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! Tag der mündlichen Prüfung / date of the disputation: 09.11.2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Christian Pietsch Referent: Prof. Dr. Andreas Schulte Korreferentin: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Grabski-Kieron Drittgutachter: Priv.-Doz. Armin Scholl
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K'>#&*'D*G#! m8&!-#$&, %/&, &25*'.21&2%, *$, %/&, 1-i.', '&6*.2-", !/-'-!%&'*$%*!,%/-%,3&%&'1*2&$,%/&,!.1)&%*%*5&2&$$,.+,%/&,!"#$%&'n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hDL#DD,&%,-"4_!RSSbPO!3D>)$?%)! CD?=>#&=!'B@!B#>\$&E=!'&#!$J>#B!?=#@!=AB$BAK$?=DA!*B!>$?&*=K_!2&'?B!NRSSoP!'&%?#=! >)'>! >)#A! '&#! m3*++&'&2%, 7&%, *2%&'3&)&23&2%9, E/&'&87, $1-"", 8#$*2&$$, 2&%E.'?, ! TS! $%'#!%#'&$,#23&')*2,%/&,6'.E%/,-23,$#$%-*2-8*"*%7,.+,!"#$%&'*26nO!3B!$L#&L*#\!*=!%*L#B! *B!0'QD#!T!>$!$?>D*B#!>)#!@*JJ#&#BC#=V!! ! Table 1. Differences between networks and clusters according to Rosenfeld (2001) in Braun (2005) Networks Clusters Networks allow firms access to specialized Clusters attract needed specialized services at lower costs services to a region Networks have restricted membership Clusters have open membership Networks are based on contractual Clusters are based on social values that agreement foster trust and encourage reciprocity Networks make it easier for firms to make Clusters generate demand for other firms complex products with a variety of similar and related capacities Networks are based on cooperation Clusters take both cooperation and competition Networks have common business goals Clusters have collective visions ! 9$$(#&'>*$B!*B!&#%*$B'D!CD?=>#&=!@#K'B@=!'!C#&>'*B!@#%&##!$J!>&?=>_!#=(#C*'DDA! *B! =K'DD! D$C'D*G#@! #BL*&$BK#B>=! N;ABC)! 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RS! >)#!B'>*$B'D!$B#O!:#BC#!'!D$C'D!C$BC#B>&'>*$B!$J!>)*=!*B@?=>&A!*B!>)#!D$C'D!?B*>!\'=! @*=C$L#&#@O! +$&! 'B'DAG*B%! ($==*QD#! C$BC#B>&'>*$B=! *B! >)#! >$?&*=K! =#C>$&_! *>! *=! @*JJ*C?D>! >$! &#DA!$B!>$>'D!>?&B$L#&!$&!#K(D$AK#B>!@'>'!*B!>)#!@#=*%B'>#@!*B@?=>&*#=!$BDAV!6B!>)#! >$?&*=K!*B@?=>&A!u!*B!C$K('&*=$B!>$!>)#!=?((DA1Q'=#@!'B@!#Y($&>1@&*L#B!J$&#=>!'B@! \$$@1Q'=#@! *B@?