Nanotechnology in Education and General Framework of Nanomanufacturing

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008 Nanotechnology in Education and General Framework of Nanomanufacturing S.Ozel, Y.Ozel Japan, several research initiatives have been undertaken both Abstract— The emerging field of nanoscience and by government and members of the private sector to intensify nanotechnology are becoming more and more popular everyday. the research and development in nanotechnology. [1] Nanotechnology is truly interdisciplinary; it involves manipulating Hundreds of millions of dollars have been committed. and controlling individual atoms and molecules to design and create Research and development in nanotechnology is likely to new materials, nanomachines, and nanodevices for application in all aspects of our lives. Recent advances and envisioned developments in change the traditional practices of design, analysis, and enabling nanotechnology provide challenges to academia in manufacturing for a wide range of engineering products. This educating and training a new generation of skilled engineers and impact creates a challenge for the academic community to competent scientists. These engineers and scientists should possess educate engineering students with the necessary knowledge, the ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and understanding, and skills to interact and provide leadership in engineering in order to design, analyze and fabricate nanodevices and the emerging world of nanotechnology. [2] nanosystems, which are radically different when compared with traditional technological systems. Nanotechnology deals with materials, devices, and their In this paper, the current status of the progress and developments applications, in areas such as engineered materials, in nanotechnology and nanoeducation is briefly reviewed, from the electronics, computers, sensors, actuators, and machines, at perspective of its applications. Strategies for teaching the nano length-scale. Atoms and molecules, or extended nanotechnology are also presented with a few basic samples. Also atomic or molecular structures, are considered to be the basic this paper represents brief introduction on nanotechnology and units, or building-blocks, of fabricating future generations of introduces a general framework for nano-manufacturing. Note that, electronic devices, and materials. At the nano-meter length the development of nano-manufacturing leads to produce new nano technological products. Also note that nano-manufacturing describes scales, many diverse enabling disciplines and associated approaches and methods to product nano scale materials that can be technologies start to merge, because these are derived from the basically define top-down and bottom-up rather similar properties of the atomic- or molecular- level building blocks. For example, on the one hand, the DNA Keywords— Nanomanufactureing, Nanotechnology, molecular strands are these days proposed as the self- Nanoeducation. assembling templates for bio-sensors and detectors, molecular electronics, and as the building blocks of all biological I. INTRODUCTION materials. On the other hand, some synthetic inorganic ANOTECHNOLOGY and research on this area are materials, such as carbon, boron-nitride or other nanotubes or N becoming more and more popular everyday. The nanowires, may also have similar functionalities in some emerging field of nanoscience and nanotechnology is leading respects, but could also be exceptionally strong and stiff to a technological revolution in the new millennium. The materials. The cross-correlation and fertilization among the application of nanotechnology has enormous potential to many constituent disciplines, as enabling technologies for greatly influence the world in which we live. From consumer molecular nanotechnology, are thus essential for an goods, electronics, computers, information and biotechnology, accelerated development.[3] to aerospace defense, energy, environment, and medicine, all Manufacturing of nanoscale structures, devices and systems sectors of the economy are to be profoundly impacted by will be performed with a high degree of process control in nanotechnology. In the United States, Europe, Australia, and sensing, assembling, and positioning matter at the nanoscale in order to achieve prescribed levels of performance in production and service. Hierarchical integration will be used Manuscript received June 17, 2008. Revised version received Sept. 1, 2008. Nanotechnology in Education: Nanoeducation across dimensional scales, from atoms to molecules to the S. Ozel Author is with Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, human length scale, to incorporate nanostructures into Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Campus of Goztepe, microscale architectures and macroscale products. [4-5] The Kad koy, Istanbul, 34722 Turkey (corresponding author to provide phone: +90-216 348-02-92/127; fax: +90-216 348-02-93; e-mail: semih@ development of nanomanufacturing technologies will lead to eng.marmara.edu.tr). potential breakthroughs in manufacturing of new industrial Y. Ozel is with University of Marmara, Technical Educational Faculty, products. Nanoscale products with unique mechanical, Department of Electrical Education, Campus of Goztepe, Kad koy, Istanbul, 34722 Turkey (corresponding author to provide phone: +90-216 336-57- electronic, magnetic, optical and or chemical properties, opens 70/255; fax: +90-216-337-89-87; e-mail: [email protected]). the door to an enormous new domain of nanostructures and 113 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008 integrated nanodevices. They have a variety, of potential 0.3nm across. People are interested in the nanoscale (which applications such as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) we define to be from 100nm down to the size of atoms and DNA computers etc. Nanomanufacturing requires (approximately 0.2nm) because it is at this scale that the positioning of nanoparticles in complex 2D or 3D structures. properties of materials can be very different from those at a The techniques for nanomanufacturing can be classified into larger scale. nanoscience defined as the study of phenomena “bottom-up” and “top-down” methods. Self-assembly in and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and nanoscale is the main promising “bottom-up” technique which macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly is applied to make regular, symmetric patterns of from those at a larger scale; and nanotechnologies as the nanoparticles. [12] design, characterisation, production and application of Recent advances and envisioned developments in enabling structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size nanotechnology provide challenges to academia in educating at the nanometre scale. In some senses, nanoscience and and training a new generation of skilled engineers and nanotechnologies are not new. Chemists have been making competent scientists. These engineers and scientists should polymers, which are large molecules made up of nanoscale possess the ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, subunits, for many decades and nanotechnologies have been science, and engineering in order to design, analyze and used to create the tiny features on computer chips for the past fabricate nanodevices and nanosystems, which are radically 20 years. However, advances in the tools that now allow different when compared with microdevices and atoms and molecules to be examined and probed with great microsystems. Atomic and molecular comprise nanodevices precision have enabled the expansion and development of and nanosystems, exhibit distinctive quantum phenomena and nanoscience and nanotechnologies. unique capabilities that must be utilized. Therefore, advanced The properties of materials can be different at the nanoscale theories, methods, tools and technologies should be for two main reasons. First, nanomaterials have a relatively comprehensively covered and effectively delivered [4]. larger surface area when compared to the same mass of material produced in a larger form. This can make materials more chemically reactive (in some cases materials that are II. NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY inert in their larger form are reactive when produced in their In the simplest terms, the subject of nanoscience technology nanoscale form), and affect their strength or electrical is defined as the science and technology of the direct or properties. Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the indirect manipulation of atoms and molecules into functional behaviour of matter at the nanoscale - particularly at the lower structures, with applications that were never envisioned end - affecting the optical, electrical and magnetic behaviour before. The prefix “nano” corresponds to a basic unit on a of materials. Materials can be produced that are nanoscale in length scale, meaning 10−9 meters, which is a hundred to a one dimension (for example, very thin surface coatings), in thousand times smaller than a typical biological cell or two dimensions (for example, nanowires and nanotubes) or in bacterium. At the nanometer length scale, the dimensions of all three dimensions (for example, nanoparticles) [13]. the materials and devices begin to reach the limit of 10 to 100s The invention of new devices (STM and AFM) in past two of atoms, wherein entirely new physical and chemical effects decades has enabled scientists and engineers to extend their are observed.[3] studies to objects at the atomic level [10-14].

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