Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD

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Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD

July 2014

CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH

Systemic toxicity related to metal hip prostheses Bradberry SM, Wilkinson JM, Ferner RE. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.944977: Introduction One in eight of all total hip replacements requires revision within 10 years, 60% because of wear-related complications. The bearing surfaces may be made of cobalt/chromium, stainless steel, ceramic, or polyethylene. Friction between bearing surfaces and corrosion of non-moving parts can result in increased local and systemic metal concentrations. Objectives To identify and systematically review published reports of systemic toxicity attributed to metal released from hip implants and to propose criteria for the assessment of these patients. Methods Medline (from 1950) and Embase (from 1980) were searched to 28 February 2014 using the search terms (text/abstract) chrom* or cobalt* and [toxic* or intox* or poison* or adverse effect or complication] and [prosthes* or 'joint replacement' or hip or arthroplast*] and PubMed (all available years) was searched using the search term (("chromium/adverse effects" [Mesh] OR "Chromium/poisoning" [Mesh] OR "Chromium/toxicity"[Mesh]) OR ("Cobalt/adverse effects"[Mesh] OR "Cobalt/poisoning"[Mesh] OR "Cobalt/toxicity"[Mesh])) AND ("Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip"[Mesh] OR "Hip Prosthesis"[Mesh]). These searches identified 281 unique references, of which 23 contained original case data. Three further reports were identified from the bibliographies of these papers. As some cases were reported repeatedly the 26 papers described only 18 individual cases. Systemic toxicity Ten of these eighteen patients had undergone revision from a ceramic-containing bearing to one containing a metal component. The other eight had metal-on-metal prostheses.

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units.

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Systemic toxicity was first manifest months and often several years after placement of the metal-containing joint. The reported systemic features fell into three main categories: neuro-ocular toxicity (14 patients), cardiotoxicity (11 patients) and thyroid toxicity (9 patients). Neurotoxicity was manifest as peripheral neuropathy (8 cases), sensorineural hearing loss (7) and cognitive decline (5); ocular toxicity presented as visual impairment (6). All these neurological features, except cognitive decline, have been associated with cobalt poisoning previously. Type of prosthesis and blood metal concentrations Where blood or serum metal concentrations were reported (n = 17 for cobalt and n = 14 for chromium), the median cobalt concentration was 398 (range, 13.6 – 6521) μg/L and the median chromium concentration was 48 μg/L (in whole blood) (range, 4.1 – 221 μg/L including serum and blood values). Those patients reported to have systemic features who had received a metal-on-metal prosthesis (n = 8) had a median peak blood cobalt concentration of 34.5 (range, 13.6 – 398.6) μg/L; those with a metal-containing revision of a failed ceramic prosthesis (n = 10) had a median blood cobalt concentration of 506 (range, 353 – 6521) μg/L. Management The most common treatment was removal of the metal-containing prosthesis, undertaken in all but 2 patients. This was usually associated with a fall in circulating cobalt concentration and improvement in some or all features. Clinical and toxicological assessment of systemic features We propose the following criteria for assessing the likelihood that clinical features are related to cobalt toxicity: clinical effects consistent with the known neurological, cardiac, or thyroidal effects of cobalt, and for which any other explanation is less likely; increased blood cobalt concentrations (substantially higher than those in patients with well-functioning prostheses) several months after hip replacement; a fall in the blood cobalt concentration after treatment, usually accompanied by signs of improvement in features. When judged by these criteria, the systemic features in 10 of the reported cases are likely to be related to cobalt exposure from a metal-containing hip prosthesis. Conclusions Rarely, patients exposed to high circulating concentrations of cobalt from failed hip replacements develop neurological damage, hypothyroidism and/or cardiomyopathy, which may not resolve completely even after removal of the prosthesis. The greatest risk of systemic cobalt toxicity seems to result from accelerated wear of a cobalt-containing revision of a failed ceramic prosthesis, rather than from primary failure of a metal-on-metal prosthesis. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.944977

Increasing frequency of severe clinical toxicity after use of 2,4- dinitrophenol in the UK: a report from the National Poisons Information Service Kamour A, George N, Gwynnette D, Cooper G, Lupton D, Eddleston M, Thompson JP, Vale JA, Thanacoody HKR, Hill S, Thomas SHL. Emerg Med J 2014; online early: doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-203335: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2013-203335

Management of pediatric snake bites: are we doing too much? Correa JA, Fallon SC, Cruz AT, Grawe GH, Vu PV, Rubalcava DM, Kaziny B, Naik-Mathuria BJ, Brandt ML. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49: 1009-15. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.043

Potential antidotes for reversal of old and new oral anticoagulants Suryanarayan D, Schulman S. Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 2: S158-S166. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50026-6

Neurofunctional dopaminergic impairment in elderly after lifetime exposure to manganese Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Zoni S, Benedetti C, Fedrighi C, Peli M, Donna F, Bontempi E, Borgese L, Micheletti S, Ferri R, Marchetti S, Smith DR. Neurotoxicology 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.006: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.006

Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects Huybrechts KF, Palmsten K, Avorn J, Cohen LS, Holmes LB, Franklin JM, Mogun H, Levin R, Kowal M, Setoguchi S, Hernández-Díaz S. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2397-407. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1312828

TOXICOLOGY Fernández MD, Di Fazio V, Wille SM, Kummer N, Samyn N. A quantitative, selective and fast ultra-high performance General liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method Bertomeu-Sánchez JR. for the simultaneous analysis of 33 basic drugs in hair Classrooms, salons, academies, and courts: Mateu Orfila (amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, opioids and metabolites). (1787–1853) and nineteenth-century French toxicology. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2014; 965: 7-18. Ambix 2014; 61: 162-86. Fernández MdMR, Van Durme F, Wille SMR, Di Fazio V, Kummer N, Samyn N. Donner A. Validation of an automated solid-phase extraction method Toxicology: toxicity biomaps. for the analysis of 23 opioids, cocaine, and metabolites in Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10: 485. urine with ultra-performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. Gorenjak M. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38: 280-8. Clinical chemist's interpretative competence in toxicology. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2014; 24: A2-A3. Helfer AG, Turcant A, Boels D, Ferec S, Lelièvre LG, Welter J, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Nader MA, Balster RL, Henningfield JE. Elucidation of the metabolites of the novel psychoactive William L. Woolverton: a case history in unraveling the substance 4-methyl-N-ethyl-cathinone (4-MEC) in human behavioral pharmacology of stimulants. urine and pooled liver microsomes by GC-MS and LC-HR- Neuropharmacology 2014; online early: MS/MS techniques and of its detectability by GC-MS or LC- n doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.004: MS standard screening approaches. Drug Test Anal 2014; online early: doi: 10.1002/dta.1682: Sherhod R, Judson P, Hanser T, Vessey J, Webb SJ, Gillet V.