=>&*#=! =#C>$&! u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a!$J!>)#!CD'==!:!*B!>)#!"#&K'B!9D'==*J*C'>*$B!$J! .C$B$K*C! 3C>*L*>*#=! ]="-$$*+*?-%*.2, 3&', C*'%$!/-+%$:E&*6&^! \'=! &#D'>#@! >$! >)#! >$>'D! >#&>*'&A!=#C>$&!C$K(&*=*B%!CD'==#=!"1,!#YCD?@*B%!:O!0)#!;a!\'=!C'DC?D'>#@!J*&=>!\*>)! >)#!&#J#&#BC#!'&#'!$J!>)#!'@K*B*=>&'>*L#!@*=>&*C>!3&B=Q#&%!NJ$&#=>!C$L#&'%#!$J!cReP_! 'B@! =#C$B@! &#J#&&*B%!>$! >)#! \)$D#! J#@#&'D! =>'>#! $J!8$&>)! -)*B#1F#=>()'D*'! NJ$&#=>! C$L#&'%#!$J!RdePO! ! x / x LQ = gi !i gi ! gi X / X i !i i ! ;a!f!D$C'>*$B!`?$>*#B>! %!f!*B@#Y!$J!*B@?=>&A!Q&'BC)! *!f!*B@#Y!$J!D$C'D!?B*>! Y! f! $Q=#&L#@! L'D?#! J$&! D$C'D! 'C>*L*>A! NNTP! >$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=w! NRP! >$>'D! >?&B$L#&! *B! %'=>&$B$KAP! t!f!$Q=#&L#@!L'D?#!$J!&#J#&#BC#!NNTP!>$>'D!D$C'D!($(?D'>*$Bw!NRP!>$>'D!>?&B$L#&!*B! >#&>*'&A!=#C>$&P! ! ! RT! -#%'&@*B%!>)#!;a!$J!oOTc!J$&!>$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=!'B@!>$>'D!($(?D'>*$B!*B!>)#!'&#'!$J! >)#! :$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=! *B! &#D'>*$B! >$! >)#! '@K*B*=>&'>*L#! @*=>&*C>! $J! 3&B=Q#&%! ]L&6*&'#26$8&:*'?,F'2$8&'6^!*>!Q#C$K#=!#L*@#B>!*B!0'QD#!R_!>)'>!>)#!:/X!#YC##@=!>)#! -23! CD#'&DAO! 6>! 'D=$! #YC##@=! 'DD! $>)#&! 9$?B>*#=! *B!>)#! /'?#&D'B@! &#%*$BO! 6>=! ;a! $J! TrOco!*B!&#D'>*$B!>$!>)#!&#J#&#BC#!'&#'!$J!>)#!J#@#&'D!=>'>#!8-F!N'DQ#*>!\*>)!'!J$&#=>1 C$L#&!$J!$BDA!RoeP!K'&E=!*>=!>$?&*=K!C)'&'C>#&!>)&$?%)!%?#=>!'&&*L'D=!#L#B!K$&#O! ! Table 2. Location quotient (LQ) according to tourist arrivals to the area and total local population in the area, Federal Agency for Statistics [Statistisches Bundesamt], 2008. Spatial area Tourist arrivals Total LQ for LQ for to the area population of reference reference the area area RBA area NRW North Rhine- Westphalia (NRW) 13,491,274 17,944,064 0.30 1.00 Administrative district Arnsberg (RBA) 9,452,562 3,699,748 1.00 3.40 3,567,290 271,891 5.14 17.45 Hochsauerlandkreis 449,884 437,785 0.40 1.37 Märkischer Kreis 585,474 140,481 1.63 5.54 Kreis Olpe Kreis Siegen- Wittgenstein 980,471 286,299 1.34 4.55 ! 0)#! ;a! $J!ROSs!C'DC?D'>#@! J$&! >)#! >?&B$L#&!D*'QD#!>$! >'Y! $B! ='D#=!]$%&#&'8-'&', G1$-%:^! *B! >)#! )$>#D! 'B@! &#=>'?&'B>! *B@?=>&A! J$&! >)#! :/X! C$K('&#@! >$! >)#! -23! CD#'&DA!