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University of Glasgow the Baltic Provinces and the Russian Empire UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW THE BALTIC PROVINCES AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: PROVINCIAL PRIVILEGE AND IMPERIAL PREROGATIVE IN THE PROCESS OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN LIVLAND, ESTLAND AND KURLAND 1765-1849 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MODERN HISTORY BY MAUREEN MAGUIRE BRUNS MARCH 1994 ProQuest Number: 13818754 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818754 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW UNIVERSITY l ib r a r y ABSTRACT The dissertation examines the process of agrarian reform in Livland, Estland and Kurland in the period 1765 to 1849 from a provincial/imperial perspective. The interaction of provincial privilege and imperial prerogative is seen as a major catalyst in the reform process. The perspective not only sheds light on the development of agrarian reform in the Baltic provinces but illuminates the nature of the Baltic/Russian relationship in the period under study. The research is interpretative and analytical within a chronological framework with thematic emphases in each chapter. It attempts to remove both the reform initiatives and the historical Baltic/Russian relationship from traditional interpretation and provide fresh perspectives. There are no notable works of synthesis on Baltic/Russian relations in the era of reform. This research is a step towards filling that gap. In addition, the reappraisal of Baltic/Russian historical relations as well as the comprehensive and detailed survey of agrarian legislation in the Baltic provinces from 1765 to 1849 should be of particular use to British scholars since there is a significant lack of writing in Baltic history of the period in English. The major literature used in the research was predominantly German and Russian. THE BALTIC PROVINCES AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: PROVINCIAL PRIVILEGE AND IMPERIAL PREROGATIVE IN THE PROCESS OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN LIVLAND, ESTLAND AND KURLAND 1765-1849 © Maureen Maguire Bruns, 1994 To Jan, Christina, Mark and my parents LIST OF CONTENTS MAP INTRODUCTION 9 CHAPTER I: PROVINCE AND EMPIRE 15 PART ONE: PERSPECTIVES ON PRIVILEGE 15 PART TWO: THE REALITY OF PRIVILEGE 50 PART THREE: THE DUTIES OF PRIVILEGE 84 CHAPTER II: ENLIGHTENMENT AND REFORM 92 PART ONE: CULTURAL AFFINITY AND POLITICAL LOYALTY 92 PART TWO: REFORM IDEAS IN THE BALTIC IN THE PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT 113 PART THREE: THE CLERGY, ENLIGHTENMENT AND REFORM 123 CHAPTER III: IMPERIAL AND PROVINCIAL ATTITUDES TO AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE BALTIC 159 PART ONE: IMPERIAL INTENTION: CATHERINE II 159 PART TWO: PROVINCIAL RESPONSE 1795-1796 176 PART THREE: ALEXANDER I AND REFORM 196 PART FOUR: REFORM IN THE BALTIC 1802-1817 205 CHAPTER IV: EMANCIPATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE 238 PART ONE: ADAM SMITH AND HEINRICH STORCH 238 PART TWO: THE PRACTICE OF EMANCIPATION ELSEWHERE 248 PART THREE: EMANCIPATION IN ESTLAND 253 PART FOUR: EMANCIPATION IN KURLAND 256 PART FIVE: EMANCIPATION IN LIVLAND 272 CHAPTER V: THE FREEDOM OF EMANCIPATION 303 PART ONE: FREEDOM LIMITED IN THE BALTIC 303 PART TWO: RUSSIAN REFORM IMPULSES UNDER NICHOLAS I 318 PART THREE: BALTIC REACTION TO IMPERIAL REFORM PLANS 337 CONCLUSION 380 LIST OF REFERENCES 387 BALTISCHE LANDE cm ..deutschen ostsi eprovinzen ..._____ RUSSLANDS 1888 * ■ ■ 6m m > MrKrtit* *nd Oew-*«<^»M/vuc*efte» Srtrnm Mr HMtrricMvMllrU, OrMmtf S f rkTMMtirM m i H^rwtsjtnM/m/tm • Kov^/wrrt Mr Krta* Otcnttuftminruttnfrm • Miltprtrf* M r OrdnunfSftrlcMjMiIrM W MQuftmfnnjcM/rwn STLAND M B Soureraemtnfjfrrtum X > « ’ a t i c h i « O l fiNHKM inmoil • lAlTfCMl n. LITAUEN MAUTAI l:t.»| MIU. 9 10 io » to » » *ot_ iy !**• Apart from the 1783-1796 Statthaltecschaft period, these divisions were valid from 1694 to 1888 with very few changes. After H. Laakmann, Die Baltischen Lande in Staats- und Verwaltungsqrenzen in Ostmitteleuropa. Historisches Kartenwerk (Munich, 1954) 9 INTRODUCTION General Orientation On 23 March 1816, the serfs in Estland were emancipated. The following year, on 25 August 1817, emancipation was declared in Kurland and on 26 March 1819 the last of the Baltic serfs were emancipated under the Livland emancipation reform. These emancipation reforms were granted to the Baltic provinces, as part of the Russian Empire, by imperial decree, at a time when public discussion of emancipation in Russia itself was considered dangerous to public security. Traditional