Emerging pattern mining to aid toxicological knowledge Imbert L, Boucher A, Delhome G, Cueto T, Boudinaud M, discovery. Maublanc J, Dulaurent S, Descotes J, Lachâtre G, Gaulier J-M. J Chem Inf Model 2014; online early: Analytical findings of an acute intoxication after inhalation doi: 10.1021/ci5001828: of methoxetamine. J Anal Toxicol 2014; online early: Withington P. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku052: The art of intoxication. Lancet 2014; 383: 2118-9. Kang S, Oh SM, Chung KH, Lee S. A surrogate analyte-based LC-MS/MS method for the Analytical toxicology determination of -hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in human urine Abdissa A, Wiesner L, McIlleron H, Friis H, Andersen AB, and variation of endogenous urinary concentrations of GHB. Kæstel P. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98: 193-200. Evaluation of an immunoassay for determination of plasma efavirenz concentrations in resource-limited settings. Logan BK, Mohr AL, Talpins SK. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17: 18979. Detection and prevalence of drug use in arrested drivers using the Dräger Drug Test 5000 and Affiniton DrugWipe

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Analytical toxicology Gibbs GW, Labrèche F. Zhang M, Deng M, Ma J, Wang X. Cancer risks in aluminum reduction plant workers: a review. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: S40-S59. An evaluation of acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning in rats through serum metabolomics based on gas chro- Hamra GB, Guha N, Cohen A, Laden F, Raaschou-Nielsen matography-mass spectrometry. O, Samet JM, Vineis P, Forastiere F, Saldiva P, Yorifuji T, Chem Pharm Bull 2014; 62: 505-7. Loomis D. Outdoor particulate matter exposure and lung cancer: a Biomarkers systematic review and meta-analysis. de Castro NSS, de Oliviera Lima M. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: Biomarkers of mercury exposure in the Amazon. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1408092: BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 867069. Laborde-Castérot H, Laurier D, Caër-Lorho S, Etard C, Huang P, Ren X, Huang Z, Yang X, Hong W, Zhang Y, Zhang Acker A, Rage E. H, Liu W, Huang H, Huang X, Wu D, Yang L, Tang H, Zhou L, Chest X-ray screening examinations among French uranium Li X, Liu J. miners: exposure estimation and impact on radon- Serum proteomic analysis reveals potential serum associated lung cancer risk. biomarkers for occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis Occup Environ Med 2014; online early: caused by trichloroethylene. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101937:

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Dermal toxicity Frederiksen H, Kuiri-Hänninen T, Main KM, Dunkel L, Antoine SM, Banas E, Keogh S. Sankilampi U. A rare case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) associated A longitudinal study of urinary phthalate excretion in 58 full- with the use of azithromycin. term and 67 preterm infants from birth through 14 months. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29: S282-S283. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307569: Boogaard PJ, van Puijvelde MJP, Urbanus JH. Biological monitoring to assess dermal exposure to Gelinas J, Allukian M, Jr. ethylene oxide vapours during an incidental release. Neurodevelopmental toxicity: still more questions than Toxicol Lett 2014; online early: answers. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.014: Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 647-8.

Developmental toxicology Rappazzo KM, Daniels JL, Messer LC, Poole C, Lobdell DT. Goldstein DA, Saltmiras DA. Exposure to fine particulate matter during pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental toxicity: still more questions than risk of preterm birth among women in New Jersey, Ohio, answers. and Pennsylvania, 2000-2005. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 645. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307456: Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurodevelopmental toxicity: still more questions than Sathiya S, Ganesh M, Kalaivani P, Ranju V, Janani S, answers - authors' response. Pramila B, Saravana Babu C. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 648-9. Prenatal exposure to lamotrigine: effects on postnatal development and behaviour in rat offspring. Gray BA, Holland C. ISRN Neurosci 2014; 2014: 163459. Implications of psychoactive 'bath salts' use during pregnancy. Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Nurs Womens Health 2014; 18: 220-30. Schmidt RJ, Ritz B, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential Hayashi Y, Ito Y, Nakajima T. proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE Study. Effects of exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate during Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: fetal period on next generation. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307044: Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69: 86-91.

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Anderson AR, Welles WL, Drew J, Orr MF. Iwersen-Bergmann S, Jungen H, Andresen-Streichert H, Müller A, Elakkary S, Püschel K, Heinemann A. The distribution and public health consequences of releases of chemicals intended for pool use in 17 states, Intravenous methadone application as a serious risk factor 2001–2009. for an overdose death: methadone-related fatalities in Hamburg from 2007 to 2012. J Environ Health 2014; 76: 10-5. Int J Legal Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00414-

014-1017-x: Bakhaidar M, Jan S, Farahat F, Attar A, Alsaywid B,

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H, Linn WS, Rappaport EB, Gilliland FD, Gauderman WJ. Humblet O, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Balmes JR, Pinney SM, Hiatt RA. Associations of children's lung function with ambient air Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and asthma among children 12– pollution: Joint effects of regional and near-roadway 19 years of age: NHANES (1999–2008). pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: Thorax 2014; 69: 540-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306606:

Ward MH, Colt JS, Deziel NC, Whitehead TP, Reynolds P, Lucas BR, Latimer J, Pinto RZ, Ferreira ML, Doney R, Lau Gunier RB, Nishioka M, Dahl GV, Rappaport SM, Buffler M, Jones T, Dries D, Elliott EJ. PA, Metayer C. Gross motor deficits in children prenatally exposed to Residential levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk alcohol: a meta-analysis. of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California. Pediatrics 2014; 134: e192-e209. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307602: Mosquera RA, McDonald M, Samuels C. Aspiration pneumonitis caused by polyethylene glycol- Yamazaki S, Shima M, Nakadate T, Ohara T, Omori T, Ono electrolyte solution treated with conservative management. M, Sato T, Nitta H. Case Rep Pediatr 2014; 2014: 872634. Association between traffic-related air pollution and development of asthma in school children: cohort study in Japan. Nalliah RP, Anderson IM, Lee MK, Rampa S, Allareddy V, J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014; 24: 372-9. Allareddy V. Children in the United States make close to 200,000 Zaki SA, Khanage YG. emergency department visits due to poisoning each year. Baclofen induced coma in an infant. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30: 453-7. J Pediatr Neurosci 2014; 9: 86-8.

