Esting Cases Have Been Reported: One by Thatcher,3 and to Animals
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JUNE 19, 1937 OVERDOSAGE WITH VITAMIN D MEDICJIOTsRNAL 1269 least as satisfactory? At all events it is to be eighteen days-that is, 18,000 units per kilogramme. hoped that in the coming campaign it will not be or ten times what he had intended to take. Among forgotten that in pursuit of the national health it the 773 subjects treated with massive doses twenty is not less efficacious to urge the public to seek had received over 15,000 units per kilogramme, and early and skilled advice through the practising in four of these there were some manifestations of sdoctor than to -urge them to do this through the toxicity. Of the large series treated with doses municipal or county clinic. The profession will between 3,000 and 5,000 units per kilogramme 4.5 agree with the Minister that " the fight for good per cent. showed symptoms of toxicity. Five cases health cannot be successfully conducted with a are recorded in which symptoms followed doses of limited choice of weapons on a narrow front." The between 1,500 and 3,000 units per kilogramme, sentence with which he concluded his speech is but the authors do not regard these five as true not without significance in this direction to-day. examples of vitamin D toxicity. " If possible," he said, " we must broaden our front The commonest symptoms of overdosage in adults and deal not only with the specific diseases of the are polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and loss of weight. individual, but with the wider conditions of environ- ment and occupation of the people." It has long Pathologically there is cell injury followed by de- been supposed that if these two activities are to be position of calcium, the organ most seriously contrasted it is the latter which is the primary and affected being the kidney. Although they recog- principal concern of the central government depart- nize the severity of the toxic effects, Steck and his ment and of the local authorities. To have it fellow-workers feel that, provided the patient is now presented to us as a sphere to which attention under observation and the vitamin is withdrawn or should be directed " if possible " is more than a the dose reduced as soon as symptoms appear, the little astonishing. A well-arranged display of the continuation of this treatment is justifiable. They second-best may make a good show. It may even contend that " the burden of proof now rests on be worth while, and Sir Kingsley Wood can be those who maintain the undesirability of the use relied upon to make it as good as possible; but of this form of therapy." To those who believe it is a poor substitute for the best, especially when that the first essential of any treatment is that it that best is now in many directions attainable, and should do no harm this reasoning looks rather naive. it is only too likely to hinder the early attainment The evidence that massive doses of vitamin D are of that best. of any value in arthritis, asthma, or hay fever is so flimsy that the burden of proof would seem to rest on those who advocate so unphysiological a OVERDOSAGE WITH VITAMIN D method of treatment. The occurrence of toxic A recent paper by Steck and others from Chicago' symptoms with massive doses is, of course, no throws further light on the effects of vitamin D argument against the legitimate use of vitamin D overdosage. In it are summarized the effects of along physiological lines. Unfortunately the margin massive doses on sixty-five dogs and 773 patients. between the therapeutic and the toxic dose in some The authors have been particularly interested in the infants is not very wide. This subject was dis- use of massive doses of vitamin D in such con- cussed by L. J. Harris2 a few years ago. He ditions as hay fever and asthma, and are at pains recommended as a prophylactic dose 250 to 500 to answer the criticism that such doses are harmful. units, increasing up to 1,500 units at 1 year, and There is now no question that at a certain dosage thereafter 1,500 units a day. Since then two inter- even pure crystalline vitamin D is lethal to man esting cases have been reported: one by Thatcher,3 and to animals. There seem to be differences in which the death of a child aged 11 months between various species, the rat being highly re- was thought to result from overdosage of vitamin sistant and the rabbit very susceptible to the toxic D; and one by Moncrieff,4 in which florid rickets effects. It is suggested that man shows about the developed in a child of 17 months who was pre- same degree of susceptibility as the dog. Between sumed to have had an adequate intake of vitamin individual dogs there appeared to be wide variation D. In neither instance, however, is it possible to in resistance to the toxic effects, but all the dogs assess from the data given just how many units of apparently survived doses of 20,000 units per kilo- the vitamin had been administered. In Thatcher's gramme indefinitely without recognizable intoxica- case the maximum dose would appear to have been tion. The death of a man is recorded which was 600 units a day, but this had been administered undoubtedly the result of overdosage of a con- throughout the summer and in addition to two centrated solution of activated ergosterol: a doctor treatments with a mercury vapour lamp. In administered to himself 2,300,000 units daily for 2 British Medical Journal, 1933, 2, 367. ~ Lancet, 1936, 1, 20. 