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A \ T P V Ôiovak Academj of (Sciences AFDICAN Btudieb AÔIAN A \ T p v ôiovak Academj of (Sciences AFDICAN bTUDIEb Volume 4/1995 Number 1 CONTENTS Editor in Chief: Viktor KRUPA Associate and Managing Editor: Articles Jozef Genzor Krupa, Viktor: Body as a Principle of Space Organization and Interpretation 3 u • r* j . -p» ř / A nv t ' r “a i » We would like to inform our readers that R acova, Anna: The Lexicon of Slovak • 1OQ0 ^ . • , ACTAXT AXTT^ n r J 0 since 1992 our periodical ASIAN AND Romany Language ... 8 AFRICAN STUDIES is published semi- D r o z d ik , Ladislav: Arabic Script as a Lin- annually in joumal form rather than guistic F actor ................. ..................... ...15 annually in book form. The conception of G álik, Marián: The Reception of the Bible in our journal, however, has not undergone Mainland China (1980-1992): Observa- any major changes. tions of a Literary Comparatist 24 The Editors H ídvéghyová, Elena: The Decadent Obses­ sion: Eros Versus Celibacy in the Work o f Address of the Editorial Office Shi Zhecun and Anatole F rance .....................47 Institute of Oriental and African Studies Slobodník, Martin: Discussions on Strategy Slovak Academy of Sciences against “Barbarians ” - An Essay from Klemensova 19 New History o f the Tang Dynasty (Xin 813 64 Bratislava Tang Shu) .............................................................71 Slovakia Fuchs, Emanuel M.: Die Grundgedanken der Staatslehre Khomeinis und ihr Nieder-te l / f a * : ^004^7) 776 376 7 7 . , . 7 j, n e-mail: [email protected] schlag in der iranischen Verfassung von w 1979 90 ..................................................................... The editors bear no responsibility what­ soever for the views expressed by the contributors to this journal. Book Reviews K olm aš, Josef: The Ambans and Assistant Ambans of Tibet ( A Chronological Study). B y Martin Slobodník.................................................................................................................... 103 C ole, W. Owen - Sambhi, Piara Singh: A Popular Dictionary o f Sikhism. By Anna Rá- cová .................................................................................................................................................. 105 Das Mittelalter in Daten. Literatur, Kunst, Geschichte 750 bis 1520. Hrsg. von Joachim Heinzle. Von Vojtech Kopčan .................................................................................................... 106 H ösch, E.: Geschichte der Balkan-Länder. Von der Frühzeit zur Gegenwart. Von Voj­ tech Kopčan.................................................................................................................................... 108 H u lec, O. and M endel, M. (Editors): Threefold Wisdom. Islam, the Arab World and Af­ rica. Papers in Honour of Ivan Hrbek By Ladislav Drozdík......................................... 110 Zaborski, Andrzej: Rozmówki arabskie. Dialekt egipski. By Ladislav Drozdík..................I l l ASIAN A W P ) S Ä , L V_L\|J / of Sciences AFRICAN (STUDIES INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, BRATISLAVA SAP - SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS, LTD. BRATISLAVA SLOVAKIA ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES, 4 , 1995, 1, 3-7 ARTICLES BODY AS A PRINCIPLE OF SPACE ORGANIZATION AND INTERPRETATION Viktor K rupa Institute of Oriental and African Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Klemensova 19, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovakia The utilization o f anatomical metaphor in various conceptual domains is briefly dis­ cussed here. Occasional applications are distinguished from those instances where the whole complex of body parts is projected upon another conceptual domain. It is a well-known fact that words referring to body parts play a significant role in the expansion of vocabulary in various languages. The anatomical terms are of­ ten used metaphorically (or metonymically), irrespective of whether their meta­ phorical nature is still perceived by the speakers of the language as living or whether it is detectable only by means of an etymological analysis. The meta­ phorical mechanisms, however, are at work in both instances, which is important from the cognitive point of view relevant in this paper. For example, the English word “head” in the utterance “He has a good head for languages”, stands for someone’s intellect or mind. At other opportunities again, the metaphorical us­ ages of “head” are based rather upon its round shape as witnessed by the follow­ ing examples: “head of a muscle”, “head of a ram”, “head of a violin”, “head of a lathe”, “head of a tape recorder”, “head of lettuce”; upon its prominence or func­ tional centrality within a body; or upon its position at the top of an object, cf. “head of a column”, “head of a bed”, “head of a grave”, “head of the family” (or of a committee, etc.), “head in a book”, “head waiter”, “headmaster”, “head of the table”, “the head on a glass of beer”, “head of a valley”, “head of a staircase” (or of a mast), “head of a river”, “head of a tree”, “head of a ship”, “head of a bridge”, “headstream”, “headstone”, “head- word”; sometimes several factors may be involved, e.g. “head of a missile”, “head of a cane”, etc. Other anatomical terms can also be utilized metaphorically, e.g., eye (“the eye of a needle”), nose (“nose of a canoe”), mouth (“mouth of a river”), hand (“hand of a clock”), foot (“foot of a mountain”). Anatomical terms are em­ ployed as vehicles of lexical metaphors probably in most languages of the world, reflecting thus a cognitive semantic or pragmatic universal. 