Paediatric toxicology Ferguson KK, Peterson KE, Lee JM, Mercado-García A, Zarek J, Koren G. Goldenberg CB, Téllez-Rojo MM, Meeker JD. The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta- Prenatal and peripubertal phthalates and bisphenol-A in analysis. relation to sex hormones and puberty in boys. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014; 36: 506-9. Reprod Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.06.002: Poisons information and poison information centres Friedrich MJ. Spontaneous abortions in mongolia linked to high air pollutant Cheema N. levels. A fellow's perspective on the threatened closure of the JAMA 2014; 311: 2372. Illinois poison center. J Med Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181- 014-0407-2: Galimova EF, Amirova ZK, Galimov SN. Dioxins in the semen of men with infertility. Polymorphisms Environ Sci Pollut Res 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3109-z: Basu N, Goodrich JM, Head J. Ecogenetics of mercury: from genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics to risk assessment and decision-making. Jamkhande PG, Chintawar KD, Chandak PG. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33: 1248-58. Teratogenicity: a mechanism based short review on common teratogenic agents. Bian L-Q, Mao L, Shi J, Bi Y. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4: 421-32. Polymorphisms in cyclooxygenase-2 gene and risk of developing coal workers' pneumoconiosis: a case-control Jeng HA. study. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male Am J Ind Med 2014; online early: reproductive health. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22335: Front Public Health 2014; online early: doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00055: Psychiatric aspects Beard JD, Umbach DM, Hoppin JA, Richards M, Alavanja Kay VR, Bloom MS, Foster WG. MCR, Blair A, Sandler DP, Kamel F. Reproductive and developmental effects of phthalate Pesticide exposure and depression among male private diesters in males. pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44: 467-98. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307450: Messinger H, Bär A. Subchronic toxicity, toxicity to reproduction and prenatal Gaum PM, Esser A, Schettgen T, Gube M, Kraus T, Lang J. developmental toxicity of vinyl laurate. Prevalence and incidence rates of mental syndromes after Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; online early: occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.015: Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.001: Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Basagaña X, Dadvand P, Martinez D,

Cirach M, Beelen R, Jacquemin B. Kaprinis S, Parlapani E, Raikos N, Goulas A, Karpouza V. Psychotic episode associated with sertraline and drug- Air pollution and human fertility rates. related delirium: a case report. Environ Int 2014; 70: 9-14. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 34: 527-9. Peretz J, Vrooman L, Ricke WA, Hunt PA, Ehrlich S, Hauser Litjens RP, Brunt TM, Alderliefste G-J, Westerink RH. R, Padmanabhan V, Taylor HS, Swan SH, VandeVoort CA, Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and the Flaws JA. serotonergic system: A comprehensive review including Bisphenol A and reproductive health: update of experimental new MDMA-related clinical cases. and human evidence, 2007-2013. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; online early: Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.05.008: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307728:

Tang Y, Martin NL, Cotes RO. Welch KD, Lee ST, Panter KE, Gardner DR, Knoppel EL, Cocaine-induced psychotic disorders: presentation, Green BT, Hammond CK, Hammond ZJ, Pfister JA. mechanism, and management. Studies on the teratogenicity of anabasine in a rat model. J Dual Diagn 2014; 10: 98-105. Toxicon 2014; 87: 32-7.

Reprotoxicity Risk assessment Cassault-Meyer E, Gress S, Seralini GE, Galeraud-Denis I. Anon. An acute exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide alters What is risk assessment in occupational health? aromatase levels in testis and sperm nuclear quality. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38: 131-40. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: e44.

Enkhmaa D, Warburton N, Javzandulam B, Uyanga J, Connor K, Magee B. Khishigsuren Y, Lodoysamba S, Enkhtur S, Warburton D. A quantitative assessment of risks of heavy metal residues Seasonal ambient air pollution correlates strongly with in laundered shop towels and their use by workers. spontaneous abortion in Mongolia. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; online early: BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 146. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.020:

Risk assessment Mahendrakar K, Venkategowda PM, Rao SM, Mutkule DP. Getaneh Z, Mekonen S, Ambelu A. Glyphosate surfactant herbicide poisoning and management. Exposure and health risk assessment of lead in Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18: 328-30. communities of Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; online early: McEvoy MD, Hand WR, Stoll WD, Furse CM, Nietert PJ. doi: 10.1007/s00128-014-1293-7: Adherence to guidelines for the management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity is improved by an electronic Guth K, Riviere JE, Brooks JD, Dammann M, Fabian E, van decision support tool and designated "reader". Ravenzwaay B, Schäfer-Korting M, Landsiedel R. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014; 39: 299-305. In silico models to predict dermal absorption from complex agrochemical formulations. Mosquera RA, McDonald M, Samuels C. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2014; online early: Aspiration pneumonitis caused by polyethylene glycol- doi: 10.1080/1062936X.2014.919358: electrolyte solution treated with conservative management. Case Rep Pediatr 2014; 2014: 872634. Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. Human health risk assessment and dietary intake of Nakae H, Hattori T, Igarashi T, Okuyama M, Tajimi K. organochlorine pesticides through air, soil and food crops Removal of toxic substances by a selective membrane (wheat and rice) along two tributaries of river Chenab, plasma separator. Pakistan. Ther Apheresis Dial 2014; 18: 265-71. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71: 17-25.

Martin SC, Larivière C. Omar HR, Sprenker C, Karlnoski R, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Community health risk assessment of primary aluminum The use of isoproterenol and phenytoin to reverse torsade smelter emissions. de pointes. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: S33-S39. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 683.

