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Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition Lee Russell McDowell Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition SECOND EDITION Iowa State University Press / Ames VITAMINS IN ANIMAL AND HUMAN NUTRITION Lee Russell McDowell Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition SECOND EDITION Iowa State University Press / Ames Lee Russell McDowell, PhD, is a professor of animal science in the Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. His research interests center pri- marily on minerals for grazing livestock, vitamins for livestock, and feed composition. Dr. McDowell also collaborates with numerous animal nutritionists in tropical coun- tries of Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. © 2000 Iowa State University Press; 1989 Academic Press All rights reserved Iowa State University Press 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014 Orders: 1-800-862-6657 Office: 1-515-292-0140 Fax: 1-515-292-3348 Web site: www.isupress.edu Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or per- sonal use of specific clients, is granted by Iowa State University Press, provided that the base fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8138-2630-6/2000 $.10. Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America First edition, 1989 (© Academic Press) Second edition, 2000 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, L. R. Vitamins in animal and human nutrition/Lee Russell McDowell—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8138-2630-6 1. Vitamins in human nutrition. 2. Vitamins in animal nutrition. 3. Avitaminosis. I. Title. QP771.M396 2000 613.2′86—dc21 00-027082 The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated, with appreciation, to my parents; my wife, Lorraine; my daughters, Suzannah, Joanna, and Teresa and their husbands and children; and to Tony J. Cunha (deceased), the former head of the Depart- ment of Animal Science at the University of Florida, for his practical knowledge of the livestock in- dustry and for his support and encouragement to write books. CONTENTS Preface, xv 1. Introduction and Historical Considerations Definition of Vitamins, 3 Classification of Vitamins, 4 Vitamin Nomenclature, 5 Vitamin Requirements, 6 Vitamin Occurrence, 7 History of the Vitamins, 7 References, 13 2. Vitamin A Introduction, 15 History, 16 Chemical Structure and Properties, 18 Analytical Procedures, 21 Metabolism, 22 Functions, 28 Requirements, 39 Natural Sources, 43 Deficiency, 48 Supplementation, 69 β-Carotene Function Independent of Vitamin A, 75 Toxicity, 78 References, 82 3. Vitamin D Introduction, 91 History, 91 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 94 Analytical Procedures, 95 vii CONTENTS Metabolism, 97 Functions, 103 Requirements, 111 Natural Sources, 115 Deficiency, 117 Supplementation, 134 Toxicity, 140 References, 147 4. Vitamin E Introduction, 155 History, 155 Chemical Structure and Properties, 157 Analytical Procedures, 160 Metabolism, 161 Functions, 164 Requirements, 170 Natural Sources, 174 Deficiency, 178 Supplementation, 207 Toxicity, 216 References, 217 5. Vitamin K Introduction, 227 History, 227 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 229 Analytical Procedures, 231 Metabolism, 232 Functions, 235 Requirements, 239 Natural Sources, 242 Deficiency, 244 Supplementation, 254 Toxicity, 258 References, 259 6. Thiamin Introduction, 265 History, 265 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 267 Analytical Procedures, 269 CONTENTS Metabolism, 269 Functions, 271 Requirements, 274 Natural Sources, 278 Deficiency, 280 Supplementation, 301 Toxicity, 305 References, 305 7. Riboflavin Introduction, 311 History, 311 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 312 Analytical Procedures, 314 Metabolism, 315 Functions, 317 Requirements, 321 Natural Sources, 324 Deficiency, 326 Supplementation, 340 Toxicity, 342 References, 342 8. Niacin Introduction, 347 History, 347 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 350 Analytical Procedures, 350 Metabolism, 351 Functions, 355 Requirements, 357 Natural Sources, 360 Deficiency, 362 Supplementation, 376 Toxicity, 379 References, 380 9. Vitamin B6 Introduction, 385 History, 385 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 386 Analytical Procedures, 388 ix CONTENTS Metabolism, 389 Functions, 391 Requirements, 394 Natural Sources, 397 Deficiency, 399 Supplementation, 409 Toxicity, 412 References, 413 10. Pantothenic Acid Introduction, 419 History, 419 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 420 Analytical Procedures, 422 Metabolism, 423 Functions, 424 Requirements, 426 Natural Sources, 429 Deficiency, 430 Supplementation, 439 Toxicity, 441 References, 441 11. Biotin Introduction, 445 History, 445 