($*B>=!$?>!>)#!*K($&>'BC#!$J!>)#!>$?&*=K!=#C>$&!J$&!>)*=!9$?B>AO!3>!>)#!='K#! >*K#!>)#!B#*%)Q$&*B%!9$?B>*#=!\*>)!=*K*D'&!J$&#=>!C$L#&'%#!@$!B$>!=)$\!>)#=#!CD#'&! >#B@#BC*#=!'>!'DDO!6B!&#J#&#BC#!\*>)!>)#!J#@#&'D!=>'>#!8-F!>)#!;a!\'=!C'DC?D'>#@!\*>)! bOTs!N0'QD#!bPO! F*>)! >)*=! J$?B@'>*$B! *>! Q#C$K#=! #L*@#B>! >)'>! >)#! :/X! *=! B$>! $BDA! '! J$&#=>1 Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!'B@!&#C&#'>*$B!CD?=>#&O!6>!'D=$!C$B=>*>?>#=!'!(&$K*=*B%!'&#'!J$&!'!C'=#! =>?@A! '((&$'C)! >$! J?&>)#&! #Y'K*B#! 'B@! 'B'DAG#! >)*=! CD?=>#&O! 3D>)$?%)! CD?=>#&=! #YC##@!'@K*B*=>&'>*L#!Q$&@#&=!*B!=*G#!'B@!=C'D#!NH$&>#&_!RSSS_!3=)#*K,&%,-"4_!RSSdP_! >)#!D*K*>'>*$B!>$!>)#!:$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=!\'=!@#C*@#@!J$&!>\$!&#'=$B=V!]T^!=#C$B@'&A! @'>'! \'=! 'L'*D'QD#! '>! >)#! 9$?B>A! D#L#D! 'B@! ]R^! 'B! 'B'DA=*=! $J! >)#! \)$D#! &#%*$B! $&! D'B@=C'(#!?B*>!\$?D@!)'L#!Q##B!Q#A$B@!>)#!=C$(#!$J!>)#!=>?@A!&#%'&@*B%!Q$>)!>*K#! 'B@!J*B'BC*'D!=$?&C#=O! ! RR! ! Table 3. Location quotient (LQ) according to turnover liable to tax on sales in the hotel and restaurant industry (class H) in relation to the turnover liable to tax on sales in the whole tertiary (service) sector (German Classification of Economic Activities classes G-O excluding H), Federal agency for statistics [Statistisches Bundesamt], 2008. Spatial area Turnover liable Turnover liable LQ for LQ for to tax on sales to tax on sales reference area reference in the tertiary in the hotel and RBA area NRW sector in restaurant thousand industry Euros North Rhine- Westphalia 740,256,837 11,586,893 0.65 1.00 Administrative district Arnsberg 82,439,909 1,970,726 1.00 1.53 Hochsauerlandkreis 4,247,977 211,891 2.09 3.19 Märkischer Kreis 8,023,521 183,127 0.95 1.46 Kreis Olpe 2,239,935 81,302 1.52 2.32 Kreis Siegen- Wittgenstein 6,034,004 128,528 0.89 1.36 ! 94A4 3OQIUIHIPU' PQ' QPTONHBLMNOX' HPSTINW' MUX' XOTIJOX' LSNIUONNON' F)*D#!'B!*B@?=>&A!*=!@#J*B#@!QA!*>=!C$KK$B!(&$@?C>*$B!(&$C#==#=!J$&!'!%&$?(! $J!=*K*D'&!#B>#&(&*=#=!'B@!Q?=*B#==#=_!>)#!>$?&*=K!*B@?=>&A!*=!@#J*B#@!QA!>)#!'C>*L*>A! $J! >)#! C$B=?K#&=! N:'DD! 'B@! 7*C)'#D_! RSSrPO! mF!%*5*%7(8-$&3, $&61&2%-%*.2, *$, )'&3*!-%&3, .2, %/&, -$$#1)%*.2, %/-%, 3*++&'&2%, %.