilet, electricity and water supply LS 1 1.4 Site cleaning after completed work LS 1 2 Earthwork 2.1 Bush and shrub clearing on project output location by removing of top soil m2 59630 at least 15cm thk 2.2 Removing and disposal of the trees having a 30cm diameter or more no. 258 (Fruit Tree) 2.3 Excavation and disposal of unsuitable material from foundation areas to m3 100 disposal area directed by the Engineer. (Provisional Quantity) 2.4 Backfill to replace unsuitable material in the foundation areas with 100 compaction, no less than 98%. (Provisional Quantity) m3 2.5 Soil excavation of Canal in accordance with the specification and as m3 13,096.85 shown on the drawings 2.6 Soil cost and excavation from borrow pit area m3 26,235.60 2.7 Soil backfill and fill for Canal embankment with watering and compaction m3 39,332.45 , no less than 98% 2.8 Soil Transportation from borrow pit area to construction site with good road m3 26,235.60 condition and distance 3km 2.9 Supplying and placing of grass sods on Canal embankment slopes with m2 18395 watering as required to establish growth. 2.10 Laterite pavement for Canal embankments to form roads, to the depth shown on the Drawings and as specified. 2.10.1 Laterite cost and excavation m3 2058 2.10.2 Laterite pavement for Canal embankment with watering and compaction , m3 2058 no less than 98%

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No. Description of work Unit Quantity 2.10.3 Laterite Transportation to construction site with good road condition and m3 2058 distance 5km 3 Structure work 3.1 Remove existing structures and disposal m 3 1 3.2 Temporary coffer dam and diversion channel 210 3.3 Soil excavation for structures in soil condition fair in accordance with the m3 535 Specification and as shown on the Drawings 3.4 Soil backfill in embankments for structures, with compaction, no less than m3 118 98% 3.5 Laterite pavement for Canal structure with compaction , no less than 98% m3 57.20 3.6 Gabion mattress m3 97.31 3.7 Geotextile Filter m2 310.50 3.8 Mass concrete M10 (include material transportation) m3 27.33 3.9 Reinforce Concrete M25 (include material transportation) m3 85.97 3.10 Steel reinforcement as specified supplied, cut and bent and fixed securely Kg 9074 in place as shown on the Drawings (include material transportation)

3.11 RC pipe-600mm dia (include material transportation) m 0 3.12 RC pipe 800mm dia (include material transportation) m 20 3.13 RC pipe 1000mm dia (include material transportation) m 42 3.14 Galvanized Steel bar for handrail and Ladder, detail as shown on the m 225.64 Drawings 3.15 Dowel Bar (Ø16) no. 20 3.16 water stop (w=200mm) m 20 3.17 PVC pipe m 10 3.18 Mechanism gate 3.18.1 [Supply and install vertical lift, single spindle gates, including all embedded no. 2 parts and frames and lifting mechanism water Gate for Head Head Regulator repair (WxH): 1.06 m x 1 m with bar length not more than 5 m, and Include all fixing and painting. 3.18.2 Supply and install vertical lift, single spindle gates, including all embedded no. 8 parts and frames and lifting mechanism water Gate for Head Regulator repaire MC2 and Check Structure (WxH): 1.1 m x 1m with bar length not more than 5 m, and Include all fixing and painting. 3.18.3 Supply and install vertical lift, single spindle gates, including all embedded no. 4 parts and frames and lifting mechanism water Gate for Turnout Structure (WxH): 1.1m x 1 m with bar length not more than 5 m, and Include all fixing and painting. 3.18.4 Supply and install vertical lift, single spindle gates, including all embedded no. 12.00 parts and frames and lifting mechanism water Gate for Check Structure repair (WxH): 0.9m x 1-1.2 m with bar length not more than 5 m, and Include all fixing and painting. 4 Miscellaneous 4.1 Temporary benchmarks (TBM) in Concrete no. 6 4.2 Project Sign board no. 1 4.3 Water gauge installation at Check structures (1 units with length not more m 14 than 5 m) 4.4 Quality material test (Laboratory) km 4 5 Safety and environment control 5.1 Environmental Health and Safety: first aids kit, Information board, LS 1 Banners, Environmental GRM board, sufficient barriers, sufficient safety equipment (including hard hat, safety vest, mask, glove, boot,…) ... etc.

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No. Description of work Unit Quantity 5.2 Environment management plan (EMP) (provisional quantities LS 1 Source: SSP6, 2019 Figure 22: Typical Cross Section for Bak Ay Canal Rehabilitation Sub-Project in Kak Commune

D. Project Implementation

140. The implementation arrangements are summarized in the Table below. Table 24: Institutional Arrangements Aspects Arrangements Management (i) Oversight body The Council for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) (ii) Executing agencies Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and National Committee for Democratic Development Secretariat (NCDDS) (iii) Key implementing agencies NCDDS: responsible for Output 1, MAFF: responsible for Output 2. Each implementing agency will designate a staff member to be the project Environmental Safeguards Officer (ESO). (iv) Provincial support team A PST will be established in each project province, incorporating (PST) provincial staff of the implementing agencies ministries. (iv) Implementation units Commune councils will implement infrastructure subprojects – contracting and supervising construction contractors and owning and operating the finished facilities.

141. The subproject civil works for irrigation and village road will be included in the Commune Development Plan, confirming community interest and funds to contractors will be paid by relevant commune councils. 142. Final design for subprojects, support in bid preparation, and construction supervision will be undertaken by a Design and Supervision consultants (DSC) selected by a procurement review committee (PRC) composed of representatives from the implementing agencies. 143. A provincial support team (PST) have established (See Table 25 ) for each province incorporating provincial staff of the executing and implementing agencies ministries. The PST will ensure that all subproject designs are technically cleared by relevant provincial technical departments and in particular that road designs are approved at provincial level by the provincial department of rural development, and that irrigation designs are approved by the provincial departments of water resources and meteorology.

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Table 25: Contact List of NCDDS and PST for the TSSD-AF No. Name Position Contact I. NCDDS Telephone Email

1 H.E Ngan Chamroeun Project Director 012 489 993 [email protected]

2 H.E Ny Kimsan Project Manager 011 970 565 [email protected]

3 Mr. Long Viseth LIG and Rural ICT Coordinator 017 722 766 [email protected]

4 Mr. Nop Novy Administration and Finance Officer 095 727 327 [email protected]

5 Mr. Keo Prapey National Safeguards Officer 099 787 007 [email protected]

6 Mrs. Thoung Arunnavy Accounting Officer 012 326 699 [email protected]

7 Mr. Chea Vanda Project Planning, M&E and Reporting 012 437 690 [email protected] Officer

8 Mr. Mom Reachnavasnacheat Gender Focal Point 012 919 404 [email protected]

9 Mr. Tuy Peou D&D Management Advisor 012 930 048 [email protected]

10 Mr. Doeur Kanal Finance and Procurement Advisor 012 883 543 [email protected] II. Banteay Meanchey Province

1 Mr. Ly Sary Provincial deputy governor, responsible 012 631 631 [email protected] overall

2 Mr. Hy Samnang Provincial Support Team Leader 012 788 785 [email protected]

3 Mr. Pang Vannaseth Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 012 83 89 37 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mrs. Ork Sophea Project Admin and Finance Officer 092 922 663/ [email protected] 077 716 804

5 Mrs. Khut Sopheak Livelihood Improvement and Gender 092 270 194 [email protected] Officer

6 Mrs. Sim Prohors Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 012 646 983 [email protected] Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

7 Mrs. Nut Samean Provincial Project Management Advisor 089 782 887 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mr. Me Sopharath Local Government Finance/ 012 384 737 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) III. Siem Reap Province

1 Mr. Ly Samreth Provincial deputy governor, responsible 085 567 568 [email protected] overall 2 Mr. Doch Kimdam Provincial Support Team Leader 012 883 857 [email protected]

3 Mr. Kong Chantha Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 012 863 654 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mrs. Tes Angkeatheara Project Admin and Finance Officer 012 636 157 [email protected] 5 Mrs. Luy Rathana Livelihood Improvement and Gender 095 939 698 [email protected] Officer 6 Mrs. Muy Sophen Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 012 517 710 N/A Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

7 Mr. Kean Chamnan Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 933 447 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mr. Ros Kheng Local Government Finance/ 077 512 418 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) IV. Kampong Thom Province 1 H.E Houn Vannith Provincial deputy governor, responsible 012 856 152 N/A overall

2 Mr. Shaw Paho Provincial Support Team Leader 092 849 087 [email protected]

3 Mr. Tiv Vannthy Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 012 799 316 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mrs. Or Sopheap Project Admin and Finance Officer 092 766 348 [email protected]

5 Mrs. Sim Sunnary Livelihood Improvement and Gender 017 779 598 [email protected] Officer

6 Mr. Pov Kol Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 012 418 494 [email protected] Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

7 Mr. Mourng Samoeun Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 659 543 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mrs. Hiek Lida Local Government Finance/ 078 288 987 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) V. Kampong Cham Province

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No. Name Position Contact

1 Mr. Han Kosal Provincial deputy governor, responsible 012 446 856 [email protected] overall

2 Mr. Poy Sokchea Provincial Support Team Leader 012 909 026 [email protected]

3 Mr. Katam Sonavan Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 012 890 695 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mr. Sin Montha Project Admin and Finance Officer 089 986 838 [email protected]

5 Ms. Sieng Vanleakhena Livelihood Improvement and Gender 012 465 752 [email protected] Officer

6 Mr. Hun Chanthan Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 012 894 849 [email protected] Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

7 Mr. Sok Noeun Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 692 219 [email protected] (PPMA) 8 Mr. El Iem Local Government Finance/ 061 830 845 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) VI. Tboung Khmum Province 1 H.E Long Theam Provincial deputy governor, responsible 012 628 888 N/A overall

2 Mr. Mith Phally Provincial Support Team Leader 012 658539 [email protected] 3 Mr. CHIENG SARITH Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 012 911 729 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mr. Nut Pharin Project Admin and Finance Officer 017 656 832 [email protected]

5 Mrs. NAY SOKKHENG Livelihood Improvement and Gender 097 285 6182 [email protected] Officer

6 Mr. PHON SAROM Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 092689450/ [email protected] Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC) 0889911156

7 Mr. Leng Nath Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 501 910 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mr. Thou Vannak Local Government Finance/ 012940338 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) VII. Prey Veng Province

1 H.E Chan Tha Provincial deputy governor, responsible 012 763 763 [email protected] overall

2 Mr. Por Pilot Provincial Support Team Leader 012 204 575 [email protected]

3 Mr. Chum Chandara Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 011 567 798 [email protected]

4 Mr. Boy Loat Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 088 8747 474 [email protected] Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

5 Ms. Sreng Sovanchenda Project Admin and Finance Officer 092 301 121 [email protected]

6 Mrs. Y Aun Livelihood and Gender Officer 096 4242 003 [email protected]

7 Mr. Nget Sotheara Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 931 941 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mr. Va Viseth Provincial Livelihood Advisor (PLA) 012 649 630 [email protected]

9 Mr. Nut Buntha Local Government Finance/ 017 467 856 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA) VIII. Battambang Province 1 H.E Uy Sotheavy Provincial deputy governor, 012 885 890 N/A responsible overall

2 Mr. Han Sihip Provincial Support Team Leader 017 766 636 [email protected]

3 Mr. Ponh Odham Provincial Agriculture Coordinator 092 237 779 [email protected] (PAC)

4 Mr. Chuo San Project Admin and Finance Officer 012 752 357 [email protected] 5 Ms. Youm Ya Livelihood Improvement and Gender 012 250 833 N/A Officer 6 Ms. Choun Nary Provincial Agricultural Marketing and 012 250 833 N/A Rural ICT Coordinator (PAMRIC)

7 Mr. Porch Sovann Provincial Project Management Advisor 012 941 988 [email protected] (PPMA)

8 Mr. SAN Veasna Provincial Livelihood Advisor (PLA) 012 446 172 [email protected]

9 Mrs. Chan Sokleng Local Government Finance/ 012 705 156 [email protected] Procurement Advisor (LGFPA)

144. The DSC will support commune councils and PST to prepare tender documents and contract

Page | 77 construction. The commune councils will therefore act as the project implementation units for the infrastructure outputs. The commune councils will remain the project owners and will award the contract, manage the contract and monitor the construction. The DSC will assist commune councils to monitor construction standards and facilitate monthly coordination at provincial level. 145. For the environmental aspects of the project, the safeguard unit within the NCDDS will assign a suitably qualified staff member to be the national Environmental Safeguards Officer (ESO). A TOR for the ESO position is at Annex A of the EMP. 146. Project implementation consultants (PIC) will include an Environmental Safeguards and Climate Change Specialist (ESCC) who will work with the ESO and assist the PSTs and commune councils to fulfil their environmental responsibilities in implementing subproject EMPs. TORs for the ESCC positions (international and national) are at Annex B and C of the EMP. 147. To enable effective national government oversight of the project, the innovative steering committee arrangement of TSSD will be continued, and will provide guidance to the executing and implementing agencies without creating excessive additional institutional burden. CARD will handle the steering committee functions as part of its regular meetings and other meetings as needed and will ensure that project performance is monitored throughout implementation up to completion.

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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. The Project Provinces

148. Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces are situated adjacent to and on the floodplain of the Mekong River. Kampong Thom, Battambang, Banteay Meanchey and Siem Reap provinces are located in the Tonle Sap Lake ecozone, and extend into the upper catchments of the lake. Figure 23: Location of 7 Target Provinces

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B. Environmental Setting

1. Climate

149. The country has a tropical climate - warm and humid. In the monsoon season, abundant rain allows for the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. This year-round tropical climate makes Cambodia ideal for developing tourism. Travelers need not to fear natural disasters such as erupting volcanoes or earthquakes, and the country is not directly affected by tropical storms. Climate of Cambodia can be visited throughout the year. The average temperature is about 27 degrees Celsius; the minimum temperature is about 18 degrees. December and January are the coolest months, whereas the hottest is April. General information about the provincial climate is following: 1. Bantheay Meanchey Province: o o  Cool season: November- February (22 C – 27 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (27 C – 34 C) o o  Rainy season: May - October (24 C – 32 C, with humidity up to 90%) 2. Tboung Khmum Province: o o  Rainy season: May - October (27 C – 35 C, with humidity up to 90%) o o  Cool season: November- March (17 C – 27 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (28 C – 36 C) 3. Battambang Province: o  Cool season: November- February (<26 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (28 C -35 C) o  Rainy season: June - October (<31 C, with humidity up to 90 %) 4. Kampong Thom Province: o o  Cool season: November- March (20 C - 28 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (30 C – 35 C) o o  Rainy season: May - October (23 C – 30 C, with humidity up to 90%) 5. Siem Reap Province: o o  Cool season: November- March (22 C - 28 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (27 C - 34 C) o o  Rainy season: May - October (24 C - 32 C, with humidity up to 90%) 6. Kampong Cham o o  Rainy season: May - October (27 C – 35 C, with humidity up to 90%) o o  Cool season: November- March (17 C – 27 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (28 C -36 C) 7. Prey Veng Province o o  Cool season: November- March (24 C - 32 C) o o  Hot season: March- May (28 C - 36 C) o o  Rainy season: May - October (24 C – 32 C, with humidity up to 90%)

2. Annual Rainfall

150. Bantheay Meanchey Province. The annual rainfall data received from Banteay Meanchey Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology is used for hydrology and hydraulic analysis for proposed sub-project in Bantheay Meanchey province. The below Table is an annual rainfall for last 19 years. In the below table shown that the maximum annual rainfall is about 1,528mm, minimum is about 580.8mm and the average rainfall is about 1,276.8mm.

