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Subaerially Exposed Holocene Coral Reef, Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic

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Subaerially Exposed Holocene Coral Reef, Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic Subaerially exposed Holocene coral reef, Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic PAUL MANN* Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222 F. W. TAYLOR Institute for Geophysics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 KEVIN BURKE* Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12222 ROBERT KULSTAD Dirección General de Minería, Secretaria de Estado de Industria y Comercio, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana ABSTRACT and others, 1974; Taylor and others, 1980). Ris- REGIONAL SETTING ing sea level following the last ice age has sub- An extremely well-preserved Holocene merged most Holocene reefs and made a ccess to The Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sas Valley, bounded fringing coral reef occurs at an average these younger reefs difficult. by active faults, trends approximately east-west elevation of 5 m below sea level around the Previous studies of Caribbean coral reefs fall across the southern part of Hispamola (Fig. 1). margins of the central Enriquillo Valley, mainly into three categories: (1) morphology, The floor of the valley extends 130 km from the Dominican Republic. The reef records the depositional processes, and ecology of active Caribbean Sea at Bahia de N;iba in the latest marine incursion from the east into an reefs through diver observation (Goreau and Dominican Republic to the Baie de Port-au- 85-km-long, 12-km-wide tectonic depression Goreau, 1973, in Jamaica); (2) geologic develop- Prince in Haiti (Fig. 2). The Dominican area of and appears to represent a unique preserva- ment of submerged Holocene reefs (< 10,000 yr the valley is known as the Enriquillo Valley, tion. Excellent cross sections of the reef ex- old) through coring (<50 m) and radiocarbon and the Haitian area is called the Cul-de-Sac posed in erosional gullies reveal a composition age determinations (Adey, 1975, St. Croix; Plain. Active strike-slip, reverse, and thrust faults and zonation typical of modern Caribbean Macintyre and others, 1977, on the Campeche defining the valley form pait of a 200- to 250- reefs that are found in offshore low-energy Bank); and (3) paleosea-level history, tectonic km-wide plate boundary zone of sinistral strike- environments. Radiocarbon age determina- uplift, and fades geometries of raised Pleisto- slip deformation that results from eastward tions (2) indicate that reef growth coincided cene reefs (<700,000 yr old) through mapping motion of the Caribbean plate with respect to with sea-level rise following the last ice age and uranium series dating (Bender and others, the North American plate (Fig. 1; see also Burke (5,930 ± 100 to 4,760 ± 90 yr B.P.). Deltaic 1979, in Barbados). Studies of younger reefs and others, 1980; and Minster and Jordan, deposition and possible vertical movements (categories 1 and 2) provide only two-dimen- 1980). In the Hispaniola sector of the plate on active fault scarps dammed the eastern sional observations, whereas studies of older boundary zone, the intersection of two east- mouth of the valley and created Lago Enri- eroded reefs (category 3) allow three-dimen- west-trending strike-slip faults with Paleogene quillo, the level of which was then rapidly sional observations. Older reefs, particularly in west-northwesterly structures on the island has lowered by evaporation in an arid climate to humid areas, often are recrystallized and do not resulted in a compressional "restraining bend" produce a saline lake ~40 m below sea level. contain material suitable for dating. with large (>3 km) post-Miocene vertical Stratigraphic studies of rocks along the valley Sedimentation blocking the mouth of the movements (Horsfield, 1975; Mann and others, edge and data from drill holes in the basin Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic, and in press). The Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sac Valley and center indicate that there were earlier post- possible tectonic depression of the valley floor two similar valleys to the north are compres- Miocene marine incursions similar to that have combined to produce a subsea level but sional ramp valleys, the floors of which are dy- described here. subaerial exposure of a relatively short-lived namically depressed by the overthrust loads of mid-Holocene reef in what appears, to be a neighboring mountain blocks (Figs. 1, 2). Raised Pleistocene reefs on the plunging north- INTRODUCTION unique preservation. The reef is completely un- recrystallized in the prevailing arid climate, and western end of a mountain block in Haiti suggest an average uplift rate of 0.3 mm per yr over Oscillating Quaternary sea levels and tectonic erosional gullies allow three-dimensional studies the past 130,000 yr (Dodge and others, 1983). uplift of coastal areas have exposed Pleistocene of