Ekonomske Ideje I Praksa

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Ekonomske Ideje I Praksa IDEJE IPRAKSA EKONOMSKE E i poslovneinformati poslovne e Časopisizoblasti e Kvartalni doprinos politi KONOMSKI ČK F AK a ULT ma darona E K T U K onomije i menadŽmenta, statisti onomije imenadŽmenta, roe NI V ER Z K a I T onomija E Č T A emoglua UB K e EO G RAD i U /B K onomije, EO G RAD , MAR BROJ 12 T 2014/WWW. TEMATSKI BROJ:K e EIP . OR G. RS U OVOM IZDANJU: daron acemoglu // miomir jaKšić // slobodan marKović // aleKsandra prašČević // niKola fabris // siniša zarić - vojislav babić // zoran stefanović // aleKsandar radivojević // milica delibašić - niKša grgurević // milutin ješić // niKola njegovan tematsKi broj: politiČKa maKroeKonomija i doprinos darona aČemoglua EKONOMSKE IDEJE I PRAKSA Kvartalni Časopis iz oblasti eKonomije, poslovne eKonomije i menadŽmenta, statistiKe i poslovne informatiKe predgovor Naučni časopis Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu – „Ekonomske ide- je i praksa“ povodom objavljivanja prevoda na srpski jezik knjige D. Ačemoglua Ekonomsko poreklo diktature i demokratije, Zavod za udžbenike, Beograd, 2013. (prevodioci dr Milica Jakšić i dr Miomir Jakšić) objavljuje poseban tematski broj. Časopis Ekonomske ideje i praksa pokriva ekonomske i srodne društveno-humani- stičke nauke (Politikologija, Sociologija, Filozofija, Pravo). Bavi se problemima eko- nomske nauke, ekonomske politike, poslovne ekonomije i posebno institucionalnim, društvenim i političkim izazovima za ekonomsku nauku i praksu. Časopis objavljuje radove koji se u najširem smislu reči bave ekonomskim idejama. Orijentacija časo- pisa je ka kritičkoj otvorenosti, traganju za novim rešenjima, odbacivanju eksklu- zivnosti bilo kog modela ili ekonomskog mišljenja. Odlukom American Ecomomic Association uvršten je u EconLit listu časopisa koju objavljuje Journal of Economic Literature, i odlukom Senata Univerziteta u Beogradu kategorisan kategorijom M51 časopis od vodećeg nacionalnog značaja. U ovom broju objavljuju se posebno pripremljeni radovi, a Redakcija zahvaljuje pro- fesoru Daronu Acemogluu, sa MIT za saglasnost da se objavi njegov rad Modelling Inefficient Institutions. Daron Ačemoglu je profesor ekonomije na čuvenom Masačusec institutu za tehno- logiju (MIT). Sarađuje sa Nacionalnim biroom za ekonomska istraživanja, Centrom za ekonomske performanse i Centrom za istraživanja ekonomske politike, član je Evropske ekonomske asocijacije. Profesor Ačemoglu je predavao na Londonskoj eko- nomskoj školi (London School of Economics). Godine 1996. dobio je nagradu za najbolji rad objavljen u časopisu Ekonomski žurnal. Godine 2005. dobio je Džon Bejts Klark medalju koju mu je uručila Američka ekonomska asocijacija, nagrađen je kao najizuzetniji ekonomista koji radi u Sjedinjenim Državama koji je mlađi od 40 godina. Rođen je 1967. godine. Dobitnik je brojnih uglednih nagrada u Sjedinjenim državama i svetu i nesumnjivo ulazi u krug najozbiljnijih kandidata za Nobelovu nagradu za ekonomiju za doprinos ekonomskoj teoriji. Oblasti njegovog naučnog istraživanja su ekonomska teorija, politička ekonomija, ekonomski razvoj, ekonom- ski rast, tehnologije, nejednakosti u raspodeli, ekonomija rada. Izdavač RedakcIja časopIsa ekonomske Centar za izdavačku delatnost Ideje I pRaksa Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu Kamenička 6, tel. 3021-045, Glavni urednik časopisa faks 3021-065 prof. dr Jakšić Miomir E-mail:[email protected] Urednici časopisa Dekan Ekonomskog fakulteta prof. dr Aleksandra Praščević Prof. dr Branislav Boričić prof. dr Vlade Milicević dr Saša Veljković, vanr. prof. Dizajn korice i priprema za štampu Maxnova Creative članovi Redakcije www.maxnova.rs prof. dr Marko Backović prof. dr Predrag Bjelić Štampa prof. dr Božidar Cerović ČUGURA Print, Beograd prof. dr Čedomir Čupić www.cugura.rs prof. dr Ðorđe Ðukić prof. dr Nikola Fabris Godina prof. dr Miomir Jakšić 2014. prof. dr Nebojša Janićijević prof. dr Radovan Kovačević prof. dr Stipe Lovreta prof. dr Vlade Milicević prof. dr Aleksandra Praščević prof. dr Gojko Rikalović prof. dr Žaklina Stojanović prof. dr Siniša Zarić dr Radmila Dragutinović Mitrović, vanr. prof. dr Miroslav Todorović, vanr. prof. dr Saša Veljković, vanr. prof. Svetozar Tanasković– sekretar redakcije Tehnički sekretar Jelena Cvetanović Kontakt redakcije Telefon: +381 11 3021 068 Faks: +381 11 3021 068 e-mail: [email protected] sadrŽaj predgovor 05 modeling inefficient institutions 09 Daron Acemoglu political macroeconomY: tHe case of serbia 47 miomir jakšić teorija o eKonomsKom poreKlu demoKRATIJE i sluČaj demoKRATIJE Kao inteleKtualnog projeKTA u srbiji 67 slobodan marković politiČKa maKroeKonomija u razvoju savremene maKroeKonomije 93 aleksandra praščević institucionalizam: uloga i znaČaj centralne banKe 109 nikola Fabris uticaj ljudsKog KAPITALA i VLADAVINE prava na eKonomsKi rast: srbija i evropsKe zemlje 123 siniša Zarić Vojislav Babić institucije i privredni razvoj - neKa od aKtuelniH GLEDIŠTA 135 Zoran stefanović institucije, eKonomsKi rast i razvoj 149 aleksandar Radivojević institucionalni pluralizam i eKonomsKi razvoj 167 milica delibašić nikša Grgurević nezavisnost centralne banKe iz UGLA politiČKe maKroeKonomije 183 milutin ješić priKaz: acemoglu, d., & robinson, j. a. (2012). WHY nations fail: tHe origins of poWer, prosperitY and povertY [Kindle edition]. neW YorK: croWn 203 nikola njegovan EKONOMSKE IDEJE I PRAKSA | BROJ 12 | MART 2014. 