Tvermoes BE, Banducci AM, Devlin KD, Kerger BD, Palatnick W, Jelic T. Abramson MM, Bebenek IG, Monnot AD. Emergency department management of calcium-channel Screening level health risk assessment of selected metals blocker, beta blocker, and digoxin toxicity. in apple juice sold in the United States. Emerg Med Pract 2014; 16: 1-19. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71: 42-50. Rafati-Rahimzadeh M, Rafati-Rahimzadeh M, Kazemi S, Suicide Moghadamnia AA. Beauchamp GA, Ho ML, Yin S. Current approaches of the management of mercury poi- Variation in suicide occurrence by day and during major soning: need of the hour. American holidays. Daru 2014; 22: 46. J Emerg Med 2014; 46: 776-81. Shahidi Bonjar L. Chang S-S, Chen Y-Y, Yip PSF, Lee WJ, Hagihara A, Design of a new therapy to treat snake envenomation. Gunnell D. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8: 819-25. Regional changes in charcoal-burning suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia from 1995 to 2011: a time trend analysis. Smirk CL, Bowman E, Doyle LW, Kamlin O. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001622. Home-based detoxification for neonatal abstinence syndrome reduces length of hospital admission without Coskun AS, Atalay C, Dagli C, Dogan N, Kürsad H. prolonging treatment. A suicide attempt using zinc phosphide (a case study). Acta Paediatr 2014; 103: 601-4. J Clin Anal Med 2014; 5: 65-6.

Sun L, Li G, Yan P, Liu Y, Li G, Wei L-Q. Nishiyori Y, Nishida M, Shioda K, Suda S, Kato S. Unilateral hippocampal infarction associated with an Clinical management of organophosphate poisoning in attempted suicide: a case report. pregnancy. J Med Case Reports 2014; 8: 219. Am J Emerg Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.057: Silva AC, de Oliveira Ribeiro NP, de Mello Schier AR, Pereira VM, Vilarim MM, Pessoa TM, Arias-Carrion O, Thakrar R, Shulman R, Bellingan G, Singer M. Machado S, Nardi AE. Management of a mixed overdose of calcium channel Caffeine and suicide: a systematic review. blockers, -blockers and statins. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2014; online early: doi: BMJ Case Rep 2014; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204732: 10.2174/1871527313666140612123656: Wang X, Zhang Y, Ni L, You C, Ye C, Jiang R, Liu L, Liu J, Singhal A, Ross J, Seminog O, Hawton K, Goldacre MJ. Han C. Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific A review of treatment strategies for hydrofluoric acid burns: psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between current status and future prospects. disorders using English national record linkage. Burns 2014; online early: J R Soc Med 2014; 107: 194-204. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.04.009:

MANAGEMENT Antidotes General Suryanarayan D, Schulman S. Henry NL. Potential antidotes for reversal of old and new oral Endocrine therapy toxicity: management options. anticoagulants. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2014; 34: e25-e30. Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 2: S158-S166.

Antidotes Ozkan U, Osun A, Basarslan K, Senol S, Kaplan I, Alp H. Yardehnavi N, Behdani M, Pooshang BK, Mahmoodzadeh Effects of intralipid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on A, Khanahmad H, Shahbazzadeh D, Habibi-Anbouhi M, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase Ghassabeh GH, Muyldermans S. activity in acute chlorpyriphos intoxication. A camelid antibody candidate for development of a ther- Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7: 837-46. apeutic agent against Hemiscorpius lepturus envenomation. FASEB J 2014; online early: doi: 10.1096/fj.13-247478: Methylthioninium chloride (Methylene blue) Acetylcysteine Patnaik S, Natarajan MM, James EJ, Ebenezer K. Kasperczyk S, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk A, Zalejska- Methylene blue unresponsive methemoglobinemia. Fiolka J, Pawlas N, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Birkner E. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18: 253-5. Effect of treatment with N-acetylcysteine on non- enzymatic antioxidant reserves and lipid peroxidation in Oximes workers exposed to lead. Horn G, Wille T, Musilek K, Kuca K, Thiermann H, Worek F. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014; 21: 272-7. Reactivation kinetics of 31 structurally different bispyridinium oximes with organophosphate-inhibited human butyryl- Koppen A, Van Riel A, de Vries I, Meulenbelt J. cholinesterase. Recommendations for the paracetamol treatment nomogram Arch Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00204-014- and side effects of N-acetylcysteine. 1288-5: Neth J Med 2014; 72: 251-7. Ascorbic acid Antivenom Rino PB, Scolnik D, Fustinana A, Mitelpunkt A, Glatstein M. Bush SP, Mooy GG, Phan TH. Ascorbic acid for the treatment of methemoglobinemia: Catastrophic acute ischemic stroke after Crotalidae polyvalent the experience of a large tertiary care pediatric hospital. immune Fab (ovine)-treated rattlesnake envenomation. Am J Ther 2014; online early: Wilderness Environ Med 2014; 25: 198-203. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000028:

Chelating agents Caffeic acid phenethyl ester Aydinok Y, Kattamis A, Viprakasit V. Ozkan U, Osun A, Basarslan K, Senol S, Kaplan I, Alp H. Current approach to iron chelation in children. Effects of intralipid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on Br J Haematol 2014; 165: 745-55. neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase activity in acute chlorpyriphos intoxication. Cao Y, Skaug MA, Andersen O, Aaseth J. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7: 837-46. Chelation therapy in intoxications with mercury, lead and copper. Dexmedetomidine J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; online early: Walker A, Delle Donne A, Douglas E, Spicer K, Pluim T. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.010: Novel use of dexmedetomidine for the treatment of anticholinergic toxidrome. Tegoni M, Valensin D, Toso L, Remelli M. J Med Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181- Copper chelators: chemical properties and biomedical 014-0408-1: applications. Curr Med Chem 2014; online early PM:24934357: Disulfiram Amuchastegui T, Amuchastegui M, Donohue T. Fomepizole Disulfiram – Alcohol reaction mimicking an acute coronary Frémont D, Berleur M-P, Mégarbane B. syndrome. Loading dose of fomepizole is safe in children with Conn Med 2014; 78: 81-4. presumed toxic alcohol exposure – A case series. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; online early: Extracorporeal treatments (general) doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12276: Lavergne V, Ouellet G, Bouchard J, Galvao T, Kielstein JT, Roberts DM, Kanji S, Mowry JB, Calello DP, Hoffman RS, Hydroxylamine Gosselin S, Nolin TD, Goldfarb DS, Burdmann EA, Dargan Lo R, Ganguly B. PI, Decker BS, Hoegberg LC, Maclaren R, Megarbane B, Can hydroxylamine be a more potent nucleophile for the Sowinski KM, Yates C, Mactier R, Wiegand T, Ghannoum M. reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE than prototype oxime Guidelines for reporting case studies on extracorporeal drugs? An answer derived from quantum chemical and treatments in poisonings: methodology. steered molecular dynamics studies. Semin Dial 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/sdi.12251: Mol Biosyst 2014; online early: doi: 10.1039/c4mb00083h: Haemodiafiltration Abdelsalam MS, Althaf MM, Alfurayh O, Maghfoor I. Lipid emulsion therapy The utility of online haemodiafiltration in methotrexate Martin C, Gonzalez H, Ruiz S, Ribes D, Franchitto N, poisoning. Minville V. BMJ Case Rep 2014; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-203530: Acute respiratory distress syndrome following verapamil overdose treated with intravenous lipid emulsion: a rare Naloxone life-threatening complication. Anon. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 2014; online early: In brief: a naloxone auto-injector (Evzio). doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2014.05.013: Med Lett Drugs Ther 2014; 56: 45.