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Table 26: Annual rainfall of Banteay Meanchey Station

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec No. Year Total (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2000 0.0 14.5 29.3 396.4 126.7 118.7 240.1 166.6 123.1 337.4 6.0 0.0 1,558.8 2 2001 2.5 0.0 100.4 65.3 246.3 126.1 82.9 225.2 156.1 169.7 25.6 0.0 1,200.1 3 2002 0.0 5.9 16.0 67.1 154.4 201.8 171.7 235.3 251.1 122.1 9.2 53.8 1,288.4 4 2003 0.0 22.1 29.2 115.9 140.2 164.2 148.6 161.2 230.0 148.7 0.0 0.0 1,160.1 5 2004 9.7 5.2 0.5 128.7 109.0 243.6 182.7 155.6 160.0 121.5 0.0 0.0 1,116.5 6 2005 12.8 0.0 7.5 99.9 169.7 120.8 212.9 94.1 208.3 260.6 5.8 25.8 1,218.2 7 2006 6.3 71.7 68.0 93.8 109.2 37.0 328.6 171.6 253.8 118.0 2.5 0.0 1,260.5 8 2007 4.0 29.3 15.7 139.5 206.4 87.4 164.0 104.5 267.7 98.3 116.5 0.0 1,233.3 9 2008 0.0 18.2 48.1 121.7 232.7 87.4 89.3 181.4 368.5 242.5 116.3 0.0 1,506.1 10 2009 0.0 0.0 68.6 223.4 119.1 180.9 66.6 42.1 245.5 147.3 3.5 0.0 1,097.0 11 2010 9.7 11.5 25.7 67.3 60.1 122.5 96.8 205.0 228.5 301.3 9.0 0.0 1,137.4 12 2011 0.0 13.0 31.5 282.2 89.6 62.3 222.3 298.6 218.6 298.0 4.5 0.0 1,520.6 13 2012 24.3 15.5 80.6 112.3 179.7 108.5 91.4 101.6 457.5 147.4 47.6 0.0 1,366.4 14 2013 0.7 0.0 7.6 31.9 81.3 284.3 206.9 220.4 267.7 346.7 68.2 12.4 1,528.1 15 2014 0.0 0.2 35.8 70.4 40.8 105.3 130.2 42.2 69.9 33.6 48.5 3.8 580.7 16 2015 25.6 16.4 65.5 42.2 42.4 84.7 63.3 105.2 255.3 64.7 30.8 0.8 796.9 17 2016 21.6 20.5 10.6 30.1 37.2 124.4 116.5 108.0 137.9 200.5 14.2 16.6 838.1 18 2017 30.8 1.2 118.6 30.3 140.8 66.3 174.4 143.9 302.9 168.0 76.4 4.1 1,257.7 19 2018 61.9 24.2 141.9 128.0 108.8 167.4 169.6 214.5 112.8 129.5 15.6 2.6 1,276.8 Averge 11.0 14.2 47.4 118.2 126.0 131.2 155.7 156.7 227.1 181.9 31.6 6.3 1,207.5 Min - - 0.5 30.1 37.2 37.0 63.3 42.1 69.9 33.6 - - 580.7 Max - - 0.5 30.1 37.2 37.0 63.3 42.1 69.9 33.6 - - 1,528.1 Source: Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology of Banteay Meanchey, 2018

151. Battambang province. The data of meteorology of Battambang station have been used for this study. The rainfall data indicated that this area having high precipitation with total annual average rainfall of about 1,246.88 mm for the last ten years (1991 - 2012). For more detail on the rainfall data see below Table. Table 27: Annual Average Rainfall data for Battambang Province Month/ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Year 1991 0 0 69.2 32.6 149.8 58.3 136.4 170 183 243.2 48.1 1 1091.6 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 151 263 0 0 0 0 414 1993 3.5 24.8 22.2 27.8 100.7 170 150.8 142.3 301.6 343.4 66.3 10.4 1363.8 1994 0 36.5 78.4 25 302.3 163.8 197.8 363.9 231.9 182.4 13.1 17.2 1612.3 1995 0 0 80 127.9 24.4 117.2 184.4 161.7 350.2 261.7 0 0 1307.5 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 204.5 199.2 136.1 319 30.2 0 889 2001 11.9 23.6 61.5 19.6 147.2 192.8 102.5 185.8 86.2 162 87.2 16.5 1096.8 2002 2.9 0 46.4 87.7 71.9 147.8 26.7 181.3 179.5 336 116.5 14.1 1210.8 2004 9 0 4.8 45.1 80.5 247.9 197 118.3 161 115.7 14.5 0 993.8 2007 17 25 87 42 238 230 114 77 282 117 132 0 1361 2008 12 0 76.9 143.7 177 172.5 149.6 172.8 189.1 246.6 192.5 1.3 1534 2009 0 0 74.9 162.7 201.6 123.6 72.1 206.9 234.5 281.5 31.9 1.6 1391.3 2010 0 0 74.9 162.7 201.6 123.6 72.1 206.9 234.5 281.5 31.9 1.6 1391.3 2011 0 58 35.1 150.3 152.7 108.2 207.2 237.2 312.9 407.3 34.3 4.2 1707.4 2012 16.2 46.8 58.6 56.3 170.8 80.7 138.3 87.5 346.1 249.4 87.9 0 1338.6 Average 4.83 14.31 51.33 72.23 134.57 129.09 140.29 184.92 215.24 236.45 59.09 4.53 1246.88 Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26.70 77.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 103.7 Max 17.00 58.00 87.00 162.70 302.30 247.90 207.20 363.90 350.20 407.30 192.50 17.20 2413.2

152. Kampong Thom Province. Kampong Thom station in Kampong Thom province is located

Page | 81 having high precipitation with total annual average rainfall of about 1496.6 mm for the last thirty- seven years (1981-2017) (See below table). Table 28: The Average Annual Rainfall of Kampong Thom Station Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual Year 1981 0.0 0.0 6.2 26.8 182.4 173.6 121.6 65.1 300.4 253.3 102.3 0.0 1231.7 1982 0.0 0.0 18.1 185.7 137.7 292.2 86.2 168.8 282.7 308.0 38.4 0.0 1517.8 1983 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 128.1 248.7 139.9 185.0 282.9 383.6 123.2 0.0 1495.3 1984 0.0 0.0 49.6 131.1 221.6 128.4 148.4 173.4 315.2 257.1 5.5 12.1 1442.4 1985 0.0 0.0 0.5 222.9 230.4 143.3 188.2 67.2 381.8 315.9 54.4 1.5 1606.1 1986 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 229.7 204.4 91.5 427.0 391.3 353.7 73.8 24.3 1832.6 1987 0.0 0.0 0.0 86.5 125.9 186.1 57.1 78.2 310.6 155.6 238.0 0.0 1238.0 1988 0.0 0.0 0.0 177.2 35.1 238.0 207.7 152.6 253.4 191.7 64.8 0.0 1320.5 1989 0.0 0.0 21.1 82.2 121.9 153.5 185.3 226.3 459.2 251.8 72.7 0.0 1574.0 1990 0.1 0.0 7.9 99.4 181.1 225.7 103.1 105.2 171.0 58.3 42.6 0.0 994.4 1991 0.0 0.0 0.1 89.0 123.0 145.4 221.6 244.9 383.9 205.5 0.0 0.0 1413.4 1992 0.5 0.0 0.0 87.7 72.7 191.8 122.0 405.7 171.7 247.9 0.0 4.5 1304.5 1993 6.7 0.0 58.7 66.7 184.8 293.7 218.7 121.7 244.1 249.9 26.4 35.3 1506.7 1994 0.0 0.0 182.8 21.1 220.0 350.9 151.8 321.4 378.4 248.1 0.0 5.6 1880.1 1995 0.0 0.0 48.2 28.5 174.5 221.1 155.9 192.5 444.3 374.8 16.1 1.8 1657.7 1996 0.0 0.0 1.0 156.0 337.8 185.5 195.8 131.8 315.3 337.5 96.5 40.7 1797.9 1997 0.4 14.8 89.5 122.6 145.5 89.9 191.6 99.6 171.3 158.3 1.7 0.0 1085.2 1998 0.0 0.0 0.0 46.5 95.0 165.5 215.0 343.5 359.0 98.3 186.5 0.0 1509.3 1999 3.1 0.0 6.2 227.2 369.9 207.2 167.1 140.7 177.4 232.6 357.5 88.7 1977.6 2000 0.0 1.0 0.0 93.7 141.2 336.4 282.3 211.1 337.7 243.2 58.6 6.9 1712.1 2001 5.9 0.2 193.9 4.7 227.7 173.7 65.5 236.5 160.2 419.2 109.4 3.0 1599.9 2002 0.0 0.0 11.2 100.4 159.8 326.9 93.7 149.5 472.6 162.9 44.6 2.3 1523.9 2003 0.0 0.0 144.3 48.0 255.6 212.2 224.3 155.7 188.9 144.2 12.7 0.0 1385.9 2004 0.0 7.0 0.3 96.7 84.6 414.3 116.3 176.1 291.0 127.1 15.4 0.5 1329.3 2005 0.0 0.0 13.8 33.7 140.1 176.3 299.1 99.4 243.3 119.0 142.1 6.5 1273.3 2006 0.0 112.7 16.3 177.2 314.3 73.7 271.6 451.2 288.5 187.8 39.3 6.5 1939.1 2007 0.0 0.0 65.7 158.4 174.4 109.8 167.5 95.1 281.1 198.2 105.0 0.0 1355.2 2008 23.1 48.9 29.7 113.9 291.3 97.6 50.6 265.7 349.5 316.2 87.6 4.2 1678.3 2009 0.0 130.0 46.3 132.0 267.8 165.2 81.4 143.5 499.6 181.5 68.8 0.0 1716.1 2010 23.8 0.0 1.4 28.1 129.0 223.0 185.2 218.2 137.0 322.8 41.2 1.2 1310.9 2011 0.0 0.0 44.5 115.2 69.7 245.4 276.8 254.4 475.0 194.0 52.4 12.0 1739.4 2012 19.7 27.0 20.0 116.1 156.2 35.4 343.8 100.0 375.9 188.2 77.6 0.0 1459.9 2013 0.0 0.0 42.6 74.4 191.4 270.4 361.0 165.0 344.6 155.6 75.0 132.8 1812.8 2014 0.0 1.0 5.6 85.6 90.2 215.6 340.6 146.2 91.3 198.8 5.8 80.8 1261.5 2015 0.0 1.8 45.1 90.4 131.8 162.5 127.7 160.2 166.1 93.0 45.2 8.2 1032.0 2016 21.2 0.0 0.0 13.6 83.2 344.0 178.7 144.6 286.9 301.1 45.5 70.7 1489.5 2017 3.0 1.5 73.8 63.6 173.2 136.7 266.3 174.0 228.9 247.6 0.0 0.0 1368.6 Average = 1496.6 Min 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 35.1 35.4 50.6 65.1 91.3 58.3 0.0 0.0 339.7 Ave 2.9 9.3 33.6 93.1 172.9 204.4 181.1 189.1 297.6 229.3 68.3 14.9 1496.6 Max 23.8 130.0 193.9 227.2 369.9 414.3 361.0 451.2 499.6 419.2 357.5 132.8 3580.4

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153. Siem Reap Province. The annual rainfall data of Siem Reap Province which shown in the below figure is received from the world weather online website (https://www.worldweatheronline.com/siem-reap-weather-averages/siem-reap/kh.aspx ) due to the design team could not find any data from Siem Reap Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology and the data is used for proposed subproject in Siem Reap Province. Figure 24: The average rainfall chart of Siem Reap Province for the last 10 years

154. Tboung Khmum and Kampong Cham Province. The data of meteorology of Kampong Cham meteorology station in Kampong Cham province have been used for the study for both provinces due to Tboung Khmum province have been split from Kampong Cham province. The rainfall data indicated that this area having high precipitation with total annual average rainfall of about 1,478.86 mm for the last ten years (2009-2018). For more detail on the rainfall data see below Table. Table 29: Annual Rainfall of Tboung Khmum and Kampong Cham Station from 1991 to 2012 មក កម ម ម មថ កក ក ច ធ ប No Jan(mm) Feb(mm) Mar(mm) Apr(mm) May(mm) Jun(mm) Jul(mm) Aug(mm) Sep(mm) Oct(mm) Nov(mm) Dec(mm) Total (mm) 2009 1.00 38.20 68.70 150.20 233.40 152.20 376.20 200.30 288.10 256.70 5.40 0.00 1,770.40 2010 21.20 0.00 13.60 68.30 57.60 316.30 182.90 214.40 144.70 282.40 65.70 6.90 1,374.00 2011 0.20 0.00 57.30 125.50 287.10 139.70 216.00 187.00 189.20 94.00 77.00 20.10 1,393.10 2012 21.50 0.60 29.40 148.00 263.80 81.60 308.70 140.90 401.70 111.00 132.00 2.70 1,641.90 2013 2.20 0.00 42.10 70.50 257.10 153.00 289.80 199.80 294.00 69.00 67.80 18.40 1,463.70 2014 0.00 0.00 0.00 230.10 27.30 180.90 298.20 70.20 160.60 210.80 65.30 27.60 1,271.00 2015 2.00 2.00 1.60 125.00 109.20 175.60 173.80 224.00 231.00 202.00 136.40 5.10 1,387.70 2016 0.00 0.00 0.10 3.60 34.40 179.50 146.80 134.70 347.10 253.00 169.50 72.80 1,341.50 2017 17.10 6.80 198.90 226.90 208.20 168.20 190.20 282.00 95.00 248.20 148.80 29.70 1,820.00 2018 115.20 0.00 59.00 46.90 176.90 165.90 94.50 186.00 259.10 82.60 110.00 29.20 1,325.30 Average 18.04 4.76 47.07 119.50 165.50 171.29 227.71 183.93 241.05 180.97 97.79 21.25 1,478.86 Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.60 27.30 81.60 94.50 70.20 95.00 69.00 5.40 0.00 1,271.00 Max 115.20 38.20 198.90 230.10 287.10 316.30 376.20 282.00 401.70 282.40 169.50 72.80 1,820.00 Source: Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology of Kampong Cham Province

155. Prey Veng Province. The annual rainfall data received from Prey Veng Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology is used for hydrology and hydraulic analysis for SBST Road construction sub-project in Kampong Trabaek Commune. The below Table is an annual

Page | 83 rainfall for last 15 years. Table 30: Annual Rainfall of Prey Veng Province

Source: Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology of Prey Veng Province, 2015

3. Floods and Droughts

156. Parts of Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum and Prey Veng provinces are flooded when water levels in the Mekong River rise each year. This overflow of floodwater from the Mekong River has many positive benefits but is also a determining factor in vulnerability to climate change. Agricultural losses and infrastructure damage are associated with the duration and depth of flooding above critical thresholds (extreme flood). 157. Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Battambang and Banteay Meanchey provinces are partly in the Tonle Sap flood plain and partly on the rising topography in the west which forms an upper catchment draining into Tonle Sap through many small rivers within the provinces. This provides positive benefits to agriculture, livestock, fishery, aquatic products, and flood-linked agricultural output. It also makes the provinces vulnerable to climate change impacts of floods and droughts. 158. Flood. Flooding is a regular phenomenon in Cambodia, with rainfalls commonly exceeding 500 mm per month in the rainy season. However, recent flooding in the Mekong region has been very damaging and the Mekong River Commission records show an increasingly shorter return period for major floods. Additionally, though major tropical cyclones originating in the South China Sea rarely penetrate into Cambodia, cyclonic effects in central Cambodia have been more common in the last decade. 159. In particular, the floods of 2011 and 2013 were major events and were very damaging to life, property and livelihoods. The flood statistics for the 2013 flood for the subproject provinces in Table 31 illustrate the levels of damage for project provinces. The table, taken from the NCDM database for disaster risk reduction ( http://camdi.ncdm.gov.kh/DesInventar/profiletab.jsp), shows the high death toll and large extent of damage to both infrastructure and agriculture of the provinces on the Mekong/Tonle Sap floodplain (Battambang, Banteay Meanchey and Prey Veng provinces). Table 31: Flood Impacts 1996 – 2019 Houses Damage Death Injure Houses Directly Education Lost Damage to Province Damage Hospitals to crops s d Destroyed affected centres Cattle roads (m) d (ha) Kampong Cham/Tboung Khmum 201 453 247 3172 1185086 49 28 118748 2466 662379 Kampong Thom 81 1 53 1767 571345 43 2 82879 90 766548 Siem Reap 68 269 143 182 504704 7 1 71096 658 957168 Battambang 35 38 98 685 524104 3 - 272811.5 2 506892 Banteay Meanchey 55 - - 21 582950 335 20 207823 - 397164.621 Prey Veng 2379 208 11 1743 2353691 199 1751 292389.5 4 985353 Source: NCDM Cambodia Disaster Damage & Loss Information System (CamDi).

