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Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines

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Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines WHO/HPR/OCH 96.2 Distr.: General Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines Volume 2 World Health Organization Geneva 1996 Contribution to the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Layout of the cover page Tuula Solasaari-Pekki Technical editing Suvi Lehtinen This publication has been published with the support of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. ISBN 951-802-167-8 Geneva 1996 This document is not a formal publication Ce document n'est pas une publication of­ of the World Health Organization (WHO), ficielle de !'Organisation mondiale de la and all rights are reserved by the Organiza­ Sante (OMS) et tous Jes droits y afferents tion. The document may, however, be sont reserves par !'Organisation. S'il peut freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and etre commente, resume, reproduit OU translated, in part or in whole, but not for traduit, partiellement ou en totalite, ii ne sale nor for use in conjunction with .com­ saurait cependant l'etre pour la vente ou a mercial purposes. des fins commerciales. The views expressed in documents by Les opinions exprimees clans Jes documents named authors are solely the responsibility par des auteurs cites nommement n'enga­ of those authors. gent que lesdits auteurs. Preface This is the second in a series of volumes on 'Guidelines on Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace', produced under the joint direction of WHO's Of­ fice of Occupational Health (OCH) and Programme for the Promotion of Chemical Safety (PCS). The objectives of this project was to provide occupational health professionals in Mem­ ber States with reference principles and methods for the determination of biomarkers of exposure, with emphasis on promoting appropriate use of biological monitoring and as­ sisting in quality assurance. For readers' information, it should be mentioned that Volume 1 included a description of the general principles of biological monitoring in occupational health, quality assurance, followed by biological monitoring of exposure to selected metals (cadmium, chromium, inorganic lead, inorganic mercury); selected solvents (carbon disulphide, N,N-di­ methylformamide, 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, hexane, styrene, toluene, trichloroethylene and xylene); selected pesticides (organophosporus pesticides); other selected compounds (carbon monoxide, fluorides). The material in this volume has been discussed and finalized at the WHO meeting of experts, which took place in Geneva, 31 May to 3 June 1994, with the participation of international and industrial organizations concerned (see attached list of participants). All information available for the chemicals included in this volume was assessed and validated by this meeting. Contributions made by all participants are highly appreciated and acknowledged. The second volume includes additional chemicals and provides an additional cadre of methods for the assessment of occupational exposure to a variety of important metals, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals. However, the amount of information available for each chemical varies depending on the specific chemical. In some cases, a lack of sufficient data on the external exposure - internal dose relationship in humans, resulted in the absence of published Occupational Biological Reference Values (OBRV). Never­ theless, these chemicals and the methods for biological monitoring have been included in this volume, since all of these methods can be useful in the assessment of occupa­ tional exposure, particularly by routes of exposure other than by inhalation or in the case of multi-route exposure (inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion). It is also thought that inclusion of these chemicals will stimulate research and the development of OBRV for these chemicals. The introduction section for each chemical provides a summary of the available infor­ mation, gaps and limitations for routine use of the proposed specific biological monitor- 471104 11 ing methods identified in the specific chapter. For example, methods for biological monitoring of exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons using the urinary metabolite, 1- hydroxypyrene, must be applied after documenting the presence of pyrene in the work environment. In those instances where a biological action limit, which is called in this series an Occupational Biological Reference Value (OBRV), is available, the basis for the action limit (health-based or exposure-based) is