Naloxone Deshmukh V, Kulkarni A, Bhargava S, Patil T, Ramdasi V, Alcorn T. Gangal S, Godse V, Datar S, Gujar S, Sardeshmukh S. America embraces treatment for opioid drug overdose. Effectiveness of combinations of Ayurvedic drugs in Lancet 2014; 383: 1957-8. alleviating drug toxicity and improving quality of life of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

Support Care Cancer 2014; online early: Goodloe JM. doi: 10.1007/s00520-014-2294-0: Not so fast on naloxone? There's growing support for non- paramedic use, but keep these cautions in mind. Fernández MD, Di Fazio V, Wille SM, Kummer N, Samyn N. EMS World 2014; 43: 51-2. A quantitative, selective and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method Sabzghabaee AM, Eizadi-Mood N, Yaraghi A, Zandifar S. for the simultaneous analysis of 33 basic drugs in hair Naloxone therapy in opioid overdose patients: intranasal (amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, opioids and metabolites). or intravenous? A randomized clinical trial. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2014; 965: 7-18. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 309-14. Hampton T. DRUGS Mouse model may help screen drugs for liver toxicity. JAMA 2014; 311: 2162. General Allegaert K, van den Anker JN. Hayashi PH, Fontana RJ. Adverse drug reactions in neonates and infants: a Clinical features, diagnosis, and natural history of drug- population tailored approach is needed. induced liver injury. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; online early: Semin Liver Dis 2014; 34: 134-44. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12430: Heitmiller DR. Bakhaidar M, Jan S, Farahat F, Attar A, Alsaywid B, Serotonin syndrome: a concise review of a toxic state. Abuznadah W. R I Med J (2013) 2014; 96: 33-5. Pattern of drug overdose and chemical poisoning among patients attending an Emergency Department, Western Saudi Koller AC, Salcido DD, Callaway CW, Menegazzi JJ. Arabia. Resuscitation characteristics and outcomes in suspected J Community Health 2014; online early: drug overdose-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. doi: 10.1007/s10900-014-9895-x: Resuscitation 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.036: Bezemer KDB, Smink BE, van Maanen R, Verschraagen M, de Gier JJ. Korr M. Prevalence of medicinal drugs in suspected impaired drivers Community forum seeks ways to quell overdose epidemic and a comparison with the use in the general Dutch in RI: less than 20 percent of physicians use prescription population. monitoring database. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 241: 203-11. R I Med J (2013) 2014; 97: 62-3.

Binswanger IA, Blatchford PJ, Yamashita TE, Mueller S, Kotchev NP, George C. Stern MF. Sub-acute presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome Trends in overdose deaths after release from state prison, in a nursing home. 19992009. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62: S56. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140: e14. Maruyama Y, Yoshizawa K, Tsuruta F, Maruyama M, Fujimori K, Shigeno T, Fukushima M, Uehara T, Morita S, Björnsson ES. Joshita S, Umemura T, Tanaka E. Epidemiology and risk factors for idiosyncratic drug-induced A case of repeated liver injury induced by different herbal liver injury. medicines containing the same components. Semin Liver Dis 2014; 34: 115-22. Acta Hepatol Jpn 2014; 55: 214-20.

Bohnert AS, Walton MA, Ilgen MA, Cunningham RM, Barry Ruhl DS, Cable BB, Martell DW. K, Chermack S, Blow FC. Medication associated with hearing loss: 25 years of Overdose experiences among patients at an urban medical malpractice cases in the United States. emergency department. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; online early: doi: Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140: e16. 10.1177/0194599814536850:

Chen M, Tung C-W, Shi Q, Guo L, Shi L, Fang H, Borlak J, Smirk CL, Bowman E, Doyle LW, Kamlin O. Tong W. Home-based detoxification for neonatal abstinence A testing strategy to predict risk for drug-induced liver syndrome reduces length of hospital admission without injury in humans using high-content screen assays and the prolonging treatment. 'rule-of-two' model. Acta Paediatr 2014; 103: 601-4. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88: 1439-49. Subedi B, Kannan K. Chen M, Borlak J, Tong W. Mass loading and removal of select illicit drugs in two Predicting idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury – Some wastewater treatment plants in New York State and recent advances. estimation of illicit drug usage in communities through Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; online early: doi: wastewater analysis. 10.1586/17474124.2014.922871: Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48: 6661-70.

DRUGS Anaesthetics General Chiao S, Zuo Z. A double-edged sword: volatile anesthetic effects on the Szeremeta M, Ptaszynska-Sarosiek I, Wardaszkab Z, neonatal brain. Niemcunowicz-Janica A. Analysis of the prevalence of medicines and psychoactive Brain Sci 2014; 4: 273-94. substances among drivers in the material of the department of forensic medicine at the medical university of bialystok. McEvoy MD, Hand WR, Stoll WD, Furse CM, Nietert PJ. Adv Clin Exp Med 2014; 23: 245-51. Adherence to guidelines for the management of local anesthetic systemic toxicity is improved by an electronic Thakrar R, Shulman R, Bellingan G, Singer M. decision support tool and designated "reader". Management of a mixed overdose of calcium channel Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014; 39: 299-305. blockers, -blockers and statins. BMJ Case Rep 2014; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204732: Weaver JM. When can a normal dose be an overdose? who is at risk? Vakkalanka P, Rushton WF, Hardison LS, Bishop MC, Anesth Prog 2014; 61: 45-6. Haverstick DM, Holstege CP. Evaluation of the initiation of urine drug screens intended for use in transfer patients. Bupivacaine Am J Emerg Med 2014; online early: Buck D, Kreeger R, Spaeth J. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.06.011: Case discussion and root cause analysis: bupivacaine overdose in an infant leading to ventricular tachycardia. Williams DP. Anesth Analg 2014; 119: 137-40. Modeling hepatic drug metabolism and toxicity: where are we heading? Antiarrhythmics Future Med Chem 2014; 6: 725-7. Borowicz KK, Banach M.