#'*$1, )'.3#!%$, -))&-", %., 3*++&'&2%, %7)&$, .+, %.#'*$%$4n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srcP!*2!i#*D!NTssRP!'=V! ! Rb! ! aF2!-!%*5*%79,-)-'%,+'.1,%/&,.8"*6-%*.2$,.+,E.'?9,+-*"9,-23,$.!*&%7,k,%.,E/*!/,%/&, *23*5*3#-", %#'2$, -%, E*""9, +.', &*%/&', '&"-b-%*.29, 3*5&'$*.29, .', 8'.-3&2*26, /*$, ?2.E"&36&, -23, /*$, $).2%-2&.#$, $.!*-", )-'%*!*)-%*.29,%/&, +'&&, &b&'!*$&, .+, /*$, !'&-%*5&,!-)-!*%74n! ! ! -#C&#'>*$B!*=!@#J*B#@!'CC$&@*B%!>$!+'*&C)*#D@!NTsrSP!*2!i#*D!NTssRPV! ! aF27,-!%*5*%7,)#'$#&3,3#'*26,"&*$#'&9,&*%/&',*23*5*3#-",.',!.""&!%*5&9,%/-%,*$,+'&&, fgh, /-5*26, *%$, .E2, *11&3*-%&, -))&-"9, 2.%, *1)&""&3, 87, -, 3&"-7&3, '&E-'3, 8&7.23,*%$&"+9,.',87,-27,*11&3*-%&,2&!&$$*%74n! ! ! 0)#! @#J*B*>*$B! J$&! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! *=! '@'(>#@! J&$K! 7?&>)A! 'B@! 9'QQ'%#! NRSScP_! X'['D'! &%, -"4! NRSScP_! 2??D>[#=! &%, -"O! NRSSbP! '=! \#DD! '=! 9$&@#DD! 'B@! 0'&&'B>! NRSSRPV! ! a@.'&$%(8-$&3, %.#'*$1, *$, %.#'*$1, %/-%, *25."5&$, '&!'&-%*.2, *2, 2-%#'-", +.'&$%, $#''.#23*26$9,!.18*2*26,'&!'&-%*.2-",#$&,.+,+.'&$%$,-23,%.#'*$14,@.'&$%(8-$&3, %.#'*$1, *$, 3&+*2&3, -$, *2!"#3*26, ).'%*.2$, .+, -"", 3*'&!%, 2-%#'&(8-$&3, $&'5*!&$, -!%*5*%*&$,'&"-%&3,%.,%.#'*$14,A2,+.'&$%(8-$&3,%.#'*$19,%/&,+.'&$%,*$,-,$*62*+*!-2%, -%%'-!%*.2,.',&25*'.21&2%,+.',-!%*5*%*&$4n! ! ! 0)#!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!'C>*L*>*#=!\#&#!'@'(>#@!J&$K!3KK#&!'B@!H&hQ=>D!NTssTP!'B@! C&#'>#@! 'CC$&@*B%! >$! N4*=='&>_! RSSoP! \)#&#! B'>?&'D!'K#B*>*#=! '&#! CD$=#DA! D*BE#@! >$! &#C&#'>*$B! 'C>*L*>*#=! *B! >)#*&! =?&&$?B@*B%=! N0'QD#! cPO! 0)#! C$BB#C>*$B! Q#>\##B! >)#! (&#=#BC#! $J! J$&#=>! &#=$?&C#=! '>! '! C#&>'*B! J$&#=>! C$L#&'%#! (#&C#B>'%#! 'B@! *>=! L*=*>'>*$B!J&#`?#BCA!\'=!#=>'QD*=)#@!*B!('=>!=>?@*#=!N7'&C$?*DD#&_!Tssp_!7'&C$?*DD#&, &%,-"4_!RSSc_!2$\#!'B@!7'&C$?*DD#&_!RSSdPO! ! Table 4. Natural amenities and their influence on activity and activity supporting products and services according to Dissart (2005) / modified Natural amenity Recreational activity Specialized products / services derived from the recreational activity Relief Mountain biking Mountain bike trails Downhill skiing Ski slopes / ski trails Snowboarding