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The Daughter of Peter the Great; a History of Russian Diplomacy and Of
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/daughterofpetergOObainuoft /t<r /,// six THE DAUGHTER OF PETER THE GREAT A HISTORY OF RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY AND OF THE RUSSIAN COURT UNDER THE EMPRESS ELIZABETH PETROVNA 1 741-1762 BY R. NISBET BAIN AUTHOR OF "THE PUPILS OF PETER THE GREAT" "GUSTAVUS III AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES" "CHARLES XIII" ETC ETC NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON AND CO WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO 1900 Reprinted by Scholarly Press - 22929 Industrial Drive East - St. Clair Shores, Mich. 48080 PK B32> G^ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 32. Photogravure Frontispiece. Field Marshal Count Munnich . Face Page 22 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat. 16 . „ ,, 66 The Grand Chancellor Count Alexius Bestuzhev-Ryumin , „ p7 The Grand Duchess Catherine ... „ „ 234. Elizabeth Petrovna, aetat. 52 ... „ „ 286 The Grand Duke Peter, aetat'. 33 . ,, „ 314 — — CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION xi BIBLIOGRAPHY xv CHAPTER I. introductory— peter's pupils i Death of Peter the Great —Danger of a reaction— Peter's pupils—Menshi- kov, Tolstoi, Yaguzhinsky—Their promptness—Catherine I and her difficulties—The history of Russia during the eighteenth century the liistory of her foreign policy —Why this was so — Ostermann—The hostility of England brings about the Austro-Russian Alliance Peter II—Anne of Courland — Brutality of her favourite, Biren—His character—The genius of Ostermann—Russia's triumphs abroad—Miin- nich and Lacy—Death of Anne—Merits and defects of her government. CHAPTER -
16–18. Századi Utazók, Utazások a 18
Bolti ár: 1100,- Ft Előfizetőknek: 1000,- Ft m á z 9 7 7 0 2 3 7 7 9 3 0 0 6 1 9 0 0 3 S . 3 . ETAS TÖRTÉNETTUDOMÁNYI FOLYÓIRAT 9 A 1 0 2 16–18. századi utazók, utazások A 18. század kétségkívül az utazások virágkorát jelentette a kora újkorban. A nagy háborúskodásokat követően tömegek indultak útnak a különféle társadalmi rétegekből. Az utazók sokszínűsé- KULCSÁR KRISZTINA géről tanúskodnak a nyomtatásban megjelent apodémikák, Ha főurak útra keltek… 18. századi főúri vagyis az utazás módszerét és technikáját tárgyaló, valamint az útnak indulók számára praktikus tanácsokat közlő művek. Egy utazástípusok Albert szász-tescheni herceg 1795-ben kiadott kézikönyv például a következő potenciális uta- zóközönséget sorolta fel: nemes ifjak, kertművészek, énekesek, és Mária Krisztina főhercegnő közös építészek, szobrászok, rézmetszők, festők, filológusok, filozófu- utazásai alapján sok, történészek, gazdasági szakemberek, matematikusok, ter- mészettudósok, orvosok, jogtudósok, teológusok, katonák, jö- vendőbeli követek, valamint leendő uralkodók és államférfiak – DINNYÉS PATRIK látható, hogy ők a társadalom bizonyos, leginkább tanulni vágyó rétegeit képviselik. Sokan öncélúan, saját ismereteiket kívánták Mogiljovtól Szmolenszkig: bővíteni (nemes ifjak, egyetemjárók, művészek, tudósok), má- II. József német-római császár és sok hivatalból vagy gyakorlati céllal utaztak (így kereskedők, mes- teremberek, katonák, hivatalnokok), és a 18. században többeket II. Katalin orosz császárnő első a kíváncsiság hajtott. Ám mellettük még mindig jelentős sze- találkozása és közös utazása (1780) repet játszottak az uralkodók, fejedelmek, hercegek. Ők már az ókortól kezdve fényűző utazásokat tettek udvaruk fényének eme- lésére és hatalmuk bizonyítására: birodalmukon belül az egyik OLGA KHAVANOVA városból a másikba utaztak, látványos bevonulásokkal, termé- szetesen a ceremoniális előírásokat betartva, népes udvari kísé- Pavel Petrovics orosz nagyherceg rettel. -
FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa Suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni Sõdade Ajal Baltisaksa Päritolu Diplomaatide Tegevuse Näitel
