Decision Support Framework and Parameters for Dynamic Part-Time Shoulder
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DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE Considerations for Opening Freeway Shoulders for Travel as a Traffic Management Strategy NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. The FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Cover photos: Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA-HOP-19-029 No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND November 2019 PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME 6. Performing Organization Code SHOULDER USE: Considerations for Opening Freeway Shoulders for Travel as a Traffic Management Strategy 7. Authors 8. Performing Organization Jenior, P., Schroeder, B., Dowling, R. (Kittelson & Report No. Associates, Inc.); Geistefeldt, J. (Ruhr-Universität 21855 (Kittelson) Bochum); Hale, D. (Leidos) 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Leidos Kittelson & Associates Inc. 11251 Roger Bacon Drive 300 M Street SE, Suite 810 11. Contract or Grant No. Washington, DC 20001 Contract No. Reston, VA 20190 DTFH61-16-D-00053 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration Technical Report, September 2017 U.S. Department of Transportation through May 2019 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 HOTM 15. Supplementary Notes Jim Hunt ([email protected]) served as the Government Task Manager. The report’s authors were supported by Anusha Musunuru, J Lake Trask, Burak Cesme, and Anxi Jia, all of Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 16. Abstract Dynamic part-time shoulder use (D-PTSU) opens shoulders for travel beyond fixed (or static) time periods (e.g., weekday peak periods). Dynamically operating the transportation system by matching supply-side strategies in accordance with prevailing conditions and travel demands represents an important advancement in agency adoption of Active Transportation and Demand Management (ATDM) concepts. This report provides agencies with relevant information and best practices for operating D-PTSU on freeways. The report explains how the opening of PTSU can be optimized based on speed and volume conditions observed or modeled on the freeway, and methods for determining specific “decision parameters” for opening the shoulder are presented.The report also assists agencies in determining if D-PTSU is an appropriate strategy where no part-time shoulder use is in place, or where static part-time shoulder use is in place. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Part-time Shoulder Use, Hard Shoulder Running, Active No restrictions. Traffic Management, Transportation Systems Management and Operations, Freeway 19. Security Classif. (of this 20. Security Classif. (of this 21. No of Pages 22. Price report) page) 140 N/A Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in.2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1,000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams Mg (or "t") (or "metric ton") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) °F Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 or Celsius °C (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in.2 poundforce 6.89 kilopascals kPa per square inch *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS (continued) APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in. m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in.2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T (or "metric ton") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) °C Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit °F ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce lbf/in2 per square inch *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 3 CHOOSING PART-TIME SHOULDER USE ................................................................................4 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER ACTIVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TREATMENTS .............6 NETWORK CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................................7 PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND TARGET AUDIENCE .........................................................................7 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT ....................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2. WHAT IS DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE ? .......... 11 DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE AND OPERATIONS ..............................................11 DECISION TO OPEN/CLOSE DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER ......................................13 KNOWN DEPLOYMENTS..........................................................................................................16 DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE RESEARCH ............................................................20 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF D-PTSU OVER S-PTSU ..........................................22 COSTS OF DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE .............................................................23 CHAPTER 3. DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC SHOULDER USE OPERATIONS ........................................................................27 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING .........................................................................................................27 DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS ..................................................................28 CANDIDATE PART-TIME SHOULDER USE FACILITIES ........................................................29 SELECTING THE LEVEL OF DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE ................................29 SELECTING SHOULDER OPERATIONS DECISION PARAMETERS ....................................31 DEVELOPING THE DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK .....................................................34 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PERMANENT SHOULDER CONVERSION ...................................39 v DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK AND PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC PART-TIME SHOULDER USE TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER 4. DECISION PARAMETERS FOR OPENING THE SHOULDER ............................................................................................................. 41 METHODS FOR SELECTING SHOULDER USE TYPE AND DECISION PARAMETERS .....42 USE CASES FOR SHOULDER USE AND DECISION PARAMETER SELECTION ................43 BOTTLENECK IDENTIFICATION..............................................................................................45 METHOD I: DEMAND-TO-CAPACITY PATTERNS ................................................................45 METHOD II: EMPIRICAL PERFORMANCE DATA ..................................................................48 METHOD III: MACROSCOPIC DECISION PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION ..........................60 METHOD IV: MICROSCOPIC DECISION PARAMETER REFINEMENT ...............................69 METHOD V: MONITORING AND ADJUSTMENT