Antiarrhythmic drugs and epilepsy. Acetaminophen (see paracetamol) Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66: 545-51.

Amfetamines and MDMA (ecstasy) Amiodarone Alaee A, Zarghami M, Farnia S, Khademloo M, Khoddad T. Fadahunsi O, Stull MS, Gupta S. Comparison of brain white matter hyperintensities in methamphetamine and methadone dependent patients Acute amiodarone pulmonary toxicity following lung resection. and healthy controls. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29: S295. Iran J Radiol 2014; 11: e14275. Dronedarone Kiyatkin EA, Kim AH, Wakabayashi KT, Baumann MH, Smith H, Battjes E, Yan S, Kaakeh Y. Shaham Y. Chronic digoxin toxicity precipitated by dronedarone. Critical role of peripheral vasoconstriction in fatal brain Ann Pharmacother 2014; 48: 923-7. hyperthermia induced by MDMA (ecstasy) under conditions that mimic human drug use. J Neurosci 2014; 34: 7754-62. Antibiotics Azithromycin Litjens RP, Brunt TM, Alderliefste G-J, Westerink RH. Antoine SM, Banas E, Keogh S. Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and the serotonergic system: A comprehensive review including A rare case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) associated new MDMA-related clinical cases. with the use of azithromycin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; online early: J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29: S282-S283. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.05.008: Cefozopran Seibert J, Hysek CM, Penno CA, Schmid Y, Kratschmar DV, Sawada Y, Kabashima-Kubo R, Hino R, Nakamura M. Liechti ME, Odermatt A. Fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by Acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and cefozopran and associated with psoriasis. methylphenidate on circulating steroid levels in healthy Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94: 341-2. subjects.

Neuroendocrinology 2014; online early: doi: 10.1159/000364879: Metronidazole Ng PS, S Hoffman R, Saini M. Vakde T, Diaz M, Uday K, Duncalf R. Reversible metronidazole induced subacute cerebellar Rapidly reversible multiorgan failure after ingestion of "Molly" syndrome. (pure 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): a case report. QJM 2014; online early: doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu115: J Med Case Reports 2014; 8: 204.

Anticholinergic drugs Anabolic steroids Luciano RL, Castano E, Moeckel G, Perazella MA. Orphenadrine Bile acid nephropathy in a bodybuilder abusing an anabolic Rejdak K, Nieoczym D, Czuczwar M, Kis J, Wlaz P, Turski WA. androgenic steroid. Orphenadrine-induced convulsive status epilepticus in rats Am J Kidney Dis 2014; online early: responds to the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.05.010: Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66: 399-403.

Anticoagulants Antidepressants Champion S, Cleophax C, Voicu S, Sirol M, Deye N, Baud J. Huybrechts KF, Palmsten K, Avorn J, Cohen LS, Holmes Vitamin K1 antagonisation is not safe in high thromboembolic LB, Franklin JM, Mogun H, Levin R, Kowal M, Setoguchi S, risk patients with over-anticoagulation. Hernández-Díaz S. Thérapie 2014; online early: doi: 10.2515/therapie/2014022: Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. Levine M, Goldstein JN. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2397-407. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation: novel agents. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14: 471. Antifungal drugs Palareti G. Chlorphenesin Direct oral anticoagulants and bleeding risk (in comparison Johnson W, Jr., Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen to vitamin K antagonists and heparins), and the treatment CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Jr., Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder of bleeding. PW, Andersen FA. Semin Hematol 2014; 51: 102-11. Safety assessment of chlorphenesin as used in cosmetics.

Int J Toxicol 2014; 33: 5S-15S. Suryanarayan D, Schulman S.

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Organophosphorus insecticides Paraquat and diquat General Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Narmadha MP, Nalini R, Ayyappan R, Murugesh N. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat Analysis of organophosphates intoxication in a tertiary toxicity. care hospital. Free Radic Res 2014; 48: 623-40. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2014; 5: 174-82. Narasimhan M, Riar AK, Rathinam ML, Vedpathak D, Pereira EF, Aracava Y, DeTolla LJ, Beecham EJ, Basinger Henderson G, Mahimainathan L. GW, Wakayama EJ, Albuquerque E. Hydrogen peroxide responsive miR153 targets Nrf2/ARE Animal models that best reproduce the clinical manifestations cytoprotection in paraquat induced dopaminergic neuro- of human intoxication with organophosphorus compounds. toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; online early: Toxicol Lett 2014; 228: 179-91. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.214932: Sun IO, Yoon HJ, Kim JG, Lee KY. Sun L, Li G, Yan P, Liu Y, Li G, Wei L-Q. Predicting the probability of survival in acute paraquat Clinical management of organophosphate poisoning in poisoning. pregnancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: iii362-iii363. Am J Emerg Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.057: Yu GC, Kan BT, Jian XD, Wang J, Sun J, Song CZ.

A case report of acute severe paraquat poisoning and Wang P, Wang H-P, Xu M-Y, Liang Y-J, Sun Y-J, Yang L, Li long-term follow-up. L, Li W, Wu Y-J. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8: 233-6. Combined subchronic toxicity of dichlorvos with malathion or pirimicarb in mice liver and serum: a metabonomic study. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70: 222-30. Pyrethroid insecticides General Chlorpyrifos Zhang J, Yoshinaga J, Hisada A, Shiraishi H, Shimodaira K, Moore CA, Wilkinson SC, Blain PG, Dunn M, Aust GA, Okai T, Koyama M, Watanabe N, Suzuki E, Shirakawa M, Williams FM. Noda Y, Komine Y, Ariki N, Kato N. Percutaneous absorption and distribution of organo- Prenatal pyrethroid insecticide exposure and thyroid phosphates (chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos) following dermal hormone levels and birth sizes of neonates. exposure and decontamination scenarios using in vitro Sci Total Environ 2014; 488-489: 275-9. human skin model.

