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Manual De Reproducción Del Ganado Bovino

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Manual De Reproducción Del Ganado Bovino Animal Production Systems Group MSc Internship An analysis of reproductive performance of dual purpose cattle in Nicaragua author: Jeanne Boekhorst registration number: 911218078030 internship institution: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) supervisor: Rein van der Hoek (CIAT), Nicoline Soede (WUR) ADP- 70424 Country of internship: Nicaragua August 2016 August - May Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................... 6 1. Reproductive results .................................................................................................................... 8 2. Constraints and measures of reproductivity ............................................................................... 8 3. Observations and recommendations .......................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Reproductive Results ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Age at first calving ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Calving interval ............................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2: Constraints and measures of reproductivity ...................................................................... 11 2.1 Literature study ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Genetic potential .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Feed quantity and quality ..................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Disease and parasite control ................................................................................................ 13 2.1.4 Management practices ......................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Manual ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Workshops ................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 3: Observations and Recommendations ................................................................................. 16 Discussion .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 22 References ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................... 0 Annex 1: Manual on reproduction management ................................................................................ 0 Annex 2: Overview workshops on reproductive management ......................................................... 22 Annex 3: Individual register for cattle ............................................................................................... 29 1 Introduction Nicaragua has a population of approximately 6.3 million people of whom 41% live in rural areas (IFPRI, 2015). Nicaragua is the poorest country of Central-America, with 42.5% of her population living under the poverty line of two US$/day (IndexMundi, 2014). The gross domestic product per capita was 2027 US$ in 2015, with a growth of 4.9% (BCN, 2015). Undernourishment decreased from 35% in 2000 to 17% in 2015 (IFPRI, 2015). However, the need to further eradicate undernourishment remains. Consumption of products of animal origin contributes to nutritional security as they contain calories, protein and essential micronutrients. A high demand for animal products also indirectly alleviates hunger in rural areas as it contributes to incomes of poor farmers (Delgado, 2001). Besides poultry, cattle production is the most important livestock sector (FAO, 2013). The cattle population was estimated to consist of 4.1 million heads divided over approximately 140,000 cattle farmers (MAGFOR, 2012). However, official numbers are assumed to be an underestimate and the cattle population is probable to approach five million heads (Van der Hoek, personal communication). Animals are generally kept for both dairy and beef purposes, also known as dual- purpose systems (DPS) (Holmann et al., 2014; Rojo-Rubio et al., 2009; Sere and Vaccaro., 1984). Annual national beef and dairy production are estimated to be 123,777 and 768,000 tonnes respectively (FAO, 2013). An overview of the dual-purpose chain is given in Figure 1. Export Milk Powder Dual Purpose Milk Formal Dairy Milk farms Cooperation Processors Fluid MilkMilk Prod Prod. Cheeses Informal Dairy Processors Domestic Cream Market Bull Culled Calves Animals Fattening Rural Wet Markets systems Slaughterhouse Supermarkets Cattle Auction Industrial Beef Plant Export Figure 1. Value chain of dual purpose cattle in Nicaragua (based on Galetto and Berra, 2011; Holmann et al., 2014) Around 75% of livestock farm cash income is dependent on milk sales (Holmann et al., 2014). Less than half of the domestic milk production is processed in the formal sector. Low proportion of the formal sector is caused by inadequate infrastructure, weak market access and poor milk quality. Moreover, especially during the dry season when milk availability is low, the informal sector often offers better prices (Galetto and Berra, 2011; Holmann et al., 2014). The informal sector consists mainly of artisanal cheese makers. Dairy products from both the formal and informal sector are exported to neighbouring countries like El Salvador, principally in the form of cheese. Milk and dairy 2 products contribute to approximately 9% of the total value of commodity exports (BCN, 2015, Galetto and Berra, 2011). The rest of the farm income largely depends on the sale of live animals, usually bull calves or culled animals. Males are usually not finished at farms of origin, but rather sold to intermediaries at weaning (10-12 months) at a weight of about 100 kg (Holmann et al., 2014; Vaccaro and López, 1995). When reaching slaughter age they are either slaughtered at industrial beef plants or rural slaughter houses. Beef export contributes importantly (18.8%) to the total value of commodity exports (BCN, 2015). Around three quarters of the farms measure less than 35 ha. At these relatively small size farms around 28% of the national herd is kept (MAGFOR, 2012) (Table 1). Farms are characterized by low inputs and low outputs. Low outputs are caused by high mortality and suboptimal animal performance in milk production, reproduction and growth. Low animal performance is due to different reasons within the fields of genetic potential, feed quantity and quality, disease and parasite occurrence and management strategies. Table 1. Number of cattle farms, total number of animals and average number of animals sorted by farm size (ha) (MAGFOR, 2012) Average number of animals Farm size (ha) Number of farms Number of animals per farm <35 101,192 (74.0%) 1,176,685 (28.4%) 11.6 35-70 19,053 (13.9%) 850,502 (20.6%) 44.6 70-140 9,995 (7.9%) 818,552 (19.8%) 81.9 140-350 5,041 (3.7%) 789,839 (19.1%) 156.7 >350 1,406 (1.0%) 500,844 (12.1%) 356.2 Total 136,687 (100.0%) 4,136,422 (100.0%) 651.1 Animals kept are typically crosses between Bos indicus and Bos tauras breeds. The most common Bos indicus breed is the Brahman, while the most commonly used Bos taurus breeds are Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian and Jersey (Holmann et al., 2014; Rojo-Rubio, 2009). Animals are mainly naturally bred with an own or borrowed bull while artificial insemination (AI) is rarely practiced. Currently 6.7% of cows are estimated to be served by AI. Reasons for farmers to not apply AI are high costs and low accessibility through the absence of AI services (Holmann et al., 2014). The main reason for low animal performance is usually identified as insufficient feed quantity and quality (Holmann et al., 2014). Animals are normally only fed forages from pastures during the rainy season, sometimes supplemented by cut and carry forages or crop residues like maize stover in the dry season. In few cases cattle are supplemented with adequate minerals, silage, hay or concentrates. Some differences in feeding practices and availability exist between seasons, between farms as well as within farms. Problems regarding to feed and water supply mainly occur in the five to seven months dry season. As feed resources are often scarce, within farms competition for feed exists between dry and lactating cows. Dry cows and weaned heifers are usually kept on the lowest quality paddocks and rarely receive supplemental feed (own observation). Therefore, Sere and Vaccaro (1984) speak of a neglect of young stock. Moreover, farmers encounter problems caused by disease
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