9 daron acemoglu professor, mit [email protected] jel classification: e0, e52, p16, p26, p27 modeling inefficient institutions* Source: Daron Acemoglu, Modeling Inefficient Institutions Published in advances in economic Theory, proceedings of 2005 World congress, Chap- ter 9, Edited by Richard Blundell, Whitney Newey and Torsten Persson, Cambridge Uni- versity Press, UK, 2006, pp. 341-380, 2006. 1. introduction Many economists and social scientists have recently emphasized the importance of government policies, economic, political and legal institutions, and more broadly, the organization of society.1 There is also mounting evidence that various institutional features are indeed important for economic growth.2 Nevertheless, despite important theoretical advances, we still lack an organizational framework to analyze the deter- minants of institutions.3 In particular, if institutions matter (so much) for economic performance, why do societies choose or end up with institutions that do not maxi- mize economic growth or aggregate economic welfare? This paper discusses potential answers to this question. * I thank Alexandre Debs for suggestions and excellent research assistance and Timothy Besley, Gerard Padro-i- Miquel, Torsten Persson, James Robinson and Pierre Yared for comments. 1 For general discussions, see North and Thomas (1973), Jones (1981), North (1981), Olson (1982), North and Weingast (1989), Eggertsson (2005), Dixit (2004), and Acemoglu et al. (2005). 2 See, among others, the empirical evidence in Knack and Keefer (1995), Mauro (1995), Barro (1999), Hall and Jones (1999), Acemoglu et al. (2001, 2002) or Persson (2005). 3 Austen-Smith and Banks (1999) and Persson and Tabellini (2000) are excellent introductions to recent advances in political economy. 10 MODELING INEFFICIENT INSTITUTIONS The main focus is on modeling the emergence and persistence of inefficient institu- tions, meaning institutions that do not maximize the growth potential of a society.4 The purpose of the paper is not to provide a survey but to construct a relatively simple unified model that illustrates both various issues already raised in the existing litera- ture and a number of new mechanisms that appear to be important in understanding inefficient institutions. To understand why inefficient institutions emerge and persist, we first need to under- stand: (i) what type of equilibrium policies and allocations emerge within different institutional frameworks; (ii) the preferences of different individuals and groups over these policies and allocations. This will enable us to derive induced preferences over institutions. Inefficient institutions will emerge and persist, in turn, when groups that prefer the inefficient (non-growth enhancing) policies that these institutions generate are sufficiently powerful, and when other social arrangements that compensate these powerful groups, while reaching more efficient allocations, cannot be found. In this paper, I provide one example of such an approach. I start with a simple base- line model, which is then enriched to discuss a number of mechanisms that lead to the emergence and persistence of inefficient policies and institutions. The model in- cludes three groups: workers, elite producers and non-elite (middle-class) producers. The latter two groups have access to investment opportunities with varying degrees of productivity. The key policies in the model are taxes imposed on producers.5 There are two different institutional dimensions. The first is political institutions, which govern the allocation of de jure power in society.6 This power determines, for example, which groups (or individuals) have control over fiscal policies. To start with, I suppose that the elite have de jure political power.7 Economic institutions, on the other hand, relate to the constraints and rules governing economic interactions. They include, among other things, enforcement of property rights, entry barriers, regulation of technology, and the set of contracts that can be enforced.8 In the model, restrictions on expropria- tion, taxation and redistribution, or the ability to regulate technology, correspond to economic institutions. 4 A potentially weaker definition
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