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160. When the fatalities and crop damage are corrected for provincial population and provincial cropping area respectively, the data show that for each 5-year recurring flood (the average return period for the last two decades). 161. Drought . In the most recent country-wide drought of 2015/2016, 18 out of Cambodia’s 25 provinces faced water shortages as a result of the worst drought in decades. The drought began in June 2015 and was linked to the severe El Niño weather phenomenon, which had caused below average rainfall across Cambodia. Temperatures reached up to 41°C, and an increase in forest fires was also reported. Cumulative drought impacts over the period 2000 – 2018 (Table 32 ) show the high impacts of droughts in Kampong Cham. Table 32: Drought Impacts 2000 – 2018 Directly Indirectly Damages in crops Lost Province affected Affected (ha) Cattle Kampong Cham/Tboung 193355 N/A 83390 1135 Khmum Kampong Thom N/A N/A 42497 - Siem Reap 34680 102922 33276 - Battambang 421178 52216 247165 - Banteay Meanchey - - 132048 - Prey Veng 21362 - 101615 - Note: N/A: Not available Source: NCDM Cambodia Disaster Damage & Loss Information System (CamDi).

162. When the crop damage and people directly affected are corrected for provincial cropping areas and provincial population respectively, the data show that for each 3.5-year recurring drought (the average return period for the last two decades). 4. Water Quality

a. Core Subproject (Chbar Ampov Village Road and Lvea Irrigation Subprojects).

. Surface Water Quality Test 163. No comprehensive water quality data for the subproject areas water bodies currently exist. For the irrigation subproject, dry season water quality was sampled by the PPTA team using field test kits to give an indication of water quality and a basis for comparison at different locations. The sampling was at the beginning of the main (primary) canal at the pumping station. Another sample, analyzed only for coliforms and pesticide contamination, was taken half way along the canal where two of the subproject’s three secondary canals link with the main canal. For the village road subproject, the water quality in the main intermittent creek line over which the road passes was sampled by the PPTA team. Both areas were sampled in March during the dry season when water levels were low and would therefore show the most concentration of any contaminants. Sampling locations are shown in Figure 25 and Figure 26.

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Figure 25: Sampling Points for Surface Water, Groundwater and Noise, Lvea Commune

Source: PPTA team.

Figure 26: Sampling Points for Surface Water, Groundwater and Noise, Banthaey and Chbar Ampov Communes

Source: PPTA team.

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Table 33: Water Quality Results of Surface Water in the Main Canal, Lvea Commune Parameter Unit Main Canal, Lvea No. 27 ANRK.BK No. 27 ANRK.BK on Commune on Water Water Pollution Control (Lakes and At Half way Pollution Control Rivers) Headwater along (Rivers) pH 6.5 - 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total alkalinity mg/l 120 - - - Hardness (CaCO 3) mg/l 85 - - - - NO 2 mg/l Nd - - 0.1-0.6 - NO 3 mg/l Nd - - - Cl mg/l <0.25 - - - S mg/l 220 - - - Fe mg/l 0 - - - Hg mg/l Nd - - - Cu mg/l 0.08 - - - Pesticide mg/l Positive positive - - Coliform >1CFU/100ml Positive positive <5,000 <1,000 Coliform >10 3CFU/ml Positive negative - - CaCO 3 = calcium carbonate, Cl = chlorine, CFU = Colony Forming Units, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Hg = mercury, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, Nd = not detected, NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide, NO 3 = nitrate, pH = potential of hydrogen, S = sulfur, US EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. Source: PPTA team. Table 34: Water Quality Results of Surface Water in the Creek Midway along the Village Road Parameter Unit Creek Line, No. 27 ANRK.BK on No. 27 ANRK.BK on Banthaey Water Pollution Water Pollution Commune Control (Rivers) Control (Lakes and Rivers) pH 6 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total alkalinity mg/l 80 - - Hardness (CaCO 3) mg/l 50-120 - - - NO 2 mg/l Nd - 0.1-0.6 - NO 3 mg/l Nd - - Cl mg/l 0.25 - - S mg/l 250 - - Fe mg/l 0 - - Hg mg/l 0.002 - - Cu mg/l 0.5-1.0 - - Pesticide mg/l Positive - - Coliform >1CFU/100ml Negative <5,000 <1,000 Coliform >10 3CFU/ml Negative - - CaCO 3 = calcium carbonate, Cl = chlorine, CFU = Colony Forming Units, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Hg = mercury, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, Nd = not detected, NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide, NO 3 = nitrate, pH = potential of hydrogen, S = sulfur, US EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. Source: PPTA team.

164. Samples of surface water from both subproject areas were positive for pesticide contamination, indicating runoff of pesticides from paddy applications. The main canal at the Lvea irrigation subproject showed high indicative coliform counts where it receives water from the Trabaek River, but decreasing levels downstream in the canal thus indicating that the coliform pollution is sourced from the Trabaek River. The Cambodian standard for public waters, 3 Sub-decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, includes permissible levels for coliforms, a range of pesticides and pesticide residues as well as heavy metals for public health protection. These require laboratory analysis which was not available within the resources of the PPTA team. A baseline for these parameters will need to be established for surface waters before operation of the irrigation subproject to enable monitoring of the effectiveness of the project’s integrated pesticide management capacity building.

3 Public water areas refer to water areas that are for public use such as: Tonle, Stung (rivers), stream, gully, lake, pond, well, sea, peam (river mouth) and include canal irrigation system and other waterways that are for public use and ground water.

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. Groundwater 165. The vulnerability of groundwater quality in irrigation areas, especially where the water table is at a shallow depth, is high. However, in the Lvea commune irrigation subproject area, farmers’ wells are routinely between 35 m and 40 m deep, and therefore are unlikely to share the same water table as the level of water in the canals. To check whether the quality of exploited groundwater is independent of local surface water quality, a series of samples from wells was analyzed by the PPTA team. The results are at Table 13. The results showed that some contamination occurs, especially in pesticides and coliforms, and that operational attention to the application of chemicals and domestic drainage is warranted. Table 35: Groundwater Quality Results of Groundwater at Wells in the Lvea Irrigation Subproject Area Cambodian Lvea Drinking US EPA Parameters Unit Water Drinking Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 standard water 2009 Depth m 39 35 39 35 pH 6.0 6.5 6.5 - 5.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total alkalinity mg/l 120 120 120 - - - Hardness mg/l <50 50 <50 - 500 60-200 (CaCO 3) - NO 2 mg/l ND ND ND - 1 3 - NO 3 mg/l ND 2 nd - 15 50 Cl mg/l 0.25 <0.25 <0.25 - - <250 S mg/l 50 250 <50 - - <250 Fe mg/l 0.02 ND 0.02 - 5 <0.3 Hg mg/l ND ND ND - 0.5 0.001 Cu mg/l 1.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 2 Pesticide mg/l positive negative positive positive - Atrazine 0.02 Chlorpyrifos 0.01 Diuron 0.02 Coliform >1CFU/10 negative negative positive positive 3 positive 0ml Coliform >10 3CFU/ negative negative positive negative 3 negative ml CaCO 3 = calcium carbonate, Cl = chlorine, CFU = Colony Forming Units, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Hg = mercury, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, ND = not detected, NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide, NO 3 = Nitrate, pH = potential of hydrogen, S = sulfur, US EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. Source: PPTA team.

166. Wells at houses along the alignment of the village road subproject were also sampled by the PPTA team to establish a baseline and also to check if capacity building and training is required in domestic water management. Two wells were sampled in Chbar Ampov village, and two in Bantheay village. Table 36: Groundwater Quality Results of Groundwater at Wells in the Subproject Schemes Cambodian US EPA Chbar Ampov Banthaey Drinking Parameter Unit Water Drinking Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 standard 2009 water Depth m 45 35 5 67 pH 7.5 - 6 6 5.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Total alkalinity mg/l 360 - 120 40 - - Hardness mg/l 250 - 130 150 500 60-200 (CaCO 3) - NO 2 mg/l 0.2 - 0.2 0.2 1 3 - NO 3 mg/l 2 - 2 ND 15 50 Cl mg/l <0.25 - 0.25 <0.25 - <250 S mg/l 250 - 200 200 - <250 Fe mg/l ND - ND 0.02 5 <0.3 Hg mg/l ND - ND ND 0.5 0.001 Pb mg/l ND - ND - 0.01 0.01

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Chbar Ampov Banthaey Cambodian US EPA Drinking Parameter Unit Water Drinking Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 standard 2009 water Cu mg/l <0.5 - 0.75 1.25 1.0 2 Pesticide mg/l negative - positive negative - Atrazine 0.02 Chlorpyrifos 0.01 Diuron 0.02 Coliform >1CFU/100ml negative positive positive negative 3 positive Coliform >10 3CFU/ ml negative positive positive negative 3 negative CaCO 3 = calcium carbonate, Cl = chlorine, CFU = Colony Forming Unit, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Hg = mercury, mg/l = milligram per liter, ml = millilitre, ND = not detected, NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide, NO 3 = Nitrate, Pb = lead, pH = potential of hydrogen, S = sulfur, US EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. Source: PPTA team.

167. The results indicate that shallow wells have poor water quality and the deepest wells have good water quality. Well No.2 at Chbar Ampov was positive for coliform at 35 m depth and indicates a local domestic runoff problem. b. Sixteen (16) Subprojects

168. Since this project does not concern water resources, no ambient water quality data was collected. During the construction phase of the project, impacts on surface waters from construction activities will be monitored but this will be via visually obtained baselines (turbidity, siltation, oil traces) and assessments rather than laboratory testing. 5. Air Quality and Noise

169. No ambient air quality data exists for the project provinces. Both the agricultural production areas and the rural roads are in predominantly agricultural lands and villages/residential areas where the air quality is sometimes affected by dust from tillage and unpaved road users and smoke from rice stubble burning after harvest. At most times however, due to the absence of industry and low traffic volumes, the air quality can be expected to be high, with low NO x and SO x and minimal CO. 6. Land Use and Vegetation

a. Core Subproject (Chbar Ampov Village Road and Lvea Irrigation Subprojects). 170. Land use in the subproject areas is agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields or fallow paddy fields. The distribution of land use and vegetative cover of the areas is shown in Figures 20 and 21 (overleaf). 171. In the irrigation subproject area in Lvea commune, sections of the secondary canals to be rehabilitated have become vegetated, with canal bank trees often extending into the silted up canal bed. Where the canals are clear, vegetation often lines the banks and also occurs infrequently along paddy dykes. At Lvea commune, species comprise: Overgrown canals Canal banks and paddy dykes Eucalyptus tereticornis Zizyphus mauritania Acacia auriculiformis Streblus asper Bombax ceiba Pithecellobium dulce Shorea siamensis Aegle marmelos Pterocarpus indicus Ceiba pentandra Dendrocalamus giganteus Alstona scholaris Senna surattensis

172. Overgrown canals and heavily vegetated canal banks occur along the 1 km canal north of Highway 1 in Thnaot village, and the first 800 m of the 3 km long canal south of Highway 1, starting at a ruined Pol Pot era gate and flowing through Boeung Snao and Takork villages. This vegetation is dense in places and may be habitat for local fauna. It also provides wind and sun protection and

Page | 89 erosion and dust control functions for canals and villages. This is illustrated in Figures 16 and 17 below. 173. No vegetation species identified on site is included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List for Cambodia. There are no recorded endangered wildlife species nor natural or critical habitats in the subprojects’ area of influence. Figure 27: Overgrown Banks and Canal Bed at Thnaot Village, Lvea Commune

Figure 28: Overgrown Canal Banks at Takork Village, Lvea Commune

174. Where the road alignment in Batheay and Chbar Ampov communes in Kampong Cham passes through villages, trees, and other vegetation grow along the road verge. Many of these trees are productive trees for fruit and other products (e.g., mango and kapok). Out of the villages, in the farming areas vegetation is sparse and mainly confined to waterways and paddy dykes (See Figures 18 and 19). These comprise the following common species. No vegetation species identified on site are included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List for Cambodia, and no natural or critical habitats will be affected by the road alignment. In villages Along paddy areas Productive trees Zizyphus mauritania Anacardium occidentale Streblus asper Mangifera sp. Mimosa pudica Ceibra pentandra Borassus flabellifer Cocos nucifera Millingtonia hortensis Others (shade and wood) Samanea saman Along waterways Albizzia lebbek Pithecellobium dulce Streblus asper Albizzia lebbek Eucalyptus spp.

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Figure 29 : Vegetation along Subprojects

Figure 30: Sparse Vegetation in Paddy Areas

a. Sixteen (16) Subprojects

175. The land use of the seven project provinces is illustrated in Figure 31 . The data is taken from the 2016 land cover mapping by Open Development Cambodia. It shows the significant disparity in agricultural areas between provinces. Table 37: Agricultural lands as a proportion of land area per province Province Land Area km 2 Agricultural Land km 2 Percentage of land in Agriculture Kampong Cham 15,049 11286.75 75% Kampong Thom 13,814 4558.62 33% Siem Reap 10,299 4119.6 40% Tboung Khmom 5,250 3150 60% Battambang 12,036 3307.229 27.48% Banteay 6,141 3000.43 48.86% Meanchey Prey Veng 4,781 3893.517 60.52%

Figure 31: Landcover Maps for the Seven Project Provinces

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Source: Open Development Cambodia from the Regional Land Cover Monitoring System of the General Department of Administration for Nature Conservation and Protection (GDANCP/ MOE)

176. Vegetation cover along the project roads largely consists of agricultural crops such as rice, while some sections traverse areas covered with plantation crops such as rubber, black pepper, mangoes, sugarcane, cashew and cassava; with shrubs, grasses, and sparse trees. Lowland rice cropping is the main activity but other crops grown include soybean, cassava, and cashew. Fruit and vegetables crops are also cultivated although primarily for domestic consumption. Large and small livestock are raised and some households during the early dry season once the rice harvest is completed, travel to flood recession areas of the Tonle Sap to cultivate flood recession rice and fish. Irrigation and Roadside vegetation was sampled in the subproject areas during field inspections. The results are at

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177. Table 38 . Vegetation bordering the subprojects proceeding to detailed design was recorded. These sites cover all project provinces and may be assumed to represent the vegetation along all project roads and irrigation. None of the species are recorded as threatened on the IUCN Red List.

