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Livestock Nutrition and Feeding. Student Manual

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Livestock Nutrition and Feeding. Student Manual DOCUMENT RESUME ED 336 588 CE 058 972 AUTHOR Ridenour, Harlan E. TITLE Livestock Nutrition and Feeding. Student Manual. Second Edition. INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Agricultural Curriculum Materials Service. SPONS AGENCY Ohio State Dept. of Education, Columbus. Agricultural Education Service. REPORT NO AGDEX-400/50 PUB DATE 91 NOTE 271p. AVAILABLE FROMOhio Agricultural Curriculum Materials Service,2120 Fyffe Road, Room 254, Columbus, OH 43210-1010. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use- Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; *Agricultural Production; *Animal Husbandry; Communication Skills; Course Content; Food; Integrated Curriculum; Learning Activities; *L.Lvestock; Mathematical Applications; Mathematics Instruction; *Nutrition; Postsecondary Education; *Problem Solving; Science Instruction; Secondary Education; Vocabulary; Vocational Education ABSTRACT This manual is designed to help agricultural education students and teachers to apply scientificfacts and principles to problem-solving procedures indetermining nutritious and economical livestock feedingprograms. The manual provides applied scientific activities in biologica/science and chemistry, mathematics, and communication skills. It containssix units that cover the following topics: livestock digestivesystems; the food nutrients; nutrient requirements of livestock;types of feed and their composition; methods and procedures fordetermining nutrient requirements and selecting balanced diets; andfeeding guidelines and example diet formulations. Units include listsof how they are related to the applied academic areas, keyterms, introduction, information illustrated with line drawingsand photographs, important concepts to learn, and review questions. Appendixesinclude a feeds composition table with energy values, nutrientrequirement tables, weight-unit conversion table, and a 178-itemglossary. (KC) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the bestthat can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** AGDEX 400/50 U.S. DEPASTMENT Of EDUCATION Officot ot Educations/ RINON/befl and tonotounl TIONAL RESOuRCES INEMAATION CENTER (ERt0 Thia C/OCUITIOnl Ml DNIMtacooducod as tacomod from Ina oarattin of *monastic" ofmmtino CI MINX 04.119es hava been made tO impanit actoduction cotakty Points Of via* Ot ofonfOns $tated Innis§ docu- mint do net naCtaalltily taCttaaant official OE RI ooe4tron of poky STUDENT MANUAL .4' 4' "st1 4.`taZ t and //' .ra -QpiesZ21 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCET MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED OHIO AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM MATERIALS SERVICE Agricultural Education Service, Ohio Department of Education and Department of Agricultural Education, The Ohio State University TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURC INFORMATION CENTER AINVI (ERIC)." lilanrrir maw1_111- I AI tinaalklaii **MI Mb Wald NMr 9 LOwaaacAk Mulcrlialtim eancl Faad Ong STUDENT MANUAL First edition 1979 Clarence R. Fridline Instructional Materials Consultant Second edition 1991 Harlan E. Ridenour Consultant in Educational Designing Vocational Education in Agriculture Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum Materials Service The Ohio State University Room 254, 2120 Fyffe Road Columbus, Ohio 43210-1010 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Livestock Nutrition and Feeding was originally researched and prepared for students of production agriculture by Clarence R. Fridline, an instructional materials consultant with much teaching experience. This revised edition was researched and prepared by Harlan E. Ridenour, former director of Curriculum Materials Service. Since his retirement, Dr. Ridenour, as Consultant in Educational Designing, has written animal nutrition publications for Winrock, Arkansas. Jeffrey L. Firkins, Assistant Professor of Dairy Science at The Ohio State University, was a special consultant on this project. He made a significant contribution of his time, expertise, and patience in seeing this manuscript through all phases of production. His help was vital to successful completion of the project. A number of other technical advisers/reviewers at The Ohio State University also contributed to Livestock Nutrition and Feeding. These experts and their field of specialty are: Stephen R. Baertsche, Associate Professor of Animal Science and Extension Sheep Specialist Janice G. Bowman, Assistant Professor of Animal Science, Ruminant Specialist Patricia A. Brosnan, Assistant Professor of Mathematics Education James Clay, Extension Specialist in Beef/Sheep Management Systems Gene A. isler, Professor of Animal Science and Extension Swine Improvement