stated. In practical terms, it shoudd be underlined that the application of biological monitoring in conjunction with a programme of occupational hygiene to control workplace expo­ sures, can provide significant information on the effectiveness of workplace control in reducing exposures of the worker to toxic chemicals. Contributions to this volume made by Dr A. Aitio (Chapters 1 ~d 2), Dr J. Cocker (Chapter 4), Professor M. Ikeda (Chapter 2), Dr F. Jongeneelen (Chapter 4), Dr L.K. Lowry (Chapter 2), Dr B. Nutley (Chapter 3), Dr AF. Pelfrene (Chapter 3), Dr D. Templeton (Chapter 1), and Dr Y. Wu (Chapter 3) are highly acknowledged, as well as the efforts of Professor Fengsheng He and Dr R. Plestina in the role of Project Coordi­ nators. Substantive editing was completed by Dr K. Wilson, Head, Biomedical Sciences Group, Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom, who is kindly acknowledged. When biological monitoring of chemical exposure at work is used in practice or re­ search, it should be stressed again, as for the first volume, that risk to health should be avoided and the confidentiality of data should be protected, as it is required by the Inter­ national Code of Ethics for Occupational Health professionals. Implementation of this project component, Volume 2, became possible due to the technical and financial contribution of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA (Project No. U60/CCU008636-02), and the European Commission (DG V - Public Health and Safety at Work Directorate). Both are kindly acknowledged. Financial support for publishing this book, was .also provided by the Japan Chemical Industry Association, International Council of Metals and .the Environ­ ment (ICME), and Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA). Their support is highly appreciated and hereby acknowledged. Dr M.I. Mikheev Chief Medical Officer Office of Occupational Health World Health Organization lll LIST OF AUTHORS Chapter 1.1 Dr A. Aitio, Director, Department oflndustrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Phone:+ 358-9-474 7850; Fax:+ 358-9-4747 208; e-mail: [email protected] Dr V. Riihimaki, Deputy Director, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Phone:+ 358-9-474 7234; Fax:+ 358-9-4747208; e-mail: [email protected] Ms S. Valkonen, Laboratory Engineer, Department oflndustrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Arinatie 3, FIN-00370 Helsinki, Finland; Phone:+ 358-9-474 7858; Fax:+ 358-9-556 157; e-mail: [email protected] Chapter 1.2 Dr A. Aitio ( see Chapter 1.1) Mr E. Hakala, Chief of Laboratory, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland; Phone: +358-8-537 6111; Fax: +358-8-537 6000; e-mail: [email protected] Professor L. Pyy, Director, Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland; Phone: +358-8-537 6111; Fax: +358-8-537 6000; e-mail: [email protected] Chapter 1.3 Dr D. Templeton, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of -1.4 Toronto, 100 College Street, Toronto, Canada MSG 1L5; Phone:+ 1 416-978 3972; Fax:+ 1-416-978 5650; e-mail:[email protected] Chapter2.l Dr A. Aitio (see Chapter 1.1) Dr. K. Pekari, Special Researcher, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Arinatie 3, FIN-00370 Helsinki, Finland; Phone:+ 358-9-474 7859; Fax:+ 358-9-556 157; e-mail: [email protected] Ms. H. Kivisto, Chemist, Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Arinatie 3, FIN-00370 Helsinki, Finland; Phone:+ 358-9-474 7864; Fax:+ 358-9-556 157; e-mail: [email protected] Chapter 2.2 Professor M. Ikeda, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Nishinikyo­ Kitatsuboicho, Nagakyo-ku, Kyoto 604, Japan; Phone:+ 81 75 823 0533; Fax:+ 81 75 802 0038 iv Chapter 2.3 Dr L.K. Lowry, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, P.O. Box 2003, Tyler, Texas 75710-2003, USA; Phone:+ 1 903-877 5717, Fax: + 1 903-877 7982; e-mail: [email protected] Chapter 3.1 Dr A.F. Pelfrene, Alain Pelfrene & Associated Consultants (APAC), 5 Avenue Louis Momet, F-69260 Charbonnieres, France; Phone:+ 33-4-72 38 04 05; Fax:+ 33-4-78 34 16 10; e-mail: [email protected] Chapter3.2 Dr B. Nutley, Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Laboratory, Health and Safety Executive, Broad Lane, Sheffield 83 7HQ, United Kingdom Phone:+ 44-742-892 677; Fax:+ 44-742-892 500 Dr Y. Wu, Deputy Director, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive. Medicine, 29 Nan Wei Road,.Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China; Phone:+ 861-304 0501; Fax:+ 861-301 4323 Chapter 4.1 Dr J. Cocker, Occupational Medicine and Hygiene Laboratory, Health and Safety Executive, Broad Lane, Sheffield 83 7HQ, United Kingdom Phone: + 44-742-892 691; Fax: + 44-742-892
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