vertical sections. We here describe the Holo- The Holocene marine transgression and reef coral reefs that have been very useful for docu- cene reef and use this information to interpret development in the Enriquillo Valley record menting reef ecology, paleosea levels, and cycles of post-Miocene sedimentation that we the latest of possibly several post-Miocene tectonism in many parts of the world (Bloom believe to have been comparable to the Holo- cene cycle in the Enriquillo Valley. marine transgressions into this lectonically ac- tive environment. The presence of the reef was recognized by *Present addresses: (Mann) Institute for Geophys- previous workers (Vaughan and others, 1921; GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE ics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Weyl, 1941), but we present the first observa- 78712; (Burke) Lunar and Planetary Institute, NASA ENRIQUILLO-CUL-D E-SA C VALLEY Road 1, Houston, Texas 77058; and Department of tions of reef distribution, composition, zonation, 2 Geosciences, University of Houston, Central Campus, and deformation in light of radiocarbon age Most of the 2,000-km floor of the Houston, Texas 77004. determinations. Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sac Valley falls within the Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 1084-1092, 9 figs., 2 tables, September 1984. 1084 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/95/9/1084/3419464/i0016-7606-95-9-1084.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 Figure 1. Regional tectonic setting of the Enriquiilo-Cul-de-Sac Valley, Hispaniola. The island of Hispaniola and the Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sac Valley are divided between the Dominican Republic (DR) in the east and Haiti (H) in the west. Hispaniola, Cuba (C), Jamaica (J), and Puerto Rico (PR) make up the Greater Antilles. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sac Basin, as well as other late Cenozoic Caribbean basins (shown in gray), are controlled by the eastward motion of the Caribbean plate (CARIB) with respect to the North and South American plates (NOAM and SOAM). Numbers represent values of relative plate motion in centimetres per year from Minster and Jordan (1980). Hispaniola constitutes a compressional "restraining bend" segment of the sinistral NOAM-CARIB plate boundary zone. Post-Neogene move- ments in the Enriquillo-Cul-de-Sac Valley, as well as the two valleys to the north, have been mainly vertical. Figure 2. Simplified geologic map and LANDSAT mosaic of the Enriquillo-Cul-de- Sac Valley, southern Hispaniola. Stippled area represents Neogene clastic rocks; un- colored areas are chiefly Paleogene lime- stones; vertically ruled areas are Cretaceous to Eocene arc-related rocks; and gray areas are late Neogene deltaic deposits. 1 - Bahia de Neiba. 2 = Baie de Port-au-Prince. 3 = Rio Yaque del Sur and deltaic deposits. 4 = Riviere Grise and deltaic deposits. 5 = Riviere Blanche and deltaic deposits. 6 = Etang Saumatre. 7 = Cul-de-Sac no. 1 well. 8 = Laguna del Rincon. 9 = Palo Alto no. 1 well. 10 = area of early Pliocene, metre- thick, sabkha-type gypsum deposits. 11 = Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/95/9/1084/3419464/i0016-7606-95-9-1084.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 1086 MANN AND OTHERS rain shadows of bordering 2-km high mountain ranges, and the semiarid valley receives only ~60 cm of rainfall per year, with most falling in [*•*! ALGAL TUFA [ ' j FAN the month of June (Garcia, 1976) (Fig. 2). The REEF CREST PW^INEOGENE 265-km2 Lago Enriquillo in the Dominican Re- public and the 120-km2 Etang Saumatre in Haiti occupy closed drainage basins in the cen- tral part of the valley and are separated by a sill a few hundred metres wide at the border town of Jimani (Fig. 3). The sill lies between the 20-m and 40-m above-sea-level (ASL) contours on the topographic map. About half of the Enriquillo Valley is below sea level (BSL), with LAGO the surface of Lago Enriquillo at ~42 m BSL in 1972 (Garcia, 1976, p. 266). Rain accompany- ing Hurricanes Frederick and David raised the lake level to -40 m BSL in 1979. The northern, deeper part of the lake has a maximum depth of -40 m (Garcia, 1976, p. 266). The deepest known part of the valley floor, therefore is at -80 m BSL, under Lago Enriquillo. All of the Haitian Cul-de-Sac Plain is above sea level, with the surface of Etang Saumatre at an elevation of — 14 m ASL. Lago Enriquillo is separated from the Caribbean Sea in Bahia de Neiba, at the Figure 3. Geology of the central and western Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic. Map eastern end of the valley, by an elevation reach- area includes all of Lago Enriquillo (elevation -40 m) and the eastern extremity of Etang ing as much as 4 m ASL. This relief results from: Saumatre (elevation +14 m) in Haiti. The Holocene coral reef is found only in the sub-sea-level (1) flood-plain deposition near the mouth of the depression around Lago Enriquillo and occurs at an average elevation of -10 m.
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