Specialist Robert C. Kline, Associate Professor of Animal Science and Extension Horse Specialist Gerald C. Shurson, Assistant Professor of Animal Science, Swine Specialist William P. Weiss, Assistant Professor of Dairy Science and Extension Forage Nutrition Specialist Bill Goodman of the Ohio Department of Agriculture gave guidance on the section of State laws regarding livestock feeds. Mary Ann Boor, mathematics teacher at Pioneer JVS, provided an analysis of the mathematics competencies in each unit. Significant input came from Isaac Kershaw, Curriculum Materials Specialist, who oversaw much of the final stages of the manuscript. The project director was Roger D. Roadiger, Director of Curriculum Materials Service. Editing and layout were done by Muriel N. King. The artist for the cover and many of the illustrations was Jerry A. King. John H. Davis, Assistant Director Roger D. Roectiger, Director Vocational and Career Education Ohio Agricultural Education Agricultural Education Service Curriculum Materials Service Ohio Department of Education The Ohio State University ISBN Number: 1-56502-000-6 Copyright © 1991 Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum Materials Service The Ohio State University All rights reserved Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum Materials Service The Ohio State University Room 254, 2120 Fyffe Road Columbus, Ohio 43210-1010 1991 The Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum Materials Service, as a part of The Ohio State University, is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate against any individual for reasons of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, or handicap. All instructional materials are available to all potential clientele on a non-discriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion. national origin, sex. or handicap. CONTENTS Preface - Applied Science Areas Unit 1Livestock Digestive Systems 1 Converting Feed to Useful Production 3 Digestion 3 Absorption 5 Metabolism 6 Feed intake 7 Animal Digestive Systems 10 Digestive system capacity 12 Digestive tract of the nonruminant 14 Digestive tract of the ruminant 16 Review of Unit 1 27 Unit 2 The Food Nutrients 29 The Groups of Food Nutrients 30 Carbohydrates 31 Energy 31 Forms of carbohydrates 31 Fiber 32 Fats or lipids 32 Proteins 34 Amino acids 35 Crude vs. digestible protein in feed 39 Water 41 Minerals 45 Macro-mineral elements 47 Micro-mineral elements 51 Vitamins 53 Fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K 53 Water soluble vitaminsC and B-complex 55 Air 56 Body Uses of Food Nutrients 57 Energy 57 Determining Energy Requirements 63 Review of Unit 2 68 Unit 3 Nutrient Requirements of Livestock 71 Composition of Animal Bodies 72 Role of Nutrients in Life Processes 74 Maintenance 74 Growth 75 Reproduction 77 Lactation 79 Life Cycle Nutrition Concept 80 Review of Unit 3 84 Unit 4 Types of Feed and Their Composition 85 Factors Influencing the Value of a Feed 87 Classification of Feeds 93 Roughages 95 (conttnued) Contents (continued) Concentrates 102 Energy concentrates 103 Grains 103 The most common feed grains 103 Processing grains 107 By-product feeds 111 Protein concentrates 112 Supplements 122 Minerals 122 Vitamins 130 Additives 134 Complete feeds 135 Feed Moisture Content in Diet Formulation 135 State Laws Regarding Livestock Feeds 139 Review of Unit 4 145 Unit 5 Methods and Procedures for Determining Nutrient Requirements and Selecting Balanced Diets 151 Methods of Feeding Livestock 153 Hand feeding 153 Self-feeding 154 Automatic feeding 155 Mixing of feedstuffs 158 Guidelines in Selecting Diets 159 Formulating and Balancing Diets 159 Methods of balancing diets 161 Trial and error method 161 Square method 163 Square method with weighted averages 164 Algebraic methods 166 National Research Council tables introduced 170 Steps in balancing diets 171 Worksheet A. Feeds available and their composition 172 Review of Unit 5 176 Unit 6 Feeding Guidelines and Example Diet Formulations 179 Beef Cattle 180 Dairy Cattle 187 Horses 199 Sheep 206 Swine 212 Comparing Costs of Diets 219 Final Review 222 Appendix (following 222) Feeds Composition Table with Energy ValuesTable 1C 2-A Nutrient Requirement Tables 1 NR-5 NR 12- A Weight-Unit Conversion Table 6 24-A Glossary 25-A PREFACE Applied Science Areas The study of agriculture is not a discipline that is self-contained. Rather it draws upon many disci- plines that have parts related to the study of agriculture. The study of livestock nutrition and feeding draws upon and applies the biological sciences, chemistry, and mathematics. The art of communicating is also vital to the study of agriculture. Teaching of vocational agriculture courses has traditionally been based upon problem-solving proce- dures and techniques. "Real-life" student problems are identified, the problem settings and solutions are explored, and the
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