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Table 38: Vegetation growing along selected road subprojects Khmer Name English Name Science Name

ក Microcos Microcos paniculata

ងង Lo ngieng Cratoxylum formosum Cashew Anacardium occidentale យចន ចក Banana Musa

Palmyra palm Borassus flabellifer

Acacia tree Acacia penninervis

ង Coconut Cocos nucifera

កខប Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura L.

បក Guava Psidium guajava

ព Jujube Ziziphus Tamarind Tamarindus indica ព យ Mango Mangifera indica Rain tree Enterolobium saman Prain ពទកង Manila tamarind Pithecellobium dulce ពទក Silk cotton tree Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. មគ Noni Morinda citrifolia មញ Bamboo Dendrocalamus membranaceus ( អំបូរ) គម ក Peacock flower Poinciana pulcherrima L. Silk cotton tree Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. មគ Source: SSP6, 2019.

7. Protected Areas

52. Cambodia has a network of over 20 protected areas managed through MOE. These areas cover 2.2 million hectares or 18% of Cambodia’s land area and include most of its important habitats. The Forest Administration has also designated protected forests (from cancelled logging concessions) bringing the total area under protection to around 25%, which is more than twice the global average. 53. Protected Areas are sites which are protected by Decrees, Laws and Regulations. In 2008 Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007), which defines these areas by their main conservation significance. These are listed on the MOE published map below.

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Figure 32: MOE Protected Areas Map – showing National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Protected Landscapes, Multiple Use Areas, Ramsar Sites and Marine Parks

Natural Protected Area in Cambodia

Source: Ministry of Environment. 178. The law specifies four types of protected areas. These are national park, wildlife sanctuary, protected landscape and multiple-use management areas. Overlapping the subprojects location and protected area location which is recognized by Ministry of Environment (MoE), 2019, no protected areas, rare or endangered species have been recorded for the subproject sites. 8. Physical cultural resources

179. No significant physical cultural resources have been recorded for the subproject areas. 9. Socio-economic Environment

180. Two Core Subprojects. The PPTA social survey undertook data collection from commune records followed by household interviews of 100 households per subproject area. From commune records a breakdown of commune populations was assembled and is presented in Table 39 below. The road subproject area has a total population of over 15,000 persons. The irrigation subproject commune is much more sparsely populated, with a commune of almost 8,000 persons. Table 39: Commune Populations and Gender Breakdown Sub-Project District Commune No of Families Total Total Male Total Villages Population Female Batheay 6 3,689 15,294 7,714 7,580 Village Road Batheay Chbar Ampov 4 1,557 6,363 3,123 3,240

Total 10 5,246 21,657 10,837 10,820 Irrigation Preah Sdach Lvea 11 1,751 7,901 4,014 3,887 Source: PPTA team. 181. In the household survey, 100 households in each subproject area were surveyed. The more rural population of the irrigation subproject area is apparent with a mean income level which is almost

Page | 95 a quarter of the road subproject area ( Table 40 ). This is also reflected in the poverty levels of the subproject areas, with 52% of the sample in the irrigation area holding poor IDs, in contrast to the road subproject area with 38% with poor IDs ( Table 41 ). Table 40: Household Incomes of Sample Group ($) Household income per month Villages involved in subproject Mean Maximum Minimum Road Subproject 449.68 1,750.00 5.00 Irrigation Subproject 117.01 600.00 5.00 Total 273.42 1,750.00 5.00 Source: PPTA team. Table 41: Households Holding ID Poor Card 4 in Sample Group

Total Subproject Poverty Level Number % Not poor 62 62.0% Poor 1 23 23.0% Village Road Poor 2 15 15.0% Subtotal 100 100.0% Not poor 48 48.0% Poor 1 24 24.0% Irrigation Poor 2 28 28.0% Subtotal 100 100.0% Source: PPTA team.

182. Sixteen Subprojects. There are 41 villages in 7 target province are considered as “direct beneficiaries” of 16 subprojects. According to the population statistics (2017), the total population of these commune was reported at 70,369 people or 14,496 households (with an average household size of 4-5 persons).

4 Poor Households as defined in Ministry of Planning Sub-decree of IDPoor, 2011.

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Table 42: Population of Beneficiary of 16 Subprojects Project No. Province District Commune Villages No. HHs Population Female Male FHHs Description 1 Reparation of 5.00 Battambang Bavel Knach Romeas Kaoh Ream 549 2629 1263 1366 35 km of Knach Rung Ampil 293 1678 796 882 21 Romeas Laterite Chroy Sna 232 885 450 435 29 Road 2 Improvement of Battambang Thma Koul Kouk Khmum Kien Kaes Muoy 530 2173 1081 1092 60 1.898 km of DBST Kien Kaes Pir 635 3571 1736 1835 109 Road Ta Meakh 308 1282 639 643 43 3 Rehabilitation of 9 Battambang Rukh Kiri Prek Chik Khnach Ampor 470 2141 965 1176 43 km of Inter Prek Chik 491 1730 847 883 35 Commune Basak~ Thnom 257 1316 596 720 36 Prek Chik Canal subproject Basak Kamraeng 360 1657 812 845 26 Ta Preal 136 646 314 332 12 Chaing Khpos 465 2995 1516 1479 55 4 Upgrading of Banteay Meanchey Preah Netr Bos Sbov Kbal Khting 143 600 294 306 13 2.786 km of Bos Preah Bantoat Baoh 140 547 270 277 7 Sbov DBST Road 5 Improvement of Banteay Meanchey Ou Chrov Samraong - - 3932 1984 - - 2.511km of Samraong SBST Road 6 Improvement of Kampong Thom Stoung Msar Krang Cheung 175 809 431 378 34 6.056 km of Chi Chi Meas 271 1186 622 564 31 Meas SBST Road Sampan 96 458 239 219 24 Kampong Chen Chek 316 1496 774 722 65 Cheung Chak 204 976 498 478 35 Roka 148 773 387 386 38

7 Improvement of Kampong Thom Santuk Pnov Pnov 210 1026 482 544 - 4.390km DBST Tang Krasang Tang Krasang 361 1706 843 863 - Road Subproject 8 Kampong Thom Sandan Sandan Sandan 99 497 233 264 21 Srae Chang 142 648 314 334 25

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Project No. Province District Commune Villages No. HHs Population Female Male FHHs Description Construction of Dang Kambet 7.388 km of Sampoar Thum 121 555 288 267 10 Laterite Road

9 Construction of Prey Veng Kampong Kampong Anlong Reach 356 1550 693 857 61 3.497 km of SBST Trabaek Trabaek Boeng Khyang 111 517 266 251 27 Road 10 Improvement of Prey Veng Sithor Kandal Romlech Roleang 368 1914 924 990 82 2.750 km of SBST Prey Lean 242 1275 631 644 44 Road Subproject Char 512 2789 1315 1474 118 Improvement of Siem Reap Siem Reap Chreav Veal 412 2007 1020 987 60 1.00 km of Chreav 11 Asphalt Concrete Pavement Road subproject 12 Rehabilitation of Siem Reap Varin Svay Sar Ou 206 921 464 457 15 8.993 km of Svay Svay Sa 216 885 454 431 19 Sar Earth Road Ruessei Thum 319 1339 672 667 79

Char 101 430 245 185 14 13 Rehabilitation of Tboung Khmum Ponhea Kak Kanhchae 150 887 524 363 27 5.5 km of Bak Ay Kraek Bos Ti 120 524 251 273 26 Canal subproject 274 1294 629 665 52

Trapeang Stieng 233 924 462 462 100 Tuek Yong 192 957 499 458 28 14 Upgrading of 1.5 Tboung Khmum Krouch Tuol Snuol Ta Pav 286 1332 645 687 63 km of Tuol Snuol Chhmar Thnal Bei Maetr 518 2017 936 1081 86 Concrete Road 15 Construction of Kampong Cham Batheay Batheay Batheay 1026 3598 1433 2165 161 3.327 km of DBST Me Pring Me Pring 330 1546 713 833 286 Road Subproject Tang Srei 325 1468 683 785 35 16 Kampong Cham Cheung Prey Sdaeung Chey Pongro 375 1647 802 845 184 Sdaeung Chey 273 951 464 487 178

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Project No. Province District Commune Villages No. HHs Population Female Male FHHs Description construction of 2.508 km of SBST Pra Boeng 399 1685 788 897 145 Road Subproject Total 7 provinces 16 Districts 21 Communes 48 villages 14496 70369 34187 34234 2697 Source: SSP6, 2019

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V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Environmental Screening of Subprojects

183. The two core and sixteen subprojects which are the subject of this IEE have been chosen using a set of environmental selection criteria and categorize using the environmental Categorization Checklist . When applied, these criteria led to the selection of relatively straightforward schemes without significant environmental impacts. The criteria were: 1. Irrigation

(i) The proposed subprojects will have sustainable water supply; Primary water source should be demonstrably capable of sustaining water extraction to suit the intended cropping calendar. (ii) The proposed subprojects will not be subject to water use conflict or other water security issues. (iii) The proposed subprojects will not encroach on or impact nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries. (iv) The proposed subprojects will not be undertaken where soil contamination requiring remediation occurs. (v) Power demand for the operation of a subproject (pumps) will not result in net CO 2 equivalent emissions in excess of 100,000 tons/year in electricity generation. (vi) The proposed subprojects will avoid monuments of cultural or historical importance. (vii) Primary water source (main canal, waterbody) should be functional and operational and not in imminent need of repairs. (viii) No groundwater should be used as primary water source. (ix) Additions to irrigation command areas should not involve extensive land conversion or land levelling. (x) Additions to irrigation command areas should not be upstream of ecologically sensitive areas (ensure protection of ecologically sensitive areas from elevated nutrients and agricultural chemicals in downstream runoff from irrigation). 2. Roads

(i) New or upgraded roads should not encroach on: a. natural areas; b. wetlands; c. flooded forest; and d. wildlife breeding areas. (ii) New or upgraded roads should not encroach on heritage sites or sites of religious ceremony or community value. (iii) New or upgraded roads should not encroach on wildlife reserves or protected areas. (iv) New or upgraded roads should not open up new natural resource areas for exploitation (e.g. forests, wetlands). (v) New or upgraded roads should not divide or isolate communities. Should not create safety hazards near schools and populated areas. (vi) New roads should not cross a major waterway, requiring a bridge structure; alignment should be sought where drainage structures under road are culverts.

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B. Areas of Influence for Impact assessment

184. The assessment areas for air, noise, water, and ecological impacts are defined by the technical guidelines for environmental standards cited above, based on the environmental sensitivity of the project areas and surroundings as well as the nature of each subproject and its components. The assessment areas for the infrastructure components are shown in Table 43 . Table 43: Assessment Areas of the Infrastructure Subprojects Assessment Area Environmental Media Village Road Rehabilitation Irrigation Canal Rehabilitation Air Within 50 meter ( m) on both sides from the Within 50 m of residences along Secondary road center line in village areas (to cover Canal 1 and Secondary Canal 2 (to cover all all distances of dust and emissions distances of dust and emissions impacts impacts during construction). during construction). Not applicable to Secondary Canal 3 (no receptors) . Noise Within 300 m in the day and 50 m at night Within 300 m in the day and 50 m at night on both sides from the road center line in along Secondary Canal 1 and Secondary village areas (to cover all distances of Canal 2 (to cover all distances of dust and noise impacts during construction). emissions impacts during construction). Not applicable to Secondary Canal 3 (no receptors) . Surface water Nearest pe rmanent waterbody (canal or Nearest permanent waterbody (canal or river) . river) . Groundwater Any shallow domestic wells adjacent to Within and adjoining irrigation command (within 20 m) of road construction areas. activities. Solid waste Adjoining villa ge and paddy areas where Adjoining village and paddy areas where waste could be deposited intentionally or waste could be deposited intentionally or accidently . accidently . Ecology/Vegetation Within 5 m both sides of the road center 25 m easement along canals for canal line . channel and levees . Physical cultural Construction “footprint” Construction “footprint” resources Occupational health & Construction “footprint” and adjoining Construction “footprint” and adjoining safety access ways and properties . properties . Community health & Residences and farmers working areas Residences and farmers working areas safety adjacent to construction sites. All road adjacent to construction sites. users. Source: PPTA team.

185. Two Core Subprojects. Two core subprojects are categorized as Category B. EMPs has prepared, approved by ADB and disclosed on ADB website and corporate into bidding document since 2019. 186. Sixteen Subprojects. As the result of environmental screening and public consultation with local people, seven (7) proposed subprojects are Category B and nine (9) subprojects are Category C on environment (See Table 44 ). a. Category B Subprojects. Seven (7) subprojects (2 irrigations and 5 rural road subprojects) are Category B on environment; because its potential adverse environmental impacts are on site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures will be proposed and designed in environmental management plan (EMP). For rural road subprojects, the main impacts during construction will be (i) dust from earthworks; (ii) noise from excavation, roadmaking and haulage machinery use; (iii) safety hazards and disruption from the operation of machinery and haulage vehicles; (iv) loss of roadside trees and vegetation; and (v) sourcing of roadmaking materials. During operation of the road, the main issues will be (i) dust and noise from increased traffic; (ii) road safety; (iii) hydrological changes (drainage through road and flooding behavior); and (iv) effects on agricultural irrigation and field drainage. For irrigation subprojects, the main impacts during construction will be (i) dust from earthworks in canal excavation; (ii) noise from excavation; (iii) safety hazards and disruption from the operation of machinery and haulage vehicles; (iv) loss of canal bank trees; and (v) spoil disposal. During operation of the irrigation area, the main issues will be (i) sustainability of water use (supply,

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demand, and water conflicts); and (ii) increase in agricultural chemicals. b. Category C Subproject. Nine rural road subprojects are category B on environment. Based on detailed engineer design, the designed road width will be within existing road width. These subproject also need to remove few tree which are not an economic tree. In addition, the result of public consultation show that the proposed subproject will provide a number of positive impact rather than negative impacts. Therefore, these subprojects’ impact is likely to have minimal. Thus, Environmental Code of Conduct (model template in EARF, Annex 5) can be adapted and integrated in contractor requirements. 187. It is recommended that for subprojects determined to be Category B, EMP is required and for subprojects determined to be Category C, an Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) is required (See below table). The EMP/CoC will be incorporated into bidding document. Table 44: Environmental Category of Proposed Subprojects

Designed Designed Irrigated top Environmental No. Bid No. SP Name Location Length Area Width Category (km) (ha) (m) TSSD-AF- Laterite Road in BTB-NCB- Bavel District, 1 Knach Romeas 5 5 - Cat.C W/RR005- Battambang Province commune NCDDS TSSD-AF- Kouk Khmum DBST Road in BTB-NCB- Commune, Thma 2 Kouk Khmum 1.898 4 - Cat.C W/RR021- Koul District, commune NCDDS Battambang Province Rahabilitation of TSSD-AF- Secondary Canal BTB-NCB- Rukh Kiri District, 3 In Basak and 9 18 900 Cat.B W/IR019- Battambang Province Prek Chik NCDDS Communes TSSD-AF- Bos Sbov Commune, DBST Road in BMC-NCB- Preah Netr Preah 4 Bos Sbov 2.786 5 - Cat.B W/RR006- District, Banteay commune NCDDS Meanchey Province TSSD-AF- Samraong SBST Road in BMC-NCB- Commune, Ou Chrov 5 Samraong 2.51 5 - Cat.C W/RR008- District, Banteay commune NCDDS Meanchey Province Inter-commune of TSSD-AF- Msar Krang and SBST Road in KPT-NCB- Kampong Chen 6 Chi Meas 6 5 - Cat.B W/RR010- Cheung, Stoung Commune NCDDS District, Kampong Thom Province Inter-Commune Tang TSSD-AF- DBST Road in Krasang-Pnov, KPT-NCB- Tang Krasang 7 Santuk District, 4.39 5 - Cat.C W/RR017- and Pnov Kampong Thom NCDDS Commune Province Inter-Commune of TSSD-AF- Laterite road in Sandan and Dang KPT-NCB- Sandan and 8 Kambet, Sandan 7.388 4.5 - Cat.B W/RR003- Dang Kambet District, in Kampong NCDDS commune Thom Province