Toxicol Lett 2014; 229: 66-72. CHEMICAL WARFARE, Ozkan U, Osun A, Basarslan K, Senol S, Kaplan I, Alp H. Effects of intralipid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase RIOT CONTROL AGENTS activity in acute chlorpyriphos intoxication. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7: 837-46. Biological warfare Pitschmann V. Williams AL, DeSesso JM. Overall view of chemical and biochemical weapons. Gestational/perinatal chlorpyrifos exposure is not Toxins 2014; 6: 1761-84. associated with autistic-like behaviors in rodents. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44: 523-34. Chemical warfare

Dichlorvos General Moore CA, Wilkinson SC, Blain PG, Dunn M, Aust GA, Pitschmann V. Williams FM. Overall view of chemical and biochemical weapons. Percutaneous absorption and distribution of organo- Toxins 2014; 6: 1761-84. phosphates (chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos) following dermal exposure and decontamination scenarios using in vitro Mustard gas human skin model. Shohrati M, Haji R, Esfandiari MA, Najafian N, Najafian B, Toxicol Lett 2014; 229: 66-72. Golbedagh A.

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PLANTS ANIMALS General Bee sting Glover R, Patterson D, Connors N, Smith S, Milstein M, Dhaliwal J. Swerdlow M. National estimates of noncanine bite and sting injuries treated Electrophysiological findings in acute solanum torvum toxicity. in United States hospital emergency departments, 20012010: Langley R, Mack K, Haileyesus T, Proescholdbell Neurology 2014; 82: P5.103. S, Annest JL. Wilderness Environ Med 2014;25:1423.

J Emerg Med 2014; 46: 875. Lee JS, Kim Y-H, Kim D-B, Bang W-S, Lee O-H. Acute and 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity studies of Unal E, Balta I, Bozkurt O. Cirsium setidens in rats. Lichen striatus: after a bite by bumblebee. Molecules 2014; 19: 7138-51. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15569527.2014.910804: Amanita mushrooms Fish/marine poisoning Frass M, Zagorchev P, Yurukova V, Wulkersdorfer B, Thieves K, Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Bursch W, Kaye AD. Ciguatera Two cases of fulminant hepatic failure from Amanita Bailey S, Withers T. phalloides poisoning treated additively by homeopathy. Ciguatera poisoning in the Cook Islands. Ochsner J 2014; 14: 252-8. BMJ Case Rep 2014; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204847:

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Rakotomavo F, Andriamasy C, Rasamoelina N, Raveloson N. Datura stramonium intoxication in two children. Millipede Heeren Neto AS, Bernardes FF, Martins G. Pediatr Int 2014; 56: e14-e16. Skin lesions simulating blue toe syndrome caused by prolonged contact with a millipede. Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47: 257-8. Sivathanu S, Sampath S, David HS, Rajavelu KK. Myristicin and phenytoin toxicity in an infant. Scorpions BMJ Case Rep 2014; doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-203000: Oukkache N, Jaoudi RE, Ghalim N, Chgoury F, Bouhaouala B, Mdaghri NE, Sabatier J-M. Evaluation of the lethal potency of scorpion and snake Peganum harmala (Esfand) venoms and comparison between intraperitoneal and Berdai MA, Labib S, Harandou M. intravenous injection routes. Peganum harmala L. intoxication in a pregnant woman. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6: 1873-81. Case Rep Emerg Med 2014; 2014: 783236. Prakash V, Krishnamurthy S, Mahadevan S, Bethou A, Barathi SD. Solanum torvum (Susumber berry) Infective endocarditis and septic pulmonary embolism Glover R, Patterson D, Connors N, Smith S, Milstein M, following scorpion sting envenoming in an 11-year-old child. Swerdlow M. Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34: 145-7. Electrophysiological findings in acute solanum torvum toxicity. Neurology 2014; 82: P5.103. Yardehnavi N, Behdani M, Pooshang BK, Mahmoodzadeh A, Khanahmad H, Shahbazzadeh D, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Ghassabeh GH, Muyldermans S. Toxicodendron radicans (Poison ivy) A camelid antibody candidate for development of a Mcclanahan C, Asarch A, Swick BL. therapeutic agent against Hemiscorpius lepturus en- Black spot poison ivy. venomation. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53: 752-3. FASEB J 2014; online early: doi: 10.1096/fj.13-247478:

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INDEX

Acetaminophen ...... 25 Antiarrhythmics ...... 19 Acetylcysteine ...... 17 Antibiotics ...... 19 Acrylonitrile ...... 28 Anticholinergic drugs ...... 19 Air pollution ...... 26 Anticoagulants...... 20 Alcohol ...... 28 Anticonvulsants ...... 20 Aldehydes ...... 29 Antidepressants ...... 20 Aluminium ...... 34 Antidotes ...... 16 Aluminium phosphide ...... 37 Antifungal drugs ...... 20 Amanita mushrooms ...... 39 Antihistamines ...... 20 Amfetamines ...... 19 Antineoplastics ...... 20 Amiodarone ...... 19 Antipsychotics ...... 20 Anabasine ...... 29 Antituberculous drugs ...... 20 Anabolic steroids ...... 19 Antivenom ...... 17 Anaesthetics ...... 19 Antiviral drugs ...... 20 Analytical toxicology ...... 4 Arprinocid ...... 26 Aniline ...... 29 Arsenic ...... 34 Animals, general ...... 39 Ascorbic acid ...... 17 Anthracyclines ...... 22 Azithromycin ...... 19