Baltic German historiography1 views the emancipation reforms as proof that the Baltic German barons were more enlightened than their Russian overlords. Where Russia is accorded a role in the Baltic reform process, for example in illustrating the liberal nature of Alexander I, it is to underline the fact that Russia was too backward for Alexander to carry out such reforms in Russia proper. Liberal imperial policies could only be realized in the more enlightened atmosphere of the Baltic. Imperial or Russian participation in the Baltic agrarian reforms is dealt with only peripherally by Baltic research. Its main emphasis has always been the "German" nation. Coloured by the Russification process in the 1 Of which Alexander Tobien is the main representative. His viewpoints have not been seriously challenged by more recent research. His Die Agrargesetzgebung Livlands im 19.Tahrhundert 2 vols. (Riga, 1899-1911) is a detailed chronology of agrarian reform legislation from the mid-eighteenth century to 1866. Despite its apologist standpoint, the work provides useful information, particularly on the structure of administration in Livland, and contains documentary sources throughout the text as well as in the appendices. It is the only comprehensive survey of agrarian legislation in Livland in the period under study. Its counterpart for Estland is Axel von Gernet, Geschichte und System des bauerlichen Agrarrechts in Estland (Reval, 1901). For Kurland, there is little, comprehensive or otherwise, but the traditional viewpoint is represented by Ernst von Rechenberg-Linten, Zustande Kurlands im vorigen und diesen Tahrhundert (Mitau, 1858) although it precedes the era of Russification and, therefore, re-interpretation. Tobien's later work Die livlandische Ritterschaft in ihrem Verhaltnis zum Zarismus und russischen Nationalismus (Riga, 1925) is in essence and substance polemical. latter half of the nineteenth century, Baltic historiography examines the Russian side of the relationship mainly in terms of imperial ambition eventually overrunning an independent and superior culture. The first half of the nineteenth century proves the superior culture, the second half its destruction. Soviet historiography has conformed to a different formula. The Baltic area was simply further along the economic development scale.2 The barons, if not explicitly more enlightened, were more bourgeois. The objective laws of economic development forced them to adopt reforms, but only to the degree necessitated by economic pressure. While the protection of privilege is also acknowledged as a prime motivator in Ritter conservative policy, political motivation is generally neglected in favour of the economic factor.3 The relationship between the Russian Empire and its Baltic provinces in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has not been covered by Soviet historians. An article in a recent Soviet publication, describing the necessity of applying perestroika to the study of history, admits deficiencies in past historical methodology, amongst which is clearly the lack of attention paid to the history of the individual parts of the Russian Empire in their relationship to the whole: "... [HJistorians must take part in drawing up new forms of coexistence among the different nationalities. They are at the moment badly prepared for this. ... [T]he languages and histories of foreign countries have been studied. Everything has 2 A.V.Predtechensky, Ocherki obshchestvenno-politicheskoy istorii Rossii v pervoy chetverti XIX veka, (Moscow-Leningrad, 1957). Predtechensky predictably emphasizes the class struggle of the peasantry and the development of capitalist relations as the necessary prerequisites of reform in the Baltic, p.365. 3 See, for example, M.M.Dukhanov, Ostzeitsv. Politika ostzeiskogo dvoryanstva v 50-70 gg. XIX v. i kritika ee apologeticheskoi istoriografii (Riga, 1978), 457-459. Dukhanov's comprehensive survey of Baltic "apologists" (Carl Schirren, Reinhard Wittram, Hans Rothfels, Georg von Rauch, Alexander Tobien amongst others) is a useful critical assessment from the Soviet point of view. Ibid., Chapter Two, 53-100. 11 been studied except the history of the peoples of our own country. No-one has studied the Union or the Russian Empire as a whole. Kazakhs have studied Kazakhstan, Uzbekis Uzbekistan, Lithuanians Lithuania and Latvians Latvia ...".4 Baltic Soviet historians have naturally concerned themselves with reforms in their own area. Their main point of focus has been to determine what influence reforms had on social-economic development in the provinces. There is no attempt to place them in the larger
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