FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa Suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni Sõdade Ajal Baltisaksa Päritolu Diplomaatide Tegevuse Näitel

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FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa Suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni Sõdade Ajal Baltisaksa Päritolu Diplomaatide Tegevuse Näitel FELIKS GORNISCHEFF DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa tegevuse näitel ajal sõdade suhted diplomaatide Preisimaaga päritolu Napoleoni Venemaa FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa päritolu diplomaatide tegevuse näitel (1806–1812) Tartu 2020 1 ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-03-314-0 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 49 FELIKS GORNISCHEFF Venemaa suhted Preisimaaga Napoleoni sõdade ajal baltisaksa päritolu diplomaatide tegevuse näitel (1806–1812) Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond, Tartu Ülikool Käesolev väitekiri on lubatud kaitsmisele 18. veebruaril 2020 toimunud Humani- taarteaduste ja kunstide valdkonna ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituudi nõukogu koosoleku otsusega. Juhendaja: professor Tõnu Tannberg Oponent: PhD Bradley Woodworth Kaitsmine: 16. aprill 2020, kell 16:15, TÜ senati saal Ülikooli 18–204. Doktoritöö valmimist toetas Euroopa Liidu Regionaalarengu Fond (Tartu Üli- kooli ASTRA projekt PER ASPERA). ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-03-314-0 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-03-315-7 (pdf) Autoriõigus: Feliks Gornischeff, 2020 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee TÄNUSÕNAD Minu huvi ajaloo vastu sai alguse, kui koolis hakati õpetama Vana-Egiptuse ajalugu. Siis ei osanud ma veel arvata, et minust saab ajaloolane. Veel vähem oskasin arvata, et hakkan süvitsi tegelema Napoleoni ajastuga. Astudes 2006. aastal Inglismaale Bradfordi Ülikooli kaasaaegset Euroopa ajalugu õppima, oli suur osa sealset õppekavast seotud just Prantsusmaa ja Napoleoni ajalooga. Kuu- lates oma esimese juhendaja professor Munro Price’i kütkestavaid loenguid Prantsuse revolutsioonist ja Napoleoni sõdadest, otsustasin oma bakalaureusetöö kirjutada Napoleoni sõjakäigust Venemaale 1812. aastal, täpsemalt selle põhjus- test. Sellest hetkest alates pole ma enam tagasi vaadanud. Seega kuuluvad minu esimesed tänusõnad just oma esimesele juhendajale Munro Price’le, kelle kirg Napoleoni kui isiku ja kõige temaga kaasneva vastu oli äärmiselt nakatav. Tartu Ülikooli magistriõppesse astudes tundus mulle loogiline edasi uurida sama perioodi, kuid eriti huvitav tundus just Preisimaa. Mind võttis oma tiiva alla professor Tõnu Tannberg, kes juhendas minu magistritööd Preisimaa välispoliiti- kast aastatel 1807–1813. Sealt edasi tundus seega loomulik, et temast saab ka minu doktoritöö juhendaja. Koos otsisime vastust küsimusele, kuidas siduda just Preisimaa ajalugu Napoleoni sõdade ajal Eesti ajalooga. Neid seoseid oli mit- meid, kuid puhtjuhuslikult leidsin Rahvusarhiivist Tartus baltisaksa päritolu diplomaadi Gustav Ernst von Stackelbergi dokumendid, kes teenis aastatel 1806– 1809 Vene saadikuna Preisimaal. Niisiis oligi doktoritöö peaeesmärk paigas – vaadelda baltisaksa päritolu diplomaatide tegevust Vene-Preisi suhetes Napoleoni sõdade ajal aastatel 1806–1812. Just professor Tannberg on olnud see, kes on suunanud mind välisarhiividesse, konverentsidele ning innustanud mind selle teemaga tegelema, aidates mul samas otsida ja leida tohutul hulgal asjakohast kirjandust ja allikaid. Olgugi, et teietame temaga tänase päevani, ei ole Tõnu mulle öelnud kunagi ka „ei“, kui olen tema poole pöördunud mõne küsimusega, mis pole olnud seotud minu doktoritööga. Tõnule olen alatiseks tänulik, kuna ta on uskunud minusse kui ajaloolasesse, aga ka minu uurimisteema potentsiaali. Minu arhiivikülastust Preisi Salaarhiivi Berliinis rahastas Saksamaa Nordrhein- Westfaleni Liidumaa Tööandjate Liidu Academica stipendium, Moskvasse Vene Impeeriumi Välispoliitika Arhiivi aga The Association for the Advan- cement of Baltic Studies doktoritöö stipendium. Käesolevat doktoritööd kirjutasin suuresti oma pere ja sõprade arvelt. Nemad mõistsid, miks olin tihti eemalolev. Ilma sellise vaikiva nõusolekuta poleks selle töö kirjutamine olnud võimalik. Ka minu tööandja Eesti Meremuuseum ning sealsed kolleegid olid selle pika protsessi käigus alati vastutulelikud. Samuti tahan hea sõnaga meeles pidada kolleege ja kaasdoktorante Tartu Ülikoolist. Kõige erilisem tänu kuulub aga Kristinale, kes sundis mind kriitilistel hetke- del hoidma pead selgena ja seisma kahe jalaga maa peal. Ilma tema toetuse ja oskusliku pingemaandamiseta oleks ma lugematutel hetkedel ilmselt käega löönud. Just tema oli see, kes sisendas mulle jõudu ja motivatsiooni ning uskus minusse isiklikul tasemel. Selle eest võlgnen talle igavese tänu. 5 SISUKORD LÜHENDID .................................................................................................. 