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Designed Designed Irrigated top Environmental No. Bid No. SP Name Location Length Area Width Category (km) (ha) (m) TSSD-AF- SBST Road in Kampong Trabaek PVG-NCB- Kampong Commune, Kampong 9 3.497 5 - Cat.B W/RR023- Trabeak Trabaek District, NCDDS commune Prey Veng Province TSSD-AF- Romlech Commune, SBST Road in PVG-NCB- Sithor Kandal 10 Romlech 2.75 5 - Cat.C W/RR014- District, Prey Veng commune NCDDS Province TSSD-AF- Sangkat Chreav, Asphalt concrete SRP-NCB- Siem Reap 11 road in Sangkat 1 5 - Cat.C W/RR007- Municipality, in Siem Chreav NCDDS Reap Province TSSD-AF- Earth Road in Svay Sar Commune, SRP-NCB- 12 Svay Sar Varin District, Siem 8.993 6 - Cat.B W/RR009- commune Reap NCDDS TSSD-AF- Rahabilitation of Kak Commune, TKM-NCB- Secondary canal Ponhea Kraek 13 5.5 18 734 Cat.B W/IR013- (Bak Ay) in Kak District, Tboung NCDDS Communes Khmum Province Tuol Snuol TSSD-AF- Concrete road in Commune, Krouch TKM-NCB- 14 Toul Snuol Chhmar District, 0.7 6 - Cat.C W/RR004- commune Tboung Khmum NCDDS Province Inter-Commune TSSD-AF- DBST road in Batheay- Me Pring, KPC-NCB- 15 Batheay and Me Batheay District, 3.327 5 - Cat.C W/RR016- Pring commune Kampong Cham NCDDS Province Sdaeung Chey TSSD-AF- SBST Road in Commune, Cheung KPC-NCB- 16 Sdaeung Chey Prey District, 2.508 4 - Cat.C W/RR015- commune Kampong Cham NCDDS Province Note: SP=Subprojects, Cat.C=Category C, Cat.B= Category B. Source: SSP6, 2019

C. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits

188. For the irrigation subprojects, the result of the project irrigation and drainage facilities will be (i) the availability of additional area for a dry season crop where, due to failure of irrigation infrastructure, none currently exists; and (ii) an increase in certainty and control of existing irrigation areas. 189. In terms of areas sown, the project will increase potential rice growing areas by 305 ha, 900 ha and 734 ha for Lvea, Basak and Prek Chik and Kak Irrigation subprojects respectively. The beneficiaries of these changes will be local farmers, with flow-on effects to local commercial enterprises. Since rural populations are the poorest sectors of the Cambodian population, poverty alleviation effects will be direct and sustainable. 190. For the village road subproject the main beneficial impact will be that the road will be flood-

Page | 103 free for a longer period each year. This will have flow-on effects for increased access to goods and services for villages and farmers, as well as a more reliable means to transport the wet season harvest to markets. All residents of Chbar Ampov village and among 16 subprojects (as stated in Table 42 ) will benefit from this increased access and farmers living other villages and communes will have better access to their fields. In peak floods, the new road will be overtopped but the design incorporating consolidated embankments, reinforced road surfacing and increased culverts will strengthen its resistance to flood damage.

D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design and Pre-Construction Phase

1. Site Preparation

191. Loss of vegetation . The 25 m construction easement for canals (canal channel and levee banks) will require removal of vegetation where it has established along existing canal banks and, in the case of secondary canal 1 and the eastern portion of secondary canal 2, in the disused canal itself. This vegetation and its local amenity has been described in section IV.A.6. Trees and vegetation along the road in villages provide fruit and other products, protect residences from sun and wind and adjacent agricultural land from dust and run-off. Loss of mature native trees and productive fruit trees in these areas should be minimized. Before construction in all areas, the implementing agency’s ESO and contractor will clearly mark trees which are to be retained. Contractors will convey these requirements to all machinery operators and residents to ensure that valuable trees are not damaged. After construction, removed trees and productive shrubs will be replanted. 192. Loss of assets . The alignment of the village road, canals, and working envelope will result in the loss of some built and livelihood assets. These have been documented by the PPTA team and informed consent and appropriate compensation will be implemented in compliance with ADB’s SPS 2009. The affected people and assets are set out in Table 45 . All affected people and assets are presented in Due Diligence Report on Resettlement. Table 45: Loss of Assets for the two Core Subproject and sixteen Subprojects Tree to be Affected Area in square meter (m 2) removed No. Subprojects (>0.3 m. Agriculture Residential dia) Lvea Irrigation Subproject, Prey 1 43 4353.66 2080.1 Veng Province Chbar Ampov Village Road, 2 - 2151.2 1157.94 Kamong Cham Province Reparation of 5.00 km of Knach 3 15 N/A N/A Romeas Laterite Road Improvement of 1.898 km of Kouk 4 0 N/A N/A Khmum DBST Road Rehabilitation of 9 km of Inter N/A 5 Commune Basak~ Prek Chik Canal 5 143,054 subproject Upgrading of 2.786 km of Bos Sbov N/A 6 0 1,781.90 DBST Road

Improvement of 2.511km of N/A N/A 7 53 Samraong SBST Road Improvement of 6.056 km of Msar N/A N/A 8 Krang and Kampong Chen Cheung 160 SBST Road Improvement of 4.390km of Tang 9 0 261 - Krasang – Pnov DBST Road

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Tree to be Affected Area in square meter (m 2) removed No. Subprojects (>0.3 m. Agriculture Residential dia) Construction of 7.388 km of 10 Sandan – Dang Kambet Laterite 225 3,038.50 Road Construction of 3.497 km of N/A 11 115 13,392.40 Kampong Trabeak SBST Road N/A N/A Improvement of 2.750 km of 12 8 Romlech SBST Road

Improvement of 1.00 km of Chreav N/A N/A 13 8 Asphalt Concrete Pavement Road N/A Rehabilitation of 8.993 km of Svay 14 30 33,692 Sar Earth Road N/A Rehabilitation of 5.5 km of Bak Ay 15 258 20,208.40 Canal subproject

Upgrading of 1.5 km of Tuol Snuol N/A N/A 16 0 Concrete Road Construction of 3.327 km of N/A N/A 17 8 Batheay – Me Pring DBST Road Construction of 2.508 km of N/A N/A 18 8 Sdaeung Chey SBST Road Note: N/A = Not affected

2. Features of Detailed Design

193. The designs of all subprojects will be flood resilient and climate change adapted. Measures for flood resilience and climate change adaptation have been drawn from the project’s climate and disaster risk assessment (CDRA), which references the ADB’s Guidelines for Climate Proofing in the Transport and Agriculture Sectors, and current ADB Climate Resilience projects in Cambodia. 194. For the irrigation subproject these include: (i) the use of future possible crop water requirements in climate change scenarios for calculating the sustainability of irrigation design; (ii) robust canal infrastructure for future floods; and (iii) promoting canal bank and paddy dyke vegetation. For the village road subproject these include: (i) road and embankment heights, construction and surface finishes which combine flood resistance and flood resilience; and (ii) multiple large drainage structures to ensure unconstrained through-drainage of floodwaters. These measures are described in the section below on adaptation for climate change (Section I.2.4). 3. Construction Readiness

195. A number of environmental management measures will also be implemented in the pre- construction phase to ensure that appropriate plans and documentation to determine environmental performance of construction and operation of subprojects are in place. These include: (i) Updating EMP and CoC: mitigation measures defined in this EMP will be incorporated into the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impacts and will be updated in respect of changes made during detailed engineering design. This will be the responsibility of the commune councils and PST. (ii) Final designs of embankments, siting of control structures and canal alignments will be completed after taking into account the provisions of the EMP. (iii) Contract documents: preparation of the environment section in the TOR for bid and construction contracts, and environmental contract clauses for contractors, namely

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the special conditions (referencing the EMP/CoC and monitoring plan). This will be the responsibility of the commune councils with the support of the ESCC. (iv) Establishment of the GRM during the subproject design. (v) Environmental protection training: environmental specialists (including ESCC) and/or officials from local MOE offices will be invited to provide training on implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to contractors. It is estimated the total budget is 4,000 USD for first EMP/CoC training of 16 subprojects in pre- construction. During construction, there is on-the-job training by ESCC to ensure on EMP/CoC implementation.

E. Impacts and Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase

1. Construction

196. The following impacts and mitigation measures refer to construction impacts which are common to all subprojects. All subprojects will require earthworks, soil stabilization, dust and noise control as well as management of the impacts from machinery operation, transport and haulage of building materials and the domestic needs of the work force. Occupational and community health and safety issues are discussed separately in Section E.3 below. 197. Works area . Temporary land occupation for construction will be planned in the CEMPs and approved by relevant commune council and landowners with appropriate written and signed agreements. Construction easement, including stockpile sites and access ways will be clearly delineated in the plan and marked on the ground to ensure equipment operators stay within these boundaries. Any temporary damage that is not covered in the marked and agreed construction easement will be compensated promptly by the Contractor. 198. Earthworks, borrow and spoil. Earthworks totals from the detailed design specifications are indicated in each subproject description (See Section III.C). Since the subprojects focus on reformation of roadbed and heightening of road embankments, there will be a net import of fill and aggregate material. Detailed bills of quantities are available for the road subprojects undergoing detailed design and these allow calculation of average amounts per kilometer for the remaining roads on the shortlist for earthworks. 199. The sub-base, base course materials (laterite and gravel) and pavement material (gravel for DBST) will be supplied locally from nearby licensed or register quarries. For the village roads and irrigation subproject, these will be identified and approved by the PDRD and PDoRAM. Haulage routes and haulage trip intensities will be included in the CEMP as part of the traffic management planning. The haulage routes will avoid schools and school times and must be discussed with the residents in the villages through which the routes pass. 200. In all cases of importing fill or excavated spoil for disposal the contractor will ensure that stockpiles do not encroach upon adjacent areas – especially farmland, vegetated areas or residential areas. All material will be retained within the worksite (i.e. within the 15m construction easement) and frequently removed. Any damage to areas outside the identified corridor of impact will be compensated. 201. Erosion of disturbed surfaces. The areas most vulnerable to erosion are temporary construction sites and other places where surface soil will be disturbed. This will include “clearing and grubbing work” along the length of the road embankments. The most effective erosion control will be interception drainage to protect disturbed surfaces from surface flows. Construction plans will include erosion control prescriptions for construction work areas, including (i) constructing intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage; (ii) limiting construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds; and (iii) stabilizing all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. 202. Construction wastewater. Construction wastewater is produced from the maintenance and

Page | 106 cleaning of mechanical equipment and vehicles, maintenance water for mixing and curing concrete, cooling water, and lost water and soil during the construction period which is discharged as pollutants. The effluent, comprised mainly of inorganic wastewater, commonly contains no poisonous and harmful substance, except suspended solid, but, if discharged in an improper manner, still has the potential to impact existing water bodies. Some oil-containing wastewater can arise from machinery repairs. 203. Construction wastewater will not be discharged onto the surrounding soil or into surface water systems. Sedimentation tanks will be built, and after settling out of solids the upper clear liquid will be recycled for spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the tank will be cleared and transported to designated landfills. Oil-containing wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the sedimentation tank. 204. Gaseous air pollution. Construction machinery on all sites will consume petrol and diesel, releasing gaseous SO 2, CO, and NOx. Equipment will be maintained to a high standard to ensure efficient running and fuel-burning. High-horsepower equipment will be provided with tail gas purifiers. 205. Dust. Construction sites and access roads will potentially produce fugitive dust from material storage areas, dump sites, concrete mixing, excavation and general site usage – especially under windy conditions. Material stockpiles and concrete mixing equipment will be equipped with dust shrouds. The operators will regularly maintain the shrouds to ensure their effective operation. For both construction sites and construction roads, water spraying for the suppression of dust and maintenance of driving surfaces will be standard site management practice. Vehicles carrying soil, sand, or other fine materials to and from the construction sites will be covered. 206. Noise. Noise can be expected during construction due to machinery operation and transport activities. Construction activities will involve haulage vehicles, bulldozers, excavators, concrete- mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Noise intensity from these large machines operating is typically around 80 decibels at the site (5 m from operating machinery). The transport of material, aggregate, concrete, and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may also cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment. 207. Noise levels at different distances are gained after calculating the impact scope of equipment noise during construction as in Table 46 . The EHS noise guidelines for residential areas are used here. Table 46: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance Level dB EHS (A) guidelines for Distance Impact Range (m) residential areas dB (A)

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 Day Night Day Night Machinery Bulldozer 102 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 55 45 150 600-700 Roller 102 80.0 74.0 68.0 64.4 62.0 60.0 56.5 55 45 150 600 -700 Excavator 95 78.0 72.0 66.0 62.4 60.0 58.0 54.5 55 45 150 300 dB = decibel, m= meter. Source: PPTA team.

208. The data shows that the impact distance can be 150 m away from the source in daytime. Beyond these distances, the noise levels meet standards for residential areas. 209. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but also may cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment. Although the noise impacts will be transient and temporary the following mitigation measures are essential for construction activities to meet construction site noise limits in the daytime and to protect sensitive receptors. Construction at night within 600 m of residences shall be strictly prohibited. 210. During daytime construction, the contractor will ensure that: (i) equipment with high noise and high vibration are not used in village or town areas and only low noise machinery or equipment with sound insulation is employed; and (ii) sites for concrete-mixing plants and similar activities will be located at least 500 m away from sensitive areas such as residences and schools and only

Page | 107 operated in daytime. When daytime construction is scheduled to move within 150m of identified sensitive receptors (see below) residents will be notified by the PDoRD and PDoWRAM and/or contractors and any site-specific concerns or working arrangements addressed. Figure 33: Sensitive Receptor Sites for 16 Subprojects Figure 1: Chbar Ampov Village Road Core Subproject Figure 2: Lvea Irrigation Core Subproject

Figure 3. Kouk Khmum DBST road subproject Figure 4: Chreav concrete road subproject

Figure 5: Samraong SBST road subproject Figure 6: Rumlech SBST road subproject TSSD- AF Road

Figure 7: Tang Krasang DBST road subproject Figure 8: Bos Sbov DBST road subproject

Figure 9. Kampong Trabaek SBST road Figure 10: Tuol Snuol concrete road subproject subproject

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TSSD- AF Road

Figure 11: Batheay and Me Pring DBST road Figure 12. Chi Meas DBST road subproject TSSD- AF Road

Figure 13: Sandan Dang Kambet laterite road Figure 14: Svay Sar Earth Road Rehabilitation

Figure 15: Khnach Romeas laterite road subproject Figure 16: Bak Ay canal rehabilitation subproject

Figure 17: Basak-Prek Chik Canal Rehabilitation Figure 18: Sdaeung Chey SBST Road

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211. Construction solid waste. The construction contractors will establish site offices and vehicle/equipment parks in all subprojects. The construction workforce will generate domestic wastewater and garbage (food wastes, kitchen wastes, paper, and other solid waste including food- laden wash water). Proper disposal of this waste will be essential. It will be the responsibility of the construction contractors to provide toilets with pump-out and disposal facilities which are at least 100 m from any domestic well, and sufficient garbage bins at strategic locations and ensure that they are (i) protected from birds and vermin; (ii) disposed regularly (using the nearest licensed solid waste landfill); and (iii) avoid overflow. 212. Hazardous and polluting materials. Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of the site environmental management and supervision manual of each construction site. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, cement, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and cleanup installations; (ii) bunded areas will be designed to contain 110% of the volume of materials stored within; (iii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iv) vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and re-fueling will be carried out in such a way that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; (v) oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; and (vi) permanent (at works site) and temporary fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 50 m from canals and channels and will be protected by temporary drainage bunds to contain spills. 213. Flora and fauna. All protected areas listed in Section IV (Description of the Environment) are more than 150 km distant from the subproject sites. The subproject areas have been intensively farmed and irrigated for generations. No natural terrestrial or aquatic habitats exist and natural biodiversity comprises only common wildlife living among humans in agricultural regions, domesticated animals and feral pests and rodents. No commune within the subproject areas is on the NCDD environmental watch list. 5 The vegetation comprises cultivated crops, agricultural weeds and tree plantations along roads, canal banks and dyke walls. There will be no impacts on critical, natural or modified habitats or associated species of conservation significance. 214. Vegetation along overgrown canals however have potential habitat and amenity value as described in Section IV.B.6. Similarly, trees and vegetation along the road in villages protect residences from sun and wind and adjacent agricultural land from dust and run-off. Before construction, site management plans must be prepared which detail the trees which must be removed but which also maximize retention of existing trees. During construction, contractors will convey these requirements to all machinery operators and residents to ensure that valuable trees are not damaged, and replace trees that are unavoidably removed. 215. Cultural heritage. During construction, contractors will ensure that any local cultural sites (including shrines and graves) will be kept clear of construction material and protected from dust and other disturbance. Access to these sites will not be impeded, and after construction is finished any disturbed surroundings will be restored to pre-construction standards. Procedures to be followed in the case of unexpected finds are included in the EMP/CoC.