FELIKS GORNISCHEFF DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa tegevuse näitel ajal sõdade suhted diplomaatide Preisimaaga päritolu Napoleoni Venemaa FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa päritolu diplomaatide tegevuse näitel (1806–1812) Tartu 2020 1 ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-03-314-0 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa päritolu diplomaatide tegevuse näitel (1806–1812) Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond, Tartu Ülikool Käesolev väitekiri on lubatud kaitsmisele 18. veebruaril 2020 toimunud Humani- taarteaduste ja kunstide valdkonna ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituudi nõukogu koosoleku otsusega. Juhendaja: professor Tõnu Tannberg Oponent: PhD Bradley Woodworth Kaitsmine: 16. aprill 2020, kell 16:15, TÜ senati saal Ülikooli 18–204. Doktoritöö valmimist toetas Euroopa Liidu Regionaalarengu Fond (Tartu Üli- kooli ASTRA projekt PER ASPERA). ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-03-314-0 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-03-315-7 (pdf) Autoriõigus: Feliks Gornischeff, 2020 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee TÄNUSÕNAD Minu huvi ajaloo vastu sai alguse, kui koolis hakati õpetama Vana-Egiptuse ajalugu. Siis ei osanud ma veel arvata, et minust saab ajaloolane. Veel vähem oskasin arvata, et hakkan süvitsi tegelema Napoleoni ajastuga. Astudes 2006. aastal Inglismaale Bradfordi Ülikooli kaasaaegset Euroopa ajalugu -
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International Review of Scottish Studies Vol. 29 2004 Rebecca Wills, The Jacobites in Russia 1715-1750. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 2002. xvi + 253 pp. $47.95 (CAN), $31.95, (US). £20.00. ISBN 1862321426. Since the 1970s, works on Jacobite history have flowed with wild abandon from presses around the globe. Historians like E. Cruickshanks, D. Szechi, P. Monod, J. Black, B. Lenman, M. Pittock, and F. McLynn have cast their eye upon issues of politics and culture, primarily within an exclusively domestic framework. Too often these works have left the impression that the Jacobite movement was little more than a noble and chivalric, but ultimately doomed, attempt by the ‘Children of the Mist’, a ragtag band of Highland and Irish misfits, to affect the restoration of the exiled Stuart monarchy. Likewise, the exiled monarchs, especially James III, with whom Wills is primarily concerned, are portrayed as enig- matic, but ineffective leaders, making great plans but consis- tently failing to follow through. Rebecca Wills’ The Jacobites in Russia 1715-1750, taking as its theme the period of the Jacobite diaspora, suggests that the Jacobite movement, as it relates to early eighteenth century Russia, was far more nuanced and complex than previous work has allowed. In the course of her work, Wills examines the nature of Russo-Jacobite relations - not only in a Russian context, but in a broader European one – and the crisis of identity facing the men who were both Jacobite and Russian. Though some historians have begun to look at Jacobitism in a wider European context (notably, D. -
In the Ottoman Empire
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 A Master’s Thesis by ABDÜRRAHİM ÖZER DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 To my beloved sister, THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ABDÜRRAHİM ÖZER In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Oktay Özel Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 Özer, Abdürrahim M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı August 2008 In this work, the diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia during the late 18th century will be analyzed. -
In the Ottoman Empire
THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 A Master’s Thesis by ABDÜRRAHİM ÖZER DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 To my beloved sister, THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ABDÜRRAHİM ÖZER In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Oktay Özel Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1774-1787 Özer, Abdürrahim M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı August 2008 In this work, the diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia during the late 18th century will be analyzed. This study will cover the period from 1774 to 1787, starting with the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, ending with the declaration of the Ottoman-Russian war of 1787-1792. -
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326.91(474)"17/18" 326.91:340.134"17/18"(474) LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ABOLITION OF SERFDOM IN BALTIC GOVERNORATES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN EARLY 19TH CENTURY: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, REALISATION, SPECIFIC FEATURES AND EFFECT Valdis Blūzma Dr. hist., Professor Turiba University (Riga, Latvia) [email protected] Abstract This presentation is devoted to significant reforms - abolition of serfdom at the second decade of 19th century in three Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire. The author analyses the background to the abolition of serfdom noting that in this case not