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 446 Analytical Procedures, 448 Metabolism, 448 Functions, 450 Requirements, 452 Natural Sources, 454 Deficiency, 455 Supplementation, 471 Toxicity, 474 References, 475 12. Folacin Introduction, 479 History, 480 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 481 Analytical Procedures, 484 x CONTENTS Metabolism, 485 Functions, 487 Requirements, 490 Natural Sources, 494 Deficiency, 495 Supplementation, 512 Toxicity, 515 References, 516 13. Vitamin B12 Introduction, 523 History, 523 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 526 Analytical Procedures, 528 Metabolism, 529 Functions, 532 Requirements, 535 Natural Sources, 538 Deficiency, 540 Supplementation, 555 Toxicity, 558 References, 559 14. Choline Introduction, 565 History, 565 Chemical Structure and Properties, 566 Analytical Procedures, 567 Metabolism, 568 Functions, 571 Requirements, 574 Natural Sources, 576 Deficiency, 578 Supplementation, 588 Toxicity, 592 References, 592 15. Vitamin C Introduction, 597 History, 597 Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 600 Analytical Procedures, 601 xi CONTENTS Metabolism, 602 Functions, 604 Requirements, 609 Natural Sources, 611 Deficiency, 613 Supplementation, 627 Toxicity, 633 References, 634 16. Carnitine Introduction, 641 History, 641 Chemical Structure and Properties, 641 Analytical Procedures, 642 Metabolism, 642 Functions, 644 Requirements, 645 Natural Sources, 646 Deficiency, 647 Supplementation, 653 Toxicity, 655 References, 655 17. Vitamin-like Substances Introduction, 659 Myo-Inositol (Inositol), 660 Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ), 666 p-Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA), 667 Flavonoids (Polyphenols), 668 Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid), 669 Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinones), 669 Vitamin B13 (Orotic Acid), 670 Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid), 670 Vitamin B17 (Laetrile), 670 Vitamin H3 (Gerovital), 671 Vitamin U (Cabagin), 671 Glucose Tolerance Factor, 671 Other Vitamin-like Factors, 671 References, 673 xii CONTENTS 18. Essential Fatty Acids Introduction, 675 History, 675 Chemical Structure and Properties, 676 Analytical Procedures, 678 Metabolism and Functions, 679 Requirements, 689 Natural Sources, 693 Deficiency, 695 Supplementation, 704 Toxicity, 708 References, 708 19. Vitamin Supplementation Introduction, 713 Factors Resulting in Inadequate Dietary Intakes of Vitamins, 714 Factors Affecting Vitamin Requirements and Utilization, 720 Optimum Vitamin Allowances, 723 Vitamin Supplementation Most Needed by Livestock, 727 Vitamin Supplementation for Humans, 732 Providing Vitamin Supplements, 735 Formulating Vitamin Premixes, 741 References, 742 Appendix: Vitamin Requirements of Livestock and Humans; Feed Composition; Metric Conversions A1a: Vitamin Requirements for Ruminants and Horses, 748 A1b: Vitamin Requirements for Monogastric Animals, 750 A1c: Vitamin Requirements for Humans, 756 A2: Composition of Important Feeds, 758 A3: Metric Weights and Measures with Customary Equivalents, 762 Index, 763 xiii PREFACE Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition contains 19 chapters of concise, up-to-date information on vitamin nutrition for both animals and humans. The first chapter deals with the definition of vitamins, general considerations, and the fascinating history of these nutrients. Chapters 2 through 16 discuss the 15 established vitamins in relation to history; chemical structure, properties, and antagonists; analytical procedures; metabolism; functions; requirements; sources; deficiency; supplementation; and toxicity. Chapter 17 deals with other vitamin-like substances, and Chapter 18 reviews the importance of essential fatty acids. The final chapter discusses vitamin supplementation considerations. An earlier edition of this book with a somewhat similar title was pub- lished by Academic Press in 1989. The present book has been completely and vigorously revised with one additional chapter. In the last 10 years, a great deal of new information has been generated in the field of vitamins; this is re- flected by the fact that more than half of all the references have been pub- lished since the first edition. It is hoped that this book will be of worldwide use and will continue, as the first edition, to be used as a textbook and as an authoritative reference book for use by research and extension specialists, feed manufacturers, teachers, students, and others. An attempt has been made to provide a balance between animal nutrition and clinical human nutrition. Likewise, a comparison between the balance of chemical, metabolic, and functional aspects of vitamins and their practical and applied considerations has been made.
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