5 NCDD. 2010. Finalization of Environmental and Highland People Watch Lists and Recommendations and Implications for the further development and implementation of safeguards Work, report prepared for NCDD by Seak Sophat.

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2. Contractor Performance and Site Management

216. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures, the commune councils and PST will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding and contract documents; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the TOR for bidders; (iii) material haulage routes, and waste disposal arrangements will be defined in the construction tender documents as appropriate; and (iv) clauses referencing the EMP/CoC mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful head contractor will prepare a site environmental management and supervision manual, including an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the commune councils and PST. 3. Environment, Health and Safety

217. Safety and health of both workers and residents may be threatened by construction activities. Numerous workers will gather within the construction site, with potentially relatively low living conditions such as unclean water, poor food, and increased risk of diseases infection and transmission. Surrounding residents may also be affected by noise and dust. Workers will confront construction safety risks as well. 218. Measures to protect the community will include: (i) Publicizing planned work schedules and locations well in advance of construction. (ii) Planning construction activities (including demolition work) so as to minimize disturbances to residents, utilities and services. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction to minimize its impact on seasonal agricultural activities In particular construction adjacent to paddy fields during rice planting or harvesting should be avoided or carried on strictly in consultation with the appropriate farm operator. All land will be reinstated to its original condition after construction. (iii) Implementing safety measures around the construction sites to protect the public, including warning signs to alert the public to potential safety hazards, and barriers to prevent public access to construction sites and unsafe areas.

219. Measures to ensure occupational health and safety will include: (i) Contractors shall be required by the commune councils to ensure that their workers and other staff engaged in the proposed constructions are in a safe environment. (ii) Following the award of construction contracts, the successful contractors will prepare site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the commune councils and PST. (iii) Contractors shall ensure that: (a) all reasonable steps are taken to protect any person on the site from health and safety risks; (b) the construction site is a safe and healthy workplace; (c) machineries and equipment are safe; (d) adequate training or instruction for occupational health and safety is provided; (e) adequate supervision of safe work systems is implemented; and (f) means of access to and egress from the site are without risk to health and safety. 220. The coronavirus risk assessment for the TSSD-AF focusses on five key areas 1). Office Workplace, 2). Training, Workshops and Meeting, 3). Office access and travel, 4).Contractors, and 5). Information dissemination and communications. For contractors with on-going and new civil works contracts where there are additional risks present in the workers camps of coronavirus infection spreading due over-crowding and lower standards of hygiene being maintained with the recruitment of labourers from outside of the area posing risks of importing infection that could spread to local communities. Measures to ensure Covid-19 prevention will include: (i) The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing.

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(ii) First aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) will be provided for workers including face masks. (iii) Camp surroundings will be kept clean to prevent the spread of other vermin and insect vectors of disease. . (iv) A trained H & S officer will be designated by the contractor to ensure the proper implementation of the environment, health and safety programs and induction and training of the workforce during the construction phase. (v) For security and to maintain order in the camp and to avoid social conflicts with the local residents, camp rules will be strictly enforced including a nighttime curfew. (vi) The contractors H&S plans will be updated to reflect the risk mitigation measures in respect of CoVID-19 and these need to be reviewed by the SSP6 Engineers and Environment Safeguard Specialist to provide recommendations to the MOE/PIU and to monitor the implementation of these H&S plans. (vii) Special precautions will be included to provide for enhanced cleanliness on site for the workers and ensuring that over-crowding of dormitories and canteen facilities are avoided to enable adequate social distancing and re regularly disinfected. (viii) The hiring of local unskilled labor from within the villages will be maximized to avoid the importation of laborers from other areas, and for skilled workers who are not from the area they should avoid close interaction with residents in the villages. (ix) All persons who are working on the construction site will be advised to immediately report any symptoms of CoVID-19 to the site manager immediately and make arrangements to self-isolate to avoid the risk of spreading infection. (x) The H & S officer at the construction site will be equipped with a digital thermometer to enable them to regularly check the temperatures of anyone who shows symptoms.

F. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation

1. Irrigation Subprojects

a. Hydrological impacts – seasonal water balances

221. The impact of increased water extraction for irrigation on existing water resources has been examined through water balances for the two schemes involving irrigation. 222. Assumptions. The assumption for seasonal water balances are based upon local cropping calendars for irrigation subprojects for irrigated rice which differ from the standard MAFF model, having a single medium season (130 days) rice crop spanning the main wet season (July-November inclusive) followed by a second short dry season rice crop under irrigation beginning from the harvest of the wet season crop and extending into the mid dry season (December-March inclusive). Each cropping period includes up to a month’s land preparation (pre-saturation and water layer establishment). The alternative cropping is depicted diagrammatically in

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223. Figure 34 below.

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Figure 34: Cropping Calendar for Irrigation Subprojects

Source: PPTA team.

224. The engineer design has derived expected irrigation efficiencies for the project. It is concluded that for irrigation subprojects, in estimating water needs, and resulting water design capacities of main canals, that 40% is an achievable efficiency. 225. Water demand. The water needs for the cropping alternatives illustrated above at a range of irrigation efficiencies, and including water requirements for pre-saturation of paddy and establishment of a 100 mm water layer for planting are listed in Table 47 below. Table 47: Irrigation Water Requirements for Different Cropping Alternatives

Source: PPTA team and SSP6

226. Preliminary field surveys by the engineer design team have estimated the increase in cropping area of a single 90-day rice crop in the dry season as a result of the rehabilitation of the proposed irrigation subprojects. 227. A maximum total of 305 ha, 900 ha and 734 ha for Lvea, Basak – Prek Chik and Bak Ay Irrigation subprojects respectively, will be irrigated for an additional dry season crop, where none is currently grown. On the water demand figures in Table 48 for a dry season crop at 40% irrigation efficiency, this area of irrigation if cropped to the maximum would require a total of 4.422 million cubic meters (MCM) and 4.27 MCM for the growing season in a low rainfall year and normal rainfall year respectively. This calculation includes an allowance of water for pre-saturation of paddy and establishment of a 100 mm water layer for planting, although coming off the end of the wet season, ambient water levels in the paddy soils will already be high. 228. Water supply. The water inflow for the water balances has been taken from the flow data of the Trabaek River and presented in Table 10. The total monthly flows from the selected dry year (2004) and average year (2001) are used to derive water availability for the months of December- March (inclusive) in Table 48 below. Table 48: Selected Dry and Average Year Flows in the Trabaek River for December-March (dry season cropping) a Dry Year 2004 Average Year 2001 Month Ave . Flow (m 3/s) MCM Ave . Flow (m 3/s) MCM Dec 19.48355 52.184736 35.38258065 94.768704 Jan 12.05938 32.020704 18.56419355 48.40992 Feb 7.991034 20.022336 13.91785714 34.982496

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Dry Year 2004 Average Year 2001 Month Ave. Flow (m 3/s) MCM Ave. Flow (m 3/s) MCM Mar 6.400968 17.144352 10.92967742 29.274048 Total 48.684672 121.372128 m3/s = cubic meter per second; MCM = million cubic meter. a Data from 2001-2010. Source: PPTA team.

229. Assumption 1. There are five large pumping stations built in 2013 along the Trabaek in the vicinity of the Lvea commune subproject. These have been constructed later than the available hydrological data in Table 28 and the flow rates presented will need to be adjusted to account for this recent level of extraction. The stations are twin pump installations for irrigation water (pump in) and for draining (pump out). One of the pumping plants (Pumping Station #1) is “upstream” of the Lvea commune and its operation will extract water from the available water in the Trabaek. Similarly, another pumping plant (Pumping Station #2) services the current Lvea scheme and the neighboring Rumchechek and Chey Kampok schemes. 230. It is assumed that the current cropping in the Lvea commune comprising a wet season crop and an irrigated dry season crop (in those areas where existing irrigation infrastructure can service them) plus that of the Rumchechek and Chey Kampok schemes, uses all the current allocation from Pumping Station #2. Water available for the additional 305 ha of irrigated dry season rice made possible by the project, plus all the irrigation schemes “downstream” of Lvea will therefore draw water from the balance of water flow in the Trabaek after these two pumping schemes. 231. Assumption 2. The pumping stations operate only one pump at a time (using the second pump as redundancy/backup). The pumps are run an average of 10 hours per day. The pump unit is rated at 160 kW and the static head is estimated at 6 meters. This provides a pumping flow rate of 2.72 m 3/s. For the relevant period (December-March) each pumping station would extract: 2.72 * 60 * 60 * 10 * 30 = 2.938 MCM/month 232. Pumping stations #1 and #2 therefore remove the following volume of water from the Trabaek in the December-March 4-month period: 2.938 * 4 * 2 = 23.5 MCM 233. Water availability for each month in the projected growing season is calculated as: (Monthly flow in Trabaek) – (Month extraction from Pumping Stations #1 and #2) Table 49: Water Availability Year Type Water in Trabaek Water extracted by Pumping Water Available for (Dec-Mar) Stations additional dry season crop MCM (Dec -Mar) MCM at Lvea MCM Average year 121.37 23.5 97.87 Dry year 48.682 23.5 25.182 MCM = million cubic meter. Source: PPTA team. 234. Water Balances. The following seasonal water balances for a dry season crop in a normal year and a dry year (See Table below) are based upon the data and assumptions outlined above to estimate water demand and water availability. They compare seasonal water needs with water supply for the projected expansion of dry season irrigation area to 305 ha. Table 50: Water Balance for an Additional 344 ha Irrigation Area of Dryland Cropping at Lvea Commune Dry Season Year Crop Water Need Water Available (MCM) (MCM) Dry Season Low rainfall year Short season variety (Dec -Mar) 90 4.422 25.182 day+ Normal rainfall Short season variety (Dec -Mar) 90 4.27 97.87 year day+ ha = hectare, MCM = million cubic meter. Note: 90 day+ and 130 day+ refers to the growing period plus land preparation. Source: PPTA team.

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235. The shaded cells in the water balance show where water availability is sufficient for irrigation needs. The balance shows that the dry season rice crop in the additional areas is possible and likely to be sustainable in average years and that surplus water exists for downstream uses. In a dry year, the balance demonstrates that the irrigation is possible but that extraction of the water may put pressure on future downstream supplies, since it takes about 17.5% of the available water. 236. No major new irrigation schemes on the Trabaek downstream (east) of Lvea are currently planned. New schemes in feasibility planning are on the Stung Slot and focus on drainage of late wet season water to provide cropping options. However incremental downstream use of the Trabaek’s water in the future may experience water constraints and will need to plan future extraction and irrigation areas accordingly. 237. The new area of dry season cropping will require longer pumping duration at Pumping Station #2, since the water from the present pumping period is all allocated. The extra water would equate to an estimated additional pumping period at Pumping Station #2 of 3.76 hours per day over the 4 month dry season irrigation period. 238. To ensure that the irrigation schemes will be sustainable and responsibly managed, and that agreed irrigation and base flows are maintained and other beneficial water users are not disadvantaged, a clear and detailed extraction plan for the growing seasons will be prepared by the commune council in consultation with the farmer’s water user commune, as a prerequisite for project commencement. This will be documented and approved by the implementing agency and ADB before procurement and construction commences. b. Impacts from agricultural chemical use

239. The benefits resulting from the augmentation of irrigation in the Lvea, Prek Chick, Basak and Kak communes will accrue to the beneficiaries through both intensification and expansion of agriculture in the areas. With an increase in agriculture comes a potential increase in the use of agricultural chemicals. 240. At current application rates of approved chemicals the following increases in fertilizer and pesticide applications can be expected from the increases in agricultural activity (see Table below ). The increase in agricultural activity is based upon the maximum cultivation of each subproject area based upon available water (see water balances) – this is a medium season rice crop followed by a short season rice crop. Table 51: Fertilizer and Pesticide Use Before and After the Project Increment of Increment of pesticides Province Subproject Change (hectare) fertilizer (ton/year) b (litter/year) c Lvea commune Prey Veng 305 61 3,050 irrigation Battambang Prek Chik - Basak 900 180 9,000 Tboung Khmum Bak Ay 734 146.8 7,340 Total 387.8 19,390 a Irrigation area: two crops per year. b Average fertilizer use: 0.1 tons/ha/crop. c Average pesticide use: 5.0 litre/ha/crop. Source: SSP6, 2020.