8 SISSEJUHATUS ........................................................................................... 9 Probleemiseade ja töö ülesehitus .............................................................. 10 Venemaa ja Preisimaa välispoliitika teoreetiline raamistik ...................... 12 Allikad ja historiograafia .......................................................................... 16 VENE KEISRIRIIGI VALITSEMISE REFORMIMINE, VÄLIS- MINISTEERIUMI LOOMINE JA BALTISAKSLASED SELLES SÜSTEEMIS ................................................................................................. 31 Vene keisririigi reformimine Aleksander I valitsemisajal ........................ 31 Ministeeriumite loomine Vene keisririigis (1802–1810) .......................... 38 Vene keisririigi välisministeeriumi loomine ja struktuur (1802–1811) .... 43 Vene keisririigi välisesindused Napoleoni sõdade ajal (1805–1815) ....... 50 Baltisakslased Vene keisririigi teenistuses ................................................ 53 Baltisakslased Vene keisririigi välisteenistuses ........................................ 63 GUSTAV ERNST VON STACKELBERG, ANDREAS EBERHARD VON BUDBERG JA GOTTHARD LUDWIG VON KRÜDENER. VENE-PREISI SUHTED (1806–1808) ........................................................ 73 Venemaa ja Preisimaa välispoliitika põhijooni sajandivahetusel .............. 73 Stackelbergi teenistuse algus Preisimaal. Vene-Preisi läbirääkimised ..... 82 Lauenburgi kriis Preisimaa ja Rootsi vahel .............................................. 92 Andreas Eberhard von Budberg tegevus välisministrina ja Vene-Preisi salajaste liidulepingute sõlmimine ......................................................... 97 Preisimaa kuulutab Prantsusmaale sõja .................................................... 104 Jenast Tilsitini: Stackelberg, Krüdener, Budberg ...................................... 107 Bartensteini konventsioon ja Tilsiti rahulepingud .................................... 112 Venemaa ja Preisimaa välispoliitika pärast Tilsitit ................................... 120 Vene-Rootsi sõda ja Preisimaa .................................................................. 136 Stackelbergi teenistuse lõpp Preisimaal ja hinnangud Stackelbergi tegevusele .............................................................................................. 139 CHRISTOPH HEINRICH VON LIEVEN. VENE-PREISI SUHTED (1809–1812) .................................................................................................. 143 Poliitilised olud Preisimaal 1809. aastal ................................................... 143 Lieveni ametiaja algus Preisimaal ja Preisimaa seisukohad ..................... 147 Ekskurss: Poola küsimus ........................................................................... 154 Prantsuse-Vene suhete halvenemine ......................................................... 157 Kontinentaalblokaadi mõju Vene-Prantsuse suhetele ............................... 163 Lieven ja võimalused Vene-Preisi liiduks ................................................. 166 Lieveni ametiaja lõpp ja Balti kubermangude küsimus ............................ 174 Tauroggeni konventsioon ja selle mõju Preisimaa välispoliitikale, Napoleoni allakäigule ning rahvusvahelistele suhetele Euroopas ......... 177 6 Napoleoni allakäik: Venemaa ja Preisimaa pärast Tauroggeni konventsiooni ......................................................................................... 182 KOKKUVÕTE .............................................................................................. 185 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 189 ALLIKAD JA KIRJANDUS ......................................................................... 194 Arhiiviallikad ............................................................................................ 194 Publitseeritud allikad ................................................................................. 194 Kirjandus ................................................................................................... 195 Internetiallikad .......................................................................................... 205 LISAD ........................................................................................................... 206 LISA 1. Baltisaksa diplomaadid Aleksander I valitsemisajal ................... 206 LISA 2. Venemaa esindajad Euroopa suurriikides 1805–1815 ................ 213 ELULOOKIRJELDUS .................................................................................. 221 CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................... 222 7 LÜHENDID RA Rahvusarviiv AVPRI Архив внешней политики Российской империи GStA PK Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz SRA Svenska Riksarkivet VPR Внешняя Политика России SIRIO Сборник Императорского Русского Исторического Общества BBLD Baltisches
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