only the struggle of Estonian and Latvian peasants for their rights, but also the activities of liberal circles of Baltic German elite played a significant role. Abolition of serfdom in Baltic governorates was supported by liberally minded Russian emperor Alexander I. Landtag (Diet of knighthood) of every Baltic governorate adopted analogous Peasantry Laws – Estonian in 1816, Courland in 1817 and Livonian in 1819 which then were confirmed by emperor. These laws established terms of liberation of peasants, transitional period regulation, civil and administrative law of peasants, peasant courts and their competence, law of procedure, offenses against rules of administrative law. These reforms had a compromise character, because liberation of the peasants was performed basing on condition that all the farmland remains in the ownership of the landlords. The relationship between landowners and peasants further was regulated on basis of free lease contract. Initially the economic situation of peasants was worsened, because landlords could demand corvée and payments in kind as rent which was not limited by law as it was before. -
University of Glasgow the Baltic Provinces and the Russian Empire
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW THE BALTIC PROVINCES AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: PROVINCIAL PRIVILEGE AND IMPERIAL PREROGATIVE IN THE PROCESS OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN LIVLAND, ESTLAND AND KURLAND 1765-1849 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MODERN HISTORY BY MAUREEN MAGUIRE BRUNS MARCH 1994 ProQuest Number: 13818754 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818754 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY l ib r a r y ABSTRACT The dissertation examines the process of agrarian reform in Livland, Estland and Kurland in the period 1765 to 1849 from a provincial/imperial perspective. The interaction of provincial privilege and imperial prerogative is seen as a major catalyst in the reform process. The perspective not only sheds light on the development of agrarian reform in the Baltic provinces but illuminates the nature of the Baltic/Russian relationship in the period under study. The research is interpretative and analytical within a chronological framework with thematic emphases in each chapter. -
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] A New Map of the Seat of War between ye Moscovite and the Turk on the Donn ye Nieper ye Niester & in Crim Tartary &c., Copied from an Original Engraved at Petersburg in 1737 said to be Done from General Munich's memoirs . Stock#: 35211 Map Maker: Senex Date: 1738 circa Place: London Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG+ Size: 29.5 x 22.5 inches Price: SOLD Description: A rare separately-issued map depicting the Ukraine-Crimea Theater of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739, based on original sources from the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. This attractive and fascinating work was the definitive map of the main theater of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735 to 1739, to be printed in England. It embraces all of the Ukraine and extends from the mouths of the Danube, along the Black Sea to include Crimea, and over as far east at the Don Valley, and north to a point on the Dnieper Valley, just north of Kiev. The war, between Czarina Anna's Russia and the Ottoman Empire, was one of a long series of conflicts whereby Russia sought to expel the Turkish presence from the Ukraine and Crimea. The map details all of the different regions and political jurisdictions in full color, and copiously labels all towns and forts. It was issued by John Senex while the war was still in progress, and is based on Joseph- Nicolas De L'Isle's map, Theatrum Belli Ao MDCCXXXVII. -
The Provincial Reforms of Catherine the Great and the Baltic Common Identity
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2012, 1/2 (139/140), 55–78 The provincial reforms of Catherine the Great and the Baltic common identity Lea Leppik In 1783, the Order for the Administration of Governorates of 1775 entered into force, establishing regency in Estland and Livland. As an outcome, the provinces which had so far enjoyed extensive autonomy, had to rear- range their administrative and judicial institutions pursuant to the all- Russian model. This article is dedicated to the question as to what extent could the 1775 provincial reform by Catherine II manage to fulfil its main declared aim – to uniform the bureaucratic governance of Russia and by way of this, make it more rational – in the Baltic provinces (Estland, Liv- land and Courland); and what was the relevant impact on the creation of a common identity among the ruling German-speaking class in the nine- teenth century. According to the general standpoint in Baltic history-writing, the regency period which lasted from 1783 to 1796 was merely an episode with- out any long-term implications. Such an opinion is prevalent in school text- books and in recommended study aids for higher education institutions.1 Was regency merely a transient episode without any lasting conse- quences? So far, the regency period has been primarily assessed from the viewpoint of the local German-speaking upper classes – the nobility and burghers – who viewed the implementation thereof as a power demonstra- tion of the Russian Empire, and were most unpleasantly affected by regency and regarded the restoration of the old order as their great achievement. History is always written by the victors and thus, such a viewpoint has been the most predominant one in Baltic historiography. -
Forschungen Zur Baltischen Geschichte 1 2006
FORSCHUNGEN ZUR BALTISCHEN GESCHICHTE 1 2006 Herausgegeben von Mati Laur und Karsten Brüggemann unter Mitwirkung von Anti Selart, Enn Küng, Tõnu Tannberg, Ülle Tarkiainen, Jaak Valge in Verbindung mit Torbjörn Eng (Uppsala), Juhan Kreem (Tallinn), Konrad Maier (Lüneburg), Ilgvars Misns (Riga), Evgenija Nazarova (Moskau), Katri Raik (Narva/Tartu), David J. Smith (Glasgow), Gvido Straube (Riga), Kari Tarkiainen (Helsinki/Tartu), Ralph Tuchtenhagen (Hamburg), Horst Wernicke (Greifswald), Seppo Zetterberg (Helsinki/Jyväskylä) Akadeemiline Ajalooselts Forschungen zur baltischen Geschichte - Bd. 1 hrsg. von Mati Laur und Karsten Brüggemann Tartu: Akadeemiline Ajalooselts, 2006 Redaktion und Drucklegung wurden gefördert mit Mitteln der Republik Estland Sihtfi nantseerimine TFLAJ 2700 Redaktion: Sirje Tamul, Merit Voore Historisches Institut der Universität Tartu Ülikooli 18, Tartu, Estland, EE-50090 e-mail: [email protected] Bestellungen und Manuskripte werden durch die Redaktion erbeten Umschlag: Irina Tammis ISSN 1736-4132 © Akadeemiline Ajalooselts, 2006 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Printed in Estonia INHALT Vorwort Aufsätze Valter Lang: Die Wacke im vorzeitlichen und mittelalterlichen 7 Estland. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der vorzeitlichen Boden- nutzung und des Steuersystems Anti Sel art: Fürst Konstantin von Polock und die Geschichte 29 Livlands im dritten Viertel des 13. Jahrhunderts Sulev Vahtre: Die Briefe an den Papst über den Estenaufstand 45 1343 Ivar Leimus: Die spätmittelalterliche große Wirtschaftskrise in 56 Europa – war auch Livland davon betroff en? Margus Laidre: Der Hundertjährige Krieg (1558-1660/61) in 68 Estland Enn Küng: Die Entwicklung der Stadt Nyen im zweiten Viertel 82 des 17. Jahrhunderts Tiit Rosenberg: Die Stadt Walk/Valga im ersten Viertel des 108 19. Jahrhunderts Tõnu Ta nnberg: Numerus clausus in der russischen Armee. -
Finland/Sweden Historical Wars
GRANHOLM GENEALOGY Finland/Sweden Historical Wars 1 INTRODUCTION This book describes the historical times of the wars and battles when Finland was still a part of Sweden. It precedes the history of when Finland became independent, which is in the book “Finland’s Independence, the Birth” . I have not included all battles but enough to give a picture of how we have almost constantly been at war. It is also about our relatives at those times. In most cases I mention a person only once, although that person has been part of many other battles. Many of the persons are the Swedish and Finnish rulers and officers when Sweden was a major European power. The following words from the “Tales of Ensign Stål” by Runeberg illustrate the accomplishments of these heroes in the poem set to music in the “March of the Björneborgers”. The poem mentions just four battlefields. In this book I have listed many more from the First Crusade almost 900 years ago to the brief fight in 1854 at Halkokari in my hometown Gamlakarleby in Finland. “Sons of fathers brave who bled On Poland’s sand on Narva’s moor, At Leipzig, Lützen, never stinting. Think not Finland’s might is dead, Still with hostile blood a battlefield is red.” You can listen to this message our distant relatives send us, their descendants and relatives at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypwjJedZPIg and see some the war scenes at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54YSkW4sJU4&feature=related Some of the persons described are our direct ancestors, most are distant cousins from common ancestors.