241. The predicted incremental increase of fertilizer use for the whole project is 387.8 tons per year, and the increment increase in pesticide use is 19,390 liters per year. Nitrogen and phosphorus in liquid effluents can contribute to eutrophication in water and risk of oxygen depletion in waterbodies. Excessive nitrogen as ammonia can lead to gradual acidification of soils. Organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates (the common pesticide types used) can lead to direct poisoning of farmers through misuse and unsafe handling. Organochlorines and organophosphates can enter the food chain and groundwater resources. The PPTA monitoring found pesticide residues in deep groundwater in two of four wells sampled along the Lvea canals. It also found pesticide residues in the surface water of the primary canal. 242. Farmer surveys carried out by the PPTA team found that few farmers have received training

Page | 116 in Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and that most farmers apply fertilizer, but that applications are not based on specific soil/crop needs. To address this, the project will deliver, as part of its capacity building and training component, training modules specifically tailored to the needs of farmers on IPM and low chemical cultivation applicable to cropping conditions and capacities in the subproject areas. Training in IPM will coordinate with the Cambodia National IPM Programme and include the safe storage, handling and disposal of agricultural chemicals. The Project will also undertake soil analyses in the command areas and provide farmers with recommendations on appropriate fertilizer regimes and cultivation practices. 243. The training package will emphasize environmentally sound farming and sustainability and will provide farmers with alternative approaches to a reliance on chemicals. 2. Village Road Subprojects

244. Post-construction impacts for the village road rehabilitation subproject will be from noise and dust from traffic and road safety issues. Increases in traffic impacts will be limited since the road will not open up new access or opportunities. Rather, it will provide an increased certainty of getting to and from markets and services for the villages it connects. a. Road safety

245. Cambodia experiences an extremely high accident rate that is three times that of other countries in the ASEAN region, and accidents, casualties and fatalities have all increased proportionally faster than the growth in road traffic and the population. 246. It is unlikely that the rehabilitated road will attract significantly additional traffic, since the road will not open up new access or opportunities. Rather, it will provide an increased certainty of getting to and from markets and services for the existing residents of the villages it connects. However, with improvement in alignment and surfacing, higher vehicle speeds may be expected. To address this, a road safety program will be implemented as part of the EMP/CoC training plan. The NCDDS Project Implementation Manual (2009) includes guidelines for road safety signage (speed, schools, etc.) and these should be incorporated in the finished road design. A road safety program will focus on: (i) raising awareness of road safety for all road users in target areas; (ii) working with local communities, in particular youth and women. On this last point, the community role in traffic calming and traffic control will be emphasized and the role of physical structures and village wardens discussed in the training. b. Noise and pollution

247. These potential impacts are related to increases in traffic in the operational period. Since it is unlikely that road traffic will substantially increase due to the road rehabilitation, noise and pollution impacts from traffic are unlikely to be significant. New surfacing and the elimination of ruts and potholes will reduce road noise and increase engine efficiency with additional reductions in noise and pollution. c. Maintenance

248. Strict maintenance of the road will be required to ensure that the road subproject’s benefits will not be negated. In particular the road’s surfacing, which promotes noise and pollution reductions, and flood resilience structures need to be regularly monitored and managed: (i) Surfacing. Regularly inspect surface and fill potholes and ruts early before they enlarge; (ii) Commune to have a stockpile of suitable gravel and fill material and sections of the road should be under the care and supervision of adjacent landholders or user groups; (iii) Embankments and side batters of road across flood-liable land need to be checked regularly for stability and cracks. Embankments should be well vegetated to increase stability; and (iv) All culverts and pipes must be regularly cleared to allow free passage of water. Any debris and silt must be totally removed from site to ensure it is not back into drainage

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structures by the next runoff event.

G. Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation

249. If any unanticipated impacts become apparent during project implementation, the borrower will (i) inform and seek ADB’s advice; (ii) assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts; (iii) evaluate the options available to address them; and (iv) prepare or update the IEE including EMP/CoC. ADB will help the borrower mobilize the resources required to mitigate any adverse unanticipated impacts or damage. H. Climate Change Impact Assessment

250. The environmental risks from climate change need to be addressed in two different but complementary ways: (i) consideration of GHG emissions; and (ii) adaptation to safeguard infrastructure against the effects of future climate change. 1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

251. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the project will derive from GHGs emitted by agricultural activities, in particular the CH 4, N 2O and CO 2 emissions from rice paddy flooding and cultivation, and the power use in pumping. 252. Paddy emissions. GHG emissions from rice paddy fields have been studied in India, Japan, and Philippines (Table 52 ), and to a lesser extent in PRC and the USA. Only the studies in northern India have studied the emission of the suite of GHGs (CH 4, N 2O and CO 2) in combination with different ranges of nitrogen fertilizer applications and on a range of soils. Studies have also compared the GHG emission consequences of different periods of inundation of rice crops. Table 52: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice Paddy

Location Methane (CH 4) from Rice Paddy Northern India a 40 – 100 kg/ha Philippines b 100 – 150 kg/ha Japan c 150 – 200 kg/ha CH 4 = methane; kg/ha = kilogram per hectare. a Pathak H, C Li and R Wassmann (2005). b Corton et al (2000). c Yagi et al (1996).

253. The Indian study approximates the subproject conditions for comparable levels of fertilizer application and temperatures. The yearly emission levels used for this project are therefore:

66 g/ha CH 4 : 690 kg/ha CO 2 : 1.93 kg/ha N 2O.

254. These emission rates are calculated for the project area in table below, and converted into equivalent levels of CO 2 using the following formula:

Global warming potential (GWP) = CO 2 emissions + CH 4 emissions*21 + N 2O emissions*310

Table 53: GHG Emissions and GWP from Rice Paddy Increases

Increase in Rice CH 4 emissions CO 2 emissions N2O emissions GWP (tons/yr CO 2e ) Paddy (ha) (kg/yr) (kg/yr) (kg/yr) 1. Lvea 344 22,704 237,360 664 920 2. Prek Chek - Basak 900 59,400 621,000 1737 2,407 3. Bak Ay Irrigation 734 48,444 506,460 1416.62 1,963 Total GWP 5,290

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CO 2 = carbon dioxide; CO 2e = carbon dioxide equivalent; CH 4 = methane; GHG = greenhouse gas; GWP = global warming potential; ha = hectare; kg/yr = kilogram per year; N2O = nitrous oxide; tons/yr = tons per year. Source: SSP6, 2020.

255. Total GHG emissions. The total CO 2e emissions generated by the project will be approximately 5,290 tons/annum. This is below the threshold of 100,000 tons/annum where the ADB SPS (2009) 6 and therefore, no further monitoring is required. 2. Adaptation to Future Climate Change

256. The initial rapid environmental assessment (REA) undertaken by the ADB during project planning identified a medium climate risk. Therefore, a climate and disaster risk assessment (CDRA) has been undertaken for the core subprojects. The findings of the CDRA are presented below. a. Irrigation water demand

257. Climate change is expected to alter the current runoff and rainfall regimes. Climate change assessments for Cambodia indicate greater but more variable rainfall, increased crop water demand, more frequent and severe floods, droughts and wind storms.7 258. Most of the increase in average annual rainfall predicted by models is expected to occur in the already wet months of the year, with only a minor or no increase over the dry season. The higher temperatures will increase crop water demands. These climate changes have the potential to influence both dry and wet season flow in the project area, and this is examined below. The predicted changes in rainfall and temperature under climate change scenarios (see Section IV) will combine to affect future irrigation water requirements (IWR).

6Which requires an annual quantification of GHG emissions in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies. 7 Tes, S. Jan 2015. Assessment of Water Resources for Improved Water Governance under Climate Change: Stung Chinit River Catchment. Presentation to Third Steering Committee Meeting Climate Change and Water Governance in Cambodia 20 January 2015, Cambodiana Hotel, Phnom Penh.

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259. Figure 35 below shows predicted IWR for all SRES projections for nation states acting in isolation (A2 and B2 scenarios). 260. The crop of interest for Lvea, Prek Chik – Basak, and Kak Communes are a short season dry season rice (90 days crop). The projections in Table 54 show that IWR for these crops will be in the following ranges in 2020 and 2050: Table 54: Predicted IWRs from Climate Change and IWRs used in Subproject Water Balances Crop Predicted IWR in 2020 Predicted IWR in 2050 IWR used in Water Balances (Tables (m 3/ha) (m 3/ha) 30 and 31) for dry years (m 3/ha) Dry season rice 15,000-15,500 16,250-16,400 18,000 IWR = irrigation water requirement; m 3/ha = cubic meter per hectare. Source: SSP6, 2020

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Figure 35: Irrigation Water Requirements from IPCC SRES

Source: Sopharith, 2015. 261. Table 54 shows that when the IWRs from future climate change scenarios are compared with the IWRs being used for the subproject water balance, the project design IWRs are consistently higher and already allow for the eventuality of future increased water demand in both 2020 and 2050. 262. Design of structures for significantly higher flood return periods have been incorporated in subproject planning. Canal walls will be reconstructed where needed and strengthened to withstand the above design flood flows. Sluice gates will be provided with erosion/scour protection to maintain the integrity of control structures against high energy flood flows. The crest height of control gates will be adjusted above the 1 in 100 year level to direct flood waters 263. Typical canal rehabilitation along high flow sections will involve replacement of structurally unsuitable material combined with an installed lining inside the canal slopes. This will retain a natural canal bed and benthic environment for the limited canal fisheries but protect side walls from flood scouring and failure. b. Biodiversity and Remnant Vegetation 264. There is a major role in climate change adaptation for agricultural systems provided by indigenous vegetation and plant community systems where root-mass, biomass and establishment of tiered planting communities, mimic naturalized systems and provide over time habitat corridors for those insects and birdlife important to integrated pest management systems, as well as mitigating impact from rainfall, and strengthening nutrient cycles.8 265. There is also a link between sustainable agriculture and maintaining ecological integrity in the landscape by the protection and establishment of remnant vegetation systems. This IEE has identified the need to minimize vegetation loss during construction, and this mitigation measure will be complemented by the retention, replacement and development of trees and shrubs along canal banks, creeks and drainage lines. 266. The following design measures, which comply with NCDD standards for rural road design, also contribute to climate resilience measures and disaster risk reduction for rural roads developed in the project CDRA. These measures necessarily pertain within the budgetary limitations for subprojects of the TSSD-AF. The CDRA concludes that within budget constraints, flood resistance of the road (raising the road above recorded flood levels) should be maximized and that this will involve identification of high priority flood proofing sections and lower priority sections along the road alignment. The budget limitations for the road subprojects mean that raising the road above recorded

8 44321-CAM: Climate Resilient Rice Commercialization Sector Development Program, Draft Climate Change Toolkit for Subprojects, Tony McDonald, December 2016.

Page | 121 flood levels, even along a priority section, is not possible. However, the following design measures optimize flood resilience as set out in the CDRA. (i) Armor road surfaces (natural stone or concrete to protect during overtopping by floods. (ii) Road height will be increased by up to 1 m above existing alignment for the Priority Section and up to 600 mm on other sections. (iii) Embankment batters will be at a slope no greater than 30 o (1 in 2) and using imported material which is more erosion resistant than local soil. (iv) The embankment will be turfed and planted with local shrubs to increase stability and resistance to fast flowing water. (v) The road surface will have a drainage slope of 2% from the centre-line on the concrete surface of the priority section and 5% on other sections to shed water. (vi) The road will have multiple through-drainage structures (culverts and pipes) to ensure that it will not be a flood barrier. (vii) Culverts will be designed to exceed the height of the previous road by 13%. (viii) Where paddy field directly about the road embankment, culverts will have bunds or water gates at each end which will allow inundation of adjoining paddy fields but which can also be overtopped by floodwaters (Figure 36 ). Figure 36: Road Cross-Section at Culvert

3. Natural Disasters 267. The TSSD-AF will improve on designs for roads and irrigation schemes under the project to incorporate climate resilience and to mitigate disaster risks in communes subject to flooding or drought. Two recent ADB projects have also made recommendations to the government on such measures.9 268. Commune-based DRR will be supported by the project through the preparation of a commune action plan and training plan for DRR relevant to the irrigation and village road subprojects. This will be integrated with existing Cambodian government national DRR training and planning programme through the NCDM secretariat, which aims to undertake all commune level DRR training and planning. At the sub-commune level and with livelihood improvement groups (LIGs) the projects action plan and training will dovetail with Oxfam’s DRR delivery. 269. Commune councilors will be trained in disaster risk reduction (DRR). Training will be delivered through the national design and supervision service contract and through training applications prepared for commune mobile access workers to deliver. Capacity development in DRR to increase operational knowledge at commune and village levels will also be delivered through the ICT component including improved DRR and extension information transmitted through radio, TV and mobile access devices.10

9 McDonald A, 2016, ibid. 10 See project administration manual, Appendix 4 for TOR of Rural ICT Specialist .

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VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

A. Consultation and Participation Process for two Core Subprojects

1. Commune Consultative Process

270. Public consultation is an integral part of the preparation process of an annual commune investment plan. Villagers' needs and concerns related to a design of interventions and implementation will be taken into account through commune facilitators and village meetings in order to identify and tailor the design of interventions toward their needs. Once annual commune investment plans are developed, they are presented at the district integration workshop where the district and provincial government agencies will assess the appropriateness in terms of a linkage to their investment plans and other stakeholders such as community organizations and nongovernment organizations are invited to comment or expressed their interests as potential service providers. Consultation are documented in commune environmental assessment forms and other meeting minutes. 2. Project Information Dissemination

271. Public consultation commenced in the core subproject communes in March 2017, with information dissemination meetings in Lvea commune, Prey Veng, on 7 and 8 March and at the Banthaey and Chbar Ampov communes, Kampong Cham, on 10 March. This was followed by a round of public consultation in the second half of April 2017 in all three communes in conjunction with the project household surveys, which also included an information dissemination session. 272. At the beginning of the household surveys in mid of April 2017, participants were asked about their support for the project. The responses are at below Table 55. Table 55: Awareness and Support of Project Sex of head of household Subproject Response Male Female Total n % n % n % No 0 0.0% 1 2.6% 1 1.0% Yes 59 96.7 % 36 92.3 % 95 95.0 % Road Don't know 2 3.3 % 2 5.1 % 4 4.0 % Sub -total 61 100.0 % 39 100.0 % 100 100.0 % No 1 2.1% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% Yes 44 93.6 % 50 94.3 % 94 94.0 % Irrigation Don't know 2 4.3 % 3 5.7 % 5 5.0 % Sub -total 47 100.0 % 53 100.0 % 100 100.0 % No 1 0.9 % 1 1.1 % 2 1.0 % Total Yes 103 95.4 % 86 93.5 % 189 94.5 % Don't know 4 3.7% 5 5.4% 9 4.5% Total 108 100.0% 92 100.0% 200 100.0% Source: PPTA team. 273. The knowledge of, and support for, the project was high – demonstrating the effectiveness of the information dissemination phase and the introductory briefings carried out by the social survey team. Project approval by male heads of households exceeded 95% with women heads at 93%. 3. Consultation during Household Survey

274. Participants reported that the main expected benefit of the road to them was faster travel (44.3%) followed by easier delivery of farm products (16.1%) and lower cost of travel (14.9%). For the irrigation subproject, the main expected benefits were the increase in water and the ability to grow more (69.4% combined). This is shown in Table 566.