Baclofen ...... 21 Endocrine disrupting chemicals ...... 30 Barbiturates ...... 21 Endostatin ...... 22 Bee sting ...... 39 Ephedrone ...... 22 Bendiocarb ...... 37 Epidemiology...... 8 Benzene ...... 32 Escitalopram ...... 25 Benzodiazepines ...... 21 Esfand ...... 39 Beta blockers ...... 21 Ethambutol ...... 20 Beta-hydroxybutyrate ...... 21 Ethanol ...... 28 Biological warfare...... 38 Ethnic remedies ...... 23 Biomarkers ...... 5 Ethylene ...... 31 Bisphenol A ...... 29 Ethylene oxide...... 31 Bromopropane ...... 29 Exhaust fumes ...... 27 Bupivacaine ...... 19 Extracorporeal treatments ...... 17 Buprenorphine ...... 25 Fentanyl...... 25 Cadmium ...... 35 Fish/marine poisoning ...... 39 Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ...... 17 Flufenoxuron ...... 37 Caffeine...... 21 Fluorouracil ...... 22 Calciferol ...... 26 Fomepizole...... 17 Calcium carbonate ...... 21 Foreign body ingestion ...... 9 Calcium channel blockers...... 21 Forensic toxicology ...... 9 Cannabis ...... 21 Formaldehyde ...... 31 Carbamate insecticides ...... 37 Gamma hydroxybutyrate ...... 22 Carbon monoxide ...... 29 Gasoline ...... 32 Carbon tetrachloride ...... 30 Genotoxicity ...... 9 Carcinogenicity ...... 5 Glyphosate ...... 37 Cardiotoxicity ...... 5 Haemodiafiltration ...... 17 Cascabela thevetia ...... 39 Hair dye ...... 31 Cefozopran ...... 19 Hazardous waste ...... 27 Chelating agents ...... 17 Hepatotoxicity ...... 10 Chemical incidents ...... 27 Herbal medicines ...... 23 Chemical warfare, general ...... 38 Herbicides ...... 37 Chemicals, general ...... 28 Heroin ...... 23 Chlorphenesin ...... 20 Hydrofluoric acid ...... 31 Chlorpyrifos ...... 38 Hydrogen sulphide ...... 31 Cholecalciferol ...... 26 Hydroxylamine ...... 17 Chromium ...... 35 Hypoglycaemics ...... 23 Ciguatera ...... 39 Immunosuppressants ...... 23 Cirsium setidens...... 39 Inhalation toxicity ...... 10 Cisplatin ...... 20 Insecticides ...... 37 Cobra ...... 40 Insulin ...... 23 Cocaine ...... 22 Iron ...... 35 Copper ...... 35 Isoproterenol ...... 23 Corrosives ...... 30 Isotretinoin ...... 23 Cosmetics ...... 30 Jimson weed ...... 39 Crotalinae ...... 40 Khat ...... 23 Crystalline silica ...... 30 Krokodil ...... 23 Cytotoxic drugs ...... 22 Lamotrigine ...... 20 Dabigatran ...... 20 Lead ...... 35 Datura stramonium ...... 39 Levetiracetam ...... 20 DEET ...... 30 Lipid emulsion therapy ...... 17 Dermal toxicity...... 6 Lithium ...... 23, 36 Developmental toxicology ...... 6 Management, general ...... 16 Dexmedetomidine ...... 17 Manganese ...... 36 Diacetylmorphine ...... 23 Marijuana ...... 21 Dichloromethane ...... 30 MDMA ...... 19 Dichlorvos ...... 38 Mechanisms ...... 10 Diclofenac ...... 24 Medication errors ...... 11 Dietary supplements ...... 23 Mephedrone ...... 24 Digoxin ...... 22 Mercury ...... 36 Diisocyanate ...... 30 Metals, general ...... 33 Diltiazem ...... 21 Metalworking fluids ...... 31 Dioxin ...... 30 Metformin ...... 23 Diphenhydramine ...... 20 Methadone ...... 24 Diquat ...... 38 Methanol...... 31 Disulfiram ...... 17 Methcathinone ...... 24 Driving under the influence ...... 7 Methotrexate ...... 22 Dronedarone ...... 19 Methoxetamine ...... 24 Drugs, general ...... 18 Methylene blue ...... 17 Dust ...... 30 Methylthioninium chloride ...... 17 E-cigarettes ...... 30 Metronidazole ...... 19 Ecstasy ...... 19 Millipede ...... 39 Efavirenz ...... 20 Mitoxantrone ...... 24

Monocrotophos ...... 38 Psilocybin ...... 25 Morphine ...... 25 Psychiatric aspects ...... 15 Mustard gas ...... 38 Psychotropic drugs ...... 25 Mycophenolate ...... 23 Pyrethroid insecticides, general ...... 38 Myristica fragrans ...... 39 Radiation ...... 33 Naloxone ...... 17 Radon ...... 33 Nanoparticles ...... 31 Reprotoxicity ...... 15 Naphthalene ...... 31 Risk assessment ...... 15 Nephrotoxicity ...... 11 Scorpions ...... 39 Nerve agents ...... 38 Sertraline ...... 25 Neurotoxicity ...... 11 Silver ...... 36 Nicotine ...... 24 Snake bites ...... 40 NSAIDs ...... 24 Sodium nitrate ...... 25 Nutmeg ...... 39 Solanum torvum ...... 39 Occupational toxicology ...... 12 Spiders ...... 40 Opioids ...... 24 SSRIs...... 25 Organochlorine pesticides, general ...... 37 Statins ...... 25 Organophosphorus insecticides, general ...... 37 Stimulant drugs ...... 25 Orphenadrine ...... 19 Substance abuse ...... 25 Oximes ...... 17 Suicide ...... 16 Paediatric toxicology ...... 13 Susumber berry ...... 39 Paracetamol ...... 25 Tabun ...... 38 Paraffin oil ...... 31 Tamoxifen ...... 26 Paraquat ...... 38 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ...... 33 Parathion ...... 38 Thalidomide ...... 26 Peganum harmala ...... 39 Thistle ...... 39 Pentobarbital ...... 21 Tobacco ...... 33 Perfluorinated compounds ...... 32 Toxicodendron radicans ...... 39 Pesticides, general ...... 37 Toxicology, general ...... 4 Petrol ...... 32 Trichloroethylene ...... 33 Phenytoin ...... 20 Triclosan ...... 33 Phthalate esters ...... 32 True vipers...... 40 Pit vipers ...... 40 Valproate ...... 20 Plants, general ...... 39 Valsartan ...... 26 Poison information centres ...... 15 Vanadium ...... 37 Poison ivy ...... 39 Verapamil ...... 21 Poisons information ...... 15 Veterinary products ...... 26 Pollution ...... 27 Vinyl laurate ...... 33 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ...... 32 Viperinae ...... 40 Polychlorinated biphenyls ...... 32 Vitamins...... 26 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ...... 33 Water ...... 33 Polyethylene glycol...... 33 Water pollution ...... 28 Polymorphisms ...... 15 Xenon ...... 33 Polytetrafluoroethylene ...... 33 Yellow oleander ...... 39 Propranolol ...... 21 Zinc phosphide ...... 37 Propylene glycol ...... 33

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England