1 Ann. internt. Med., 1937, 10, 951. ' J. Physiol., 1935, 85, 26. THE BRITISH 1270 JUNE 19, 1937 SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SCLERODERMIA MEDICAL JOURNAL Moncrieff's case, if the particulars given were cor- The first paper in the first (January) number of rect, the child had been having close on 4,000 units Surgery opens as follows: " The ideal and trend of daily. That both these cases are due to some un- modern surgery may be characterized by the continuous usual abnormality is indicated by the experience of search for a more ratiocinative comprehension of the less obvious alterations in physiologic functions con- Shelling and Hopper' in the treatment of several sequent to the more apparent anatomicopathologic hundred patients over a period of six years. During processes." This is a formidable opening, but it intro- this time they found that 1,125 international units duces an interesting paper from the clinic of Professor of vitamin D daily in the form of viosterol was Rene Leriche at Strasbourg: the subject is the surgical effective as a prophylactic dose for all full-term treatment of sclerodermia. Sclerodermia is defined as infants. The only exceptions were premature, a condition of sclerosis, induration, and pigmentation of rapidly growing infants, to whom they considered the skin which may be either localized or generalized, it was advisable to give up to 4,500 units for the and may be associated with asthenia, digestive disturb- ances, arthritis, muscle atrophy, or other symptoms. first four months of life-, subsequently reducing the Because of the resemblance of certain cases in their dose to 1,125 units. In the treatment of rickets initial stages to Rayiiaud's disease, and the belief that they found that the optimum curative dose was vasomotor disturbances are important as an aetiological 4,500 units per day, and that doses above this did factor, sympathectomy has been tried for the condition. not increase the rate of healing. Although in Since 1924 Leriche and his associates have operated many cases they had prescribed up to 13,500 units upon thirteen cases, which they report in detail. They daily they observed no cases of toxicity. Thatcher consider that some degree of improvement followed the lays stress upon the fact that his patient had operation in approximately two-thirds of their patients. The most suitable cases for sympathectomy are those received vitamin D throughout the summer and which show pronounced vasospastic phenomena, had had two treatments with a mercury vapour especially when these precede the cutaneous manifesta- lamp. There is no way of assessing t1ie amount tions. In generalized advanced cases sympathectomy is of vitamin D formed under the influence of sun- of little or no avail. Ldriche and his co-workers com- light, but the frequency of rickets in the sunny ment on a hypercalcaemia which they find in some cases, climate of Baltimore, where Shelling and Hopper and believe that parathyroid dysfunction is sometimes did their work, suggests that it is not considerable. present. Sclerodermia, they believe, should be looked Their work would seem to go a long way towards upon as a chronic disturbance of parathyroid function evolving over a long period of time, so that when the establishing the optimum dose for children, which patient is finally observed manifestations of hyper- should be at least 1,125 units and never more than calcaemia may be absent. They claim that cutaneous 4,500 units. It is most desirable that all vitamin D changes clinically and histologically like those of preparations should be labelled and prescribed in sclerodermia have been experimentally produced in rats terms of international units. by injections of parathyroid extract, and that in man osteoporosis is present in some cases: the hypotonia and asthenia occasionally observed are also suggestive of disturbance in calcium metabolism and of hyper- parathyroidism. Since 1931 thirteen cases of sclero- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SCLERODERMIA dermia have been submitted to parathyroidectomy by Within two years two new periodicals devoted to surgerv Le'riche and his colleagues.