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Table 56: Expected Benefits from the Project Sex of head of household Subproject Response Male Female Total n % n % n % Reduce other cost 7 6.3 % 3 4.8 % 10 5.7 % Travel Faster 44 39.6 % 33 52.4 % 77 44.3 % Receive more agriculture output 3 2.7% 6 9.5% 9 5.2% Reduce the cost of travel 18 16.2 % 8 12.7 % 26 14.9 % Road Easy to deliver the agriculture 20 18.0% 8 12.7% 28 16.1% products from home to market Other 4 3.6 % 2 3.2 % 6 3.4 % Don't know 8 7.2 % 3 4.8 % 11 6.3 % Sub -total 111 100 % 63 100.0 % 174 100 % Reduce the cost of buying water for 6 6.6% 8 9.3% 14 7.9% irrigate crop Reduce other cost 1 1.1 % 1 1.2 % 2 1.1 % Receive more agriculture output 15 16.5 % 13 15.1 % 28 15.8 % Irrigation More water supply for using 30 33.0% 29 33.7% 59 33.3% Farming more than twice 24 26.4% 12 14.0% 36 20.3% Other 2 2.2% 8 9.3% 10 5.6% Don't know 8 8.8 % 8 9.3 % 16 9.0 % Sub -total 91 100 % 86 100 % 177 100 % Total 202 100 % 149 100 % 351 100 % Source: PPTA team. 275. The responses relating to current environmental problems affecting all communities emphasized the problems of dust (11%) and improper waste disposal (21.5%). The majority response however (45% overall) was that that there was no significant environmental issue confronting them (See Table 57below ). Table 57: Current Environmental Issues Affecting Commune Sex of head of household Subproject Response Male Female Total n % n % n % None 16 26.2% 14 35.9% 30 30.0% Water pollution 7 11.5% 3 7.7% 10 10.0% Dusty 16 26.2% 5 12.8% 21 21.0% Improper waste disposal 13 21.3% 6 15.4% 19 19.0% Road Drought 0 0.0% 1 2.6% 1 1.0% Other 1 1.6% 4 10.3% 5 5.0% Don't know 4 6.6% 6 15.4% 10 10.0% Refuse 4 6.6% 0 0.0% 4 4.0% Sub-total 61 100% 39 100% 100 100% None 32 68.1% 28 52.8% 60 60.0% Water pollution 1 2.1% 2 3.8% 3 3.0% Dusty 1 2.1% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% Improper waste disposal 8 17.0% 16 30.2% 24 24.0% Irrigation Drought 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Other 2 4.3% 2 3.8% 4 4.0% Don't know 3 6.4% 5 9.4% 8 8.0% Refuse 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Sub-total 47 100% 53 100% 100 100% None 48 44.4% 42 45.7% 90 45.0% Water pollution 8 7.4% 5 5.4% 13 6.5% Dusty 17 15.7% 5 5.4% 22 11.0% Improper waste disposal 21 19.4% 22 23.9% 43 21.5% Total Drought 0 0.0% 1 1.1% 1 0.5% Other 3 2.8% 6 6.5% 9 4.5% Don't know 7 6.5% 11 12.0% 18 9.0% Refuse 4 3.7% 0 0.0% 4 2.0%

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Sex of head of household Subproject Response Male Female Total n % n % n % Total 108 100 % 92 100% 200 100% Source: PPTA team. 276. The potential environmental impacts, which participants wanted the subproject planning and implementation teams to be aware of, included dust generation (15%) and traffic accidents (3.5%). Both these concerns were significantly higher in responses from the group in the village road subproject area (27% and 6% respectively). Table 58: Environmental Impacts from Project Implementation Sex of head of household Subproject Response Male Female Total n % n % n % None 20 32.8% 11 28.2% 31 31.0% Dusty 20 32.8% 7 17.9% 27 27.0% Traffic Accident 2 3.3% 4 10.3% 6 6.0% Disturbance from land 0 0.0% 2 5.1% 2 2.0% Road preparation in longer period Other 3 4.9% 4 10.3% 7 7.0% Don't know 6 9.8% 9 23.1% 15 15.0% Refuse 10 16.4% 2 5.1% 12 12.0% Sub-total 61 100% 39 100% 100 100% None 31 66.0% 30 56.6% 61 61.0% Dusty 1 2.1% 2 3.8% 3 3.0% Traffic Accident 0 0.0% 1 1.9% 1 1.0% Disturbance from land 1 2.1% 2 3.8% 3 3.0% Irrigation preparation in longer period Other 4 8.5% 2 3.8% 6 6.0% Don't know 9 19.1% 16 30.2% 25 25.0% Refuse 1 2.1% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% Sub-total 47 100% 53 100% 100 100% None 51 47.2% 41 44.6% 92 46.0% Dusty 21 19.4% 9 9.8% 30 15.0% Traffic Accident 2 1.9% 5 5.4% 7 3.5% Disturbance from land Total 1 0.9% 4 4.3% 5 2.5% preparation in longer period Other 7 6.5% 6 6.5% 13 6.5% Don't know 15 13.9% 25 27.2% 40 20.0% Refuse 11 10.2% 2 2.2% 13 6.5% Total 108 100% 92 100% 200 100% Source: PPTA team. 277. Both these issues are specifically addressed in the IEE, EMP and Code of Conduct, with construction practice measures designed to minimize dust and traffic dangers as well as a monitoring plan to check these issues during construction. Additionally, awareness-raising programs for road safety are included in the project’s capacity building output. There was minimal complaint about water pollution during consultations, despite the baseline well water sampling indicating coliform contamination and some pesticide residues even in deep wells. These issues will be discussed as part of the IPM capacity building. B. Consultation and Participation Process for Sixteen (16) Subprojects 278. Sixteen (16) public consultation meetings were held on 3 rd and 4 th quarter of 2019. The meetings were done at commune offices, pagoda and schools; depending on the available location. The total participants in the 16 public meetings are 1,099 people (425 female). The minutes of meetings and list of participants is attached in Category Report. Annex 1. During the meeting, some topic has been informed and discussed; 1)-Brief the project information, 2)-Prepare the environmental impact map, 3)-Identify the impacts due to project activity, and 3)-Proposed the

Page | 125 mitigation measure and 4)-Supporting on the project implement. After the team has informed local people and authority about the possible impacts that could happen during construction, people agree on the project implement. 279. The discussion in the meeting also focused on the main environmental issue in the local area and concern on positive and negative impact of the proposed subproject. The commune chief informed that the proposed subproject is the existing road, and the road condition is difficult for traveling. They hope and happy to with the proposed subproject. The summary of the comments and concerns from local people and relevant local authority are described below: a) Positive Impacts of the road subproject: i. It is easy to travel and to transport produce to market ii. Less cost and save time on travel and transportation iii. Increase the number of tourists to the tourist area (good rice paddies), which in turn increases income for the community and the people living there iv. People will earn extra income from tourist service, and v. Provide more benefits to local community (both road and pool) b) Negative Impacts i. Damage caused by transporting equipment to the site occurred during construction ii. Dust accumulation during construction occurs during construction iii. Noise during construction iv. Traffic accident during construction v. Damage to the roadway that the truck carrying construction equipment goes through after the completion of the project occurs after the project is completed 280. The summary of the comments and concerns from local people and relevant local authority related to irrigation subprojects are described below: a) No water and no functioning secondary and tertiary irrigation canals to serve farmers b) Technical practice for weed control, pest control with wrong decision of farmers in selecting chemicals without recommendation from agricultural extension workers are poor. c) Limited farmer’s agro-technical knowledge in rice production and livestock production d) Agro-technical training to farmers in place including rice and livestock is insufficient Table 59: List of Participants in Public Consultation Meeting # of Participants No. Bid No. Description Location Total # of Female 1. TSSD-AF-BTB-NCB- Reparation of 5.00 km of Knach Bavel District, Battambang 22 2 W/RR005-NCDDS Romeas Laterite Road Province 2. TSSD-AF-BTB-NCB- Improvement of 1.898 km of Kouk Khmum Commune, 78 42 W/RR021-NCDDS DBST Road Thma Koul District, Battambang Province 3. TSSD-AF-BTB-NCB- Rehabilitation of 9 km of Inter Rukh Kiri District, 160 46 W/IR019-NCDDS Commune Basak~ Prek Chik Battambang Province Canal subproject 4. TSSD-AF-BMC-NCB- Upgrading of 2.786 km of Bos Bos Sbov Commune, Preah 53 29 W/RR006-NCDDS Sbov DBST Road Netr Preah District, Banteay Meanchey Province 5. TSSD-AF-BMC-NCB- Improvement of 2.511km of Samraong Commune, Ou 15 3 W/RR008-NCDDS Samraong SBST Road Chrov District, Banteay

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# of Participants No. Bid No. Description Location Total # of Female Meanchey Province 6. TSSD-AF-KPT-NCB- Improvement of 6.056 km of Inter-commune of Msar Krang 190 94 W/RR010-NCDDS SBST Road and Kampong Chen Cheung, Stoung District, Kampong Thom Province 7. TSSD-AF-KPT-NCB- Improvement of 4.390km DBST Inter-Commune Tang 102 39 W/RR017-NCDDS Road Subproject Krasang-Pnov, Santuk District, Kampong Thom Province 8. TSSD-AF-KPT-NCB- Construction of 7.388 km of Inter-Commune of Sandan 75 32 W/RR003-NCDDS Laterite Road and Dang Kambet, Sandan District, in Kampong Thom Province 9. TSSD-AF-PVG-NCB- Construction of 3.497 km of Kampong Trabaek 74 36 W/RR023-NCDDS SBST Road Commune, Kampong Trabaek District, Prey Veng Province 10. TSSD-AF-PVG-NCB- Improvement of 2.750 km of Romlech Commune, Sithor 30 4 W/RR014-NCDDS SBST Road Subproject Kandal District, Prey Veng Province 11. TSSD-AF-SRP-NCB- Improvement of 1.00 km of Sangkat Chreav, Siem Reap 35 15 W/RR007-NCDDS Chreav Asphalt Concrete Municipality, in Siem Reap Pavement Road subproject Province 12. TSSD-AF-SRP-NCB- Rehabilitation of 8.993 km of Svay Sar Commune, Varin 55 31 W/RR009-NCDDS Svay Sar Earth Road District, Siem Reap 13. TSSD-AF-TKM-NCB- Rehabilitation of 5.5 km of Bak Kak Commune, Ponhea 40 14 W/IR013-NCDDS Ay Canal subproject Kraek District, Tboung Khmum Province 14. TSSD-AF-TKM-NCB- Upgrading of 1.5 km of Tuol Tuol Snuol Commune, 25 7 W/RR004-NCDDS Snuol Concrete Road Krouch Chhmar District, Tboung Khmum Province 15. TSSD-AF-KPC-NCB- Construction of 3.327 km of Inter-Commune Batheay- Me 79 14 W/RR016-NCDDS DBST Road Subproject Pring, Batheay District, Kampong Cham Province 16. TSSD-AF-KPC-NCB- Construction of 2.508 km of Sdaeung Chey Commune, 66 17 W/RR015-NCDDS SBST Road Subproject Cheung Prey District, Kampong Cham Province Total 1,099 425 Source: SSP6, 2019

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Photo 17: Public Consultation in Romlech Commune, Prey Veng Province

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VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 281. Public grievances related to project construction may include damage to commune or private property, damage to vegetation, interruption of public services, dust emissions, noise, soil erosion, inappropriate disposal of waste materials, and safety for the general public and construction workers. 282. Traditionally, complainants at the village level address their concerns to the village leader, commune leader or staff. The NCDD also has a complaints unit, but its focus is on land issues and resettlement rather than environmental concerns. Additionally, there are sanctions the 1996 Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management which can be sought by affected people or villages through the district offices of the MOE. The main weaknesses of these systems are: (i) the lack of a specialized unit to address environmental grievances; and (ii) the lack of a specific timeframe for the redress of grievances. 283. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed in compliance with ADB’s SPS (2009) requirement to address the weaknesses in existing complaints systems and provide an easy and immediate complaint-and-response link between affected persons and the contractors/implementing agencies. 284. The project GRM is designed to achieve the following objectives: (i) provide channels of communication for local communities to raise concerns about environmental grievances which might result from the project; (ii) prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts to communities caused by project construction and operation; (iii) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships between the implementing agencies and local communities; and (iv) build community acceptance of the project. The GRM is accessible to all members of the community, including women, youth, and poverty-stricken residents. Multiple points of entry are available, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, e-mail, and social media. 285. The details of the project GRM, including a time-bound flow chart of procedures, are included in the project Environmental Management Plan (Attachment 1 of this IEE). 286. The project GRM does not replace existing local complaints systems. Nor does any part of the project GRM affect the existing rights of affected persons to take their complaints to the courts. Instead, it provides a mechanism for immediate corrective action at the local level and where this is not possible imposes time constraints on corrective actions to be taken by higher levels of government. 287. All parties should employ their best efforts to solve problems that are reported through the GRM. Only when these are exhausted should the ADB’s Accountability Mechanism be accessed. 11 The Accountability Mechanism provides an independent forum and process whereby people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects can voice, and seek a resolution of their problems, as well as report alleged violations of ADB‘s operational policies and procedures.

11 See: www.adb.org/ accountability-mechanism.

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V. CONCLUSION AND ASSURANCES

A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits

288. With the additional financing of the present project activities, the overall project impact will be improved livelihoods in target communes in seven provinces in the Tonle Sap Basin. Eighteen (18) subprojects have been selected and are the subject of this IEE. 289. For the irrigation subproject, the result of the improvements in irrigation infrastructure in Lvea commune, Prey Veng will be (i) the availability of additional area for a dry season crop where, due to failure of irrigation infrastructure, none currently exists; and (ii) an increase in certainty and control of existing irrigation areas. In terms of areas sown, the project will increase potential rice growing areas by 305 ha in Lvea Commune in Prey Veng Province, 900 ha in Basak and Preak Chik Commune, Battambang provine and 734 ha in Kak Commune, Tboung Khmum province. This will directly benefit >1,261 farmer households. 290. For the village road subproject the main beneficial impact will be that the 69.147 km road linking from the farm to market/main road in 7 target provinces will be flood-free for a longer period each year. This will have flow-on effects for increased access to goods and services for villages and farmers, as well as a more reliable means to transport the wet season harvest to markets. All residents and farmers living in 7 target provinces will benefit from this increased access and will have better access to their fields. 291. The beneficiaries of these changes will be local farmers, with flow-on effects to local commercial enterprises. Since rural populations are the poorest sectors of the Cambodian population, poverty alleviation effects will be direct and sustainable. B. Negative Impacts

292. During construction, the main issues will be air and water pollution and soil erosion, all of which must be managed by strict control of construction contractors. Additional localized traffic hazards are anticipated and this must be minimized by site access and road safety planning. Health and safety of construction workers and the community is also a concern. Mitigation of construction- phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractors to follow specification clauses specifically designed to minimize pollution of air and water and soil erosion. This mitigation will in turn rely on enforcement by the commune council and the ESO of the implementing agency. 293. Post-construction, the main concerns for the irrigation subproject are local increases in the levels of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues and their effects on water quality and people. Post-construction mitigation will benefit from capacity building and training under the project to use fertilizers and pesticides efficiently and responsibly. There is also a concern that the irrigation scheme must be sustainable and responsibly managed, to ensure that agreed irrigation flows are maintained and other water users are not disadvantaged. 294. Post-construction impacts for the village road rehabilitation subproject will be from noise and dust from traffic and road safety issues. Increases in traffic impacts will be limited since the road wilt open up new access or opportunities. Rather, it will provide an increased certainty of getting to and from markets and services for the villages it connects. 295. The project’s civil works will be complemented by a wide range of capacity building and livelihood integration and diversification activities. Particularly relevant to the environmental impact of the civil works is commune-based DRR which will be supported by the project through the preparation of a commune action plan and training plan for DRR relevant to the irrigation and village road subprojects. This will be integrated with existing Cambodian government national DRR training and planning programme through the NCDM secretariat, which aims to undertake all commune level DRR training and planning. C. Assurances

296. The most important assurance, which should be guaranteed by a loan covenant is that the commune councils will undertake the full range of effective measures set out in the IEE and EMP and CoC to ensure that the environmental management provisions and the environmental monitoring

Page | 130 plan will be implemented effectively during project implementation, and that the implementation reports of the environmental management and monitoring plan in accordance with ADB requirements will be submitted in a timely fashion. Part of this monitoring and management commitment will be a commitment to implement and maintain an appropriate Grievance Redress Mechanism covering the construction and operation of the subprojects. D. Conclusion

297. The majority of identified environmental impacts are not assessed as significant. It is concluded that the infrastructure subprojects have significant potential benefits for the rural populations of these areas. It is concluded that the design features, operational regimes and construction management safeguards will address the range of potential environmental impacts identified and will be actioned through the project EMP and CoC, and continuously checked in the environmental monitoring program.

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Appendix 1 – Environmental Screening Report For Sixteen (16) Subprojects Appendix 2 – Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Irrigation Subprojects Appendix 3 – Environmental Management Plan (EMP) For Road Subprojects Appendix 4 – Environmental Code of Conduct (CoC) For Road Subprojects

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