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Coping with Flood Risks and Managing Livelihoods in Nepal's J U LY 2 0 1 3 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice Living in the Margins: Coping with Flood Risks and Managing Livelihoods in Nepal’s Far-western Terai Jeevan Sharma,Anastasia Marshak, Elizabeth Stites, and Poshan Dahal Cover photo: Spur construction on the Mohana river. Photo courtesy of Poshan Dahal. This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the Feinstein International Center, Tufts University and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. ©2013 Feinstein International Center. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image files from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. Feinstein International Center Tufts University 114 Curtis Street Somerville, MA 02144 USA tel: +1 617.627.3423 fax: +1 617.627.3428 fic.tufts.edu 2 Feinstein International Center Authors The report is the result of research carried out by the Feinstein International Center at Tufts University. The research team consisted of the following individuals: Elizabeth Stites, Jeevan Sharma, Anastasia Marshak, and Poshan Dahal. All members of the team contributed to the writing of the report. Acknowledgements We would like to thank USAID, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) for funding the research and their support throughout the process. We would also like to express our profound thanks and gratitude to all those who took time to talk to us in relation to the research. This includes Nepali government officials at both the national and local level; other local leaders; staff of many Nepali and international NGOs, and in particular, members of the communities in Kailali District. We would also like to thank Mercy Corps for their support throughout the process: providing space for trainings, printing facilities, and other services. We would also like to thank Rachel Gordon for her extensive work on the background and literature review. The research greatly benefited from the administrative help at the Feinstein Center: Anita Robbins, Elizabeth O’Leary, Rosa Pendenza, and Ann O’Brien. All remaining errors and omissions should be attributed to the writers of this report. Living in the Margins: Coping with Flood Risks and Managing Livelihoods in Nepal’s Far-Western Terai 3 Contents Introduction 5 1. Executive Summary 6 Methodology 8 1. Sampling 8 Marginalization of the Research Area 10 1. Physical Environment and Geography 10 2. Isolation from Center of Power 11 3. Legacy of the People’s War 11 Findings 13 1. Flooding 13 2. Study Population Characteristics 14 3. Livelihood Strategies 15 4. Migration 18 5. Social Capital 20 6. NGO Activities, Presence, and Perception 22 Analysis and Discussion 24 1. Household Mitigation and Coping Strategies 24 2. Household Vulnerability and Resilience to Flooding 26 Conclusion and Recommendations 31 Annex N1: Wealth 34 Acronyms 36 Bibliography 37 End Notes 41 4 Feinstein International Center INTRODUCTION Nepal is considered a “hot-spot” for a multitude basis, limiting access to roads, destroying crops, of natural disasters including floods, landslides, and sweeping away assets and livestock. These drought, windstorms, avalanches, glacial lake floods bring significant physical damage to outburst flooding (GLOF), hailstorms, fire, agricultural land and domestic property, with epidemics and earthquakes (UN Nepal devastating consequences for people’s livelihoods. Information Platform, 2010). Communities in The main victims of floods tend to be people areas vulnerable to disaster are facing rapid who are already among the most vulnerable, changes in their environmental and livelihoods living in marginal areas and with threatened contexts, which shape their vulnerability to livelihoods. natural hazards and their ability to respond to them. Although monsoon rains bring The purpose of this study was to develop a significant benefits to people’s livelihoods, grounded socio-culturally and economically particularly for those whose livelihoods are embedded understanding of the impact of floods dependent on agriculture, they also bring real on people’s livelihoods from their perspectives. threats to people’s survival. Approximately The study looks at livelihoods and relevant 10,000 families a year are affected by floods, interventions that could reduce risk in Nepal’s landslides, fires, earthquakes, and drought alone terai, with a focus on the impact of flooding. (Nepal Red Cross Society, 2010). Of these The research also assesses the DRR programs disasters, floods and landslides are the most implemented in the area and how far they reflect frequent and in the past five years have claimed the livelihood strategies of the vulnerable an average of 200 lives per year (Nepal Red population and the wider political-economic Cross Society, 2010). context in which the local population is embedded. Therefore, the key focus of the study In the terai region, the low-lying plain along was to explore the strategies used by the flood- Nepal’s southern border, significant flood events affected population—both households and occur almost every year. Considered the “food communities—to cope with risks associated with basket” of Nepal with highly fertile soil, the terai flooding in the terai as well as those has experienced a boom in internal migration interventions introduced by local NGOs. Three and is now home to about 50% of Nepal’s main research questions were posed: population, even though it only covers 17% of the geography. Although the entire terai region 1. How do households prepare for and mitigate sees floods on an annual basis, the far-western the impact of flooding? terai has experienced a number of highly 2. What makes some households more resilient destructive floods in the past few years. than others to the effects of flooding? 3. To what degree has the current DRR In September 2008, the region experienced the programming reduced household worst flooding in 25 years due to monsoon rains vulnerability to the effects of flooding? that arrived late and were heavy. Over 400 millimeters of rain fell in 48 hours, causing flash The study has been conceptualized within the floods and landslides that impacted 23,600 livelihoods framework in order to capture households, killing 15 people in Kailali (Mercy exposure to various forms of risks among the Corps, 2010). Significant, though less intense, vulnerable households living in marginalized floods hit the region again in 2009, damaging areas. By marginality we are referring to the housing, crops, and infrastructure, and occurred physical, environmental, and geographical again at the end of the rainy season in 2012. vulnerability of households to flooding, as well Floods continue to hit communities living on as the socio-economic and political marginality. the either side of the river systems on an annual Living in the Margins: Coping with Flood Risks and Managing Livelihoods in Nepal’s Far-Western Terai 5 1. Executive Summary planting bamboo or building a spur or gabion into the river. These strategies are significantly Households in the far-western terai, and correlated with a reduced impact from the specifically Kailali District, are some of the most floods. However, there are several factors that marginalized in Nepal. The geography of the affect the likelihood that a village would carry Kailali District, which is part of the terai and out these community-wide flood mitigation basically a flood plain,1 means that households strategies. The greater the differences in wealth experience flooding on a yearly basis. This is between households residing in the same village, compounded by other forms of marginalization: the less likely they were to work together on a most people do not own land, or own very little, community-level project. The same relationship and thus have to draw their livelihoods from applied to other village-level characteristics. multiple sources; the area is mostly populated by Villages where all the households were Tharus or those who migrated over the last 50 approximately the same distance from the river years from the hills and many of them are were more likely to work together, as were landless; the area is not well-represented in the villages where the majority of households were State; it is a remote and interior part with little equally affected by previous flooding. Ethnicity State involvement; there is a lack of access to also played a role—ethnic diversity in a village modern amenities and facilities/infrastructure. was correlated with fewer community-level projects. In general, homogeneity led to greater Flooding in Kailali District is not always community-level collaboration in flood destructive and sometimes even brings important mitigation, while heterogeneity on the village sediments that fertilize the soil. Every few years, level led to more individualistic strategies. however, the floods bring a significant loss of livestock, assets, stocks, crops, land, and Not surprisingly, household wealth was occasionally lives. The timing of the flood is significantly correlated with better outcomes to correlated with the type of losses. Flooding flood risk. Households with greater wealth were during the planting season (summer months) has less affected by flooding due to greater distance more lasting livelihood effects because it destroys from the river as well as the ability to use more crops and the seeds necessary to plant next year’s expensive coping strategies such as building a crop, while flooding during and after harvesting second story. Wealth was also correlated with mainly affects household assets.
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