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Thesis Recover ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in History 97 From Kinship to Global Brand The Discourse on Culture in Nordic Cooperation after World War II Anna Kharkina ©Anna Kharkina and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis 2013 Cover: “Keyword generators”, Tomas Nygren, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License Stockholm Studies in History 97 ISSN 0491-0842 ISBN electronic version 978-91-87235-43-6 ISBN printed version 978-91-87235-44-3 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 82 ISSN 1652-7399 ISBN 978-91-86069-70-4 Publisher: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Stockholm, Sweden Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2013 Distributor: Stockholm University Library The publication is available for free on www.sub.su.se To my mother Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 9 Preface ......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction .................................................................................................. 13 Research question ........................................................................................................ 13 The conceptual framework for the analysis of cultural policy ....................................... 16 Previous research ......................................................................................................... 20 Theoretical framework .................................................................................................. 26 Cultural meets political, political meets cultural ....................................................... 26 The conceptualization of the subject of study: culture, security and the region’s construction ............................................................................................................. 29 From identity to brand ............................................................................................. 34 Method .......................................................................................................................... 37 Sources and disposition ............................................................................................... 42 Chapter 1. Cultural cooperation as a lifeboat for the Nordic region project . 47 Historical background ................................................................................................... 47 The failure of the NORDEK plan and the signing of the Nordic Cultural Agreement .... 54 The role of “Nordic culture” in the rhetorical construction of the Nordic region ............ 58 Hässelby conference on “Nordic Cooperation”, 1965 ............................................. 60 Hindsgavl conference “Nordic Economic and Cultural Cooperation”, 1969 ............ 64 “Nordic Press- and Information Conference”, Århus, 1971 ..................................... 70 Chapter 2. Nordic-Baltic cooperation: from cultural diplomacy to the re- establishment of the Nordic region .............................................................. 75 The dissolution of the Soviet Union and new challenges for Nordic security ............... 75 Nordic support for the Baltic States .............................................................................. 78 First steps: culture as a testing tool .............................................................................. 82 The cooperation builds up ............................................................................................ 91 The concept of Nordic benefit ....................................................................................... 96 Nordic-Baltic cultural exchange as a promotion of the Nordic region ........................... 98 Chapter 3. The neo-liberal turn in Nordic cooperation ............................... 113 Nordic cultural cooperation: the reform of 2005–2007 ............................................... 115 Creative industries ...................................................................................................... 124 Construction of the Nordic region as a brand ............................................................. 133 Dynamic Norden ................................................................................................... 135 Co-operation for Strength ...................................................................................... 139 “Nordic Look”: from cultural exchange to the support of the Nordic creative industries .................................................................................................................................... 146 “New Nordic Food”: branding the Nordic region ......................................................... 152 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 163 Sammanfattning ......................................................................................... 167 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 171 Acknowledgements Writing this book was a four years journey, which I would not have been able to realize without the help, advice and support of so many of my col- leagues, to whom I would like to express my deep gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Kekke Stadin (Södertörn University) for the care she took over my work and professional develop- ment. I am also grateful to my second supervisor Irina Sandomirskaja (Södertörn University) for keeping me inspired about and alert to the subject of my study, and her constant demands on me to be more precise and at the same time more generous to the material I have studied. This I believe al- lowed a more considered story to emerge. I also owe a considerable debt to my third supervisor Norbert Götz (Södertörn University) for his thorough and persistent critique of my text and for giving me a deeper insight into the subject of Nordic cooperation. This dissertation has benefitted from the cooperation that existed between three institutions: the Baltic and East European Graduate School (BEEGS) at Södertörn University, the School of Historical and Contemporary Studies at Södertörn University and the Department of History at Stockholm Universi- ty. I very much appreciate the opportunity I have had of presenting my text in part and in whole at Södertörn University’s research seminars at the Cen- tre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) and the School of Histori- cal and Contemporary Studies. I especially appreciated observations and critique from David Gaunt, Ragnar Björk, Per Bolin, Madeleine Hurd and Lars Ekdahl. I am equally thankful to Fredrik Doeser, Torbjörn Nilsson, Lars Kleberg from Södertörn University and Johan Öberg from the University of Gothenburg for their comments on early versions of my work. I also take the opportunity to single out Peter Stadius from the Centre for Nordic Studies (CENS) at the University of Helsinki and Karl Molin from Stockholm Uni- versity for their inspiring comments on my draft thesis. In addition, I would like to thank Charlotte Bydler and Katarina Macleod for their interest in my work and the opportunity I have had to discuss my ideas in the context of the History and Theory of Art subject (Södertörn University). Furthermore, I am indebted to the participants of the Stockholm Programme of Place Branding (STOPP) at Stockholm University School of Business for their comments and advice on the part of my dissertation that covers the branding of the Nordic region. I also would like to express my gratitude to Simon Drew for 9 proofreading my text and Manne Svensson for translating the summary into Swedish. The Baltic and East European Graduate School at Södertörn University became my second home during my doctoral study. I always felt welcome there with my ideas and enquiries. I would like to thank Anu Mai Kõll and Helene Carlbäck for creating such an inspiring atmosphere for young re- searchers as well as Lena Arvidson, Nina Cajhamre, Karin Lindebrant and Ewa Rogström for their marvellous ability to solve all administrative prob- lems which appeared on my way. The support which we, doctoral students, have found at BEEGS went far beyond what was formally required. The same is true of the help we received from Södertörn University library staff, especially Dace Lagerborg and Michal Bron. My time at Södertörn University would not have been so enjoyable with- out my fellow doctoral students Yuliya Yurchuk, Florence Fröhlig, Ann- Judith Rabenschlag, Maryam Adjam, Jaakko Turunen, Markus Huss, Öyvind Hvenekilde Seim, Niklas Nilsson, Anna Danielson and many others. I would like to thank them all for their personal support and willingness to discuss one another's work at any stage of our scholarly journey together. The financial support for my doctoral study and the possibility I have had to present my work at Swedish and international conferences as well as to undertake field trips is down to the generous funding from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjöstiftelsen). For the opportunity I had to participate in the international summer school “From the Cold War to the Bronze Soldier” (Vilnius, 2009) I would like to thank the Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki). I also want to mention the assistance I received during my fieldwork from the staff at the Nordic Council of Ministers’ offices. I was provided with
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