3 In Japanese, atama, “head”, can metaphorically refer to a chief or leader or to the top part of an object; me, “eye”, may denote, in addition to the organ of vision, the eye of a needle or a field of a chessboard; kawa means both skin and bark, husk, shell or the crust of bread. Languages seem to differ as to the frequency of body-based lexical meta­ phors. While Japanese metaphorizes anatomical (and possibly other) terms sparsely, in Indonesian they are very common indeed. For example, Indonesian kepala, “head”, is metaphorically employed in six diverse conceptual domains, i.e. kepala kereta api, “locomotive” (literally head of a train), kepala sarong, “upper edge of sarong” (head of a sarong), kepala desa, “village headman” (head of a village), kepala air, “the edge of flooding water” (head of water), kepala susu, “cream” (head of milk), kepala tahun, “the beginning of the year” (head of the year). The metaphorical usages of Indonesian mata, “eye”, muka, “face”, or mulut, “mouth”, are among the most frequently used body parts. The anatomical terms have been found to be applied not only to visible natu­ ral objects but also to artifacts and various abstractions, even such as time and space. The inventory of human body parts includes several dozen terms, but not all of them are equally eligible for metaphorization. A preliminary comparison of Indonesian and Maori indicates that both languages display a tendency to prefer the metaphorization of the most salient body parts - eye, head, mouth - and, more particularly, of their salient features. Such a coincidence of the two lan­ guages is obviously not due to chance and seems to have a psychological basis; drawings of people by children tend to emphasize facial features and head in general while visibly reducing the rest of the body (Krupa 1993: 147—153). The metaphorical usage of an anatomical term outside its proper conceptual domain presumes that the object from the target domain is viewed as being at least partly analogical to the model object. And yet it does not automatically en­ sue that several if not the whole set of anatomical terms are metaphorically ap­ plied to one and the same target domain. If a committee is said to have a head, this does not mean and guarantee that this committee must have “hands”, “stomach”, or “feet”, at least not upon the conventional lexicological level (po­ etry, of course, would be something different). Analogical metaphorization of a complete or partial set of the body parts does occur in common speech, but it is an individual occurrence, an ad hoc event; if husband is “the head” of a family, wife may be jokingly said to be “the neck”, namely the part of the body capable of turning the head in one or the other direction. A more complex or systemic projection of a whole set of anatomical terms often occurs in mythology. And yet, while a mythological narrative is alive, such a projection cannot be said to be a metaphor; at least it is not felt by the believ­ ers to be one but can be viewed as a metaphorical interpretation of a conceptual field by external observers. Thus, body as a gestalt has become a model for the description (Kordys 1991: 65) of universe and society in mythology. It ought to be stressed, however, that the human body may be the most important but certainly not the only 4 model of this kind. Occasionally other models are recorded - such as animal body, plant anatomy or even an important artifact, e.g., canoe. And, equally in­ teresting, all of them may play a part not only in mythology. Sufficient evidence has been amassed by Alexander Demandt from ancient, mediaeval and modern history as well as from philosophy to document wide­ spread usage of “organic” metaphors in various historical eras (Demandt 1978). Awareness of isomorphism between the individual body and the organism of state dates as far back as Ancient Egypt and Persia. Aristotle elaborates on the image and views various state organs as organs of the human body, justifying thus the priority of the state over its individual citizens by the priority of the whole body over its limbs and organs (Demandt 1978: 21). The organic image of a state or of a society has survived in history into the 20th century; Arnold Toynbee speaks of social organisms that are born, grow, may suffer from diseases and even die in their time (Demandt 1978: 100). Many mythological stories expressly assert (or establish) the existence of links between the bodies of various gods and the world. Japanese cosmogony derives the origin of many natural features from the body parts of gods, whereas other created objects are said to be born by gods.
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