Cable cars Runways Cross country skiing Climbing routes Paragliding ! Rc! Climbing Skating-tracks Nordic-skating Bob runs Bob-sledding Forests Hiking / going for a walk Hiking trails / hiking Animal observation infrastructure (signage, Photography benches, weather huts Horseback riding Look-outs) Gathering of fruits / Horseback riding trails mushrooms Picnic-sites Camping Campsites / Campgrounds ! 94C4 DSONHIPUUMITO'NSTJOKN' -#=#'&C)!K#>)$@=!J$&!D#*=?&#!'B@!>$?&*=K!'&#!CD$=#DA!@#&*L#@!J&$K!K#>)$@=!*B! =$C*'D! =C*#BC#=_! *BCD?@*B%! *B>#&L*#\=! 'B@! =?&L#A=! Ni#*D_! RSSdPO! 3! K'[$&! ('&>! $J! >$@'AZ=! >$?&*=K! &#=#'&C)! *=! 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J*#D@! \'=! =?(($&>#@! QA! '! %&'@?'>#! '==*=>'B>!\)$!)#D(#@!\*>)!>)#!@*=>&*Q?>*$B!$J!>)#!`?#=>*$BB'*&#=!'B@!K'*B>'*B#@!>)#! D*=>!\*>)!>)#!='K(D#@!Q?=*B#==#=O! 6>!$CC?&&#@!>)'>!Q?=*B#==#=!)'@!CD$=#@!@$\B!$&!)'@!)'@!'B!$\B#&=)*(!C)'B%#O! 6B! >)#! J*&=>! C'=#_! >)#A! \#&#! #D*K*B'>#@! J&$K! >)#! D*=>O! 6B! >)#! =#C$B@! C'=#! >)#! B#\! $\B#&! \'=! '=E#@O! :#BC#! *B! =$K#! >$\B=! 'B@! C$KK?B*>*#=! D#==! >)'B! oSe! $J! 'DD! Q?=*B#==#=! \#&#! =?&L#A#@O! 3@@*>*$B'DDA_! >)#! &#>?&B!&'>#! \'=! C)#CE#@! >\$! K$B>)=! (&*$&! >$! >)#! @'>'! 'C`?*=*>*$B! CD$=?&#O! 6B! >$\B=! 'B@! C$KK?B*>*#=! \*>)! ?B='>*=JA*B%! &#>?&B!&'>#=!ND$\#&!>)'B!RoeP!'!=#C$B@!@'>'!'C`?*=*>*$B!\'=!(?&=?#@!\*>)!Q?=*B#==#=! >)'>! )'@! B$>! Q##B! =?&L#A#@! *B! >)#! J*&=>! (D'C#O! 0)?=! =$K#! >$\B=! 'B@! C$KK?B*>*#=! \#&#!C$K(D#>#DA!=?&L#A#@!N#O!%O!7'&=Q#&%PO!:$\#L#&_!('&>DA!>)*=!K#'B=!@*@!B$>!D#'@! ! Rp! >$!'!=*%B*J*C'B>!*BC&#'=#!$J!>)#!&#>?&B!&'>#O!3J>#&!'!D$\!&#>?&B!&'>#!\'=!B$>*C#@!J$&! >)#!\*B>#&1@#(#B@#B>!Q?=*B#==#=!'!J$DD$\1?(!()$B#!=?&L#A!\'=!*B*>*'>#@O! bcc! `?#=>*$BB'*&#=! \#&#! @*=>&*Q?>#@O! TdR! `?#=>*$BB'*&#=! \#&#! &#>?&B#@O! Top! `?#=>*$BB'*&#=!\#&#!?='QD#!*J!'>!D#'=>!>)#!J*&=>!('%#_!C$B>'*B*B%!>)#!K$=>!*K($&>'B>! *BJ$&K'>*$B!J$&!>)*=!=>?@A_!\'=!C$K(D#>#@O!0)*=!D#'@=!>$!K*B$&!L'&*'>*$B=!$J!B!*B!>)#! C$?&=#!$J!>)#!*B>#&(&#>'>*$BO!3!=?&L#A!&#>?&B!&'>#!$J!coOse!C$?D@!Q#!&#'C)#@O!6B!>)#! =C*#B>*J*C! D*>#&'>?&#_! ($=>'D! `?#=>*$BB'*&#! =?&L#A=! '&#! $J>#B! &#($&>#@! \*>)! '! &#>?&B! &'>#! $J! Ro1bSe! Ni#*D_! RSSdPO! 9$B=*@#&*B%! >)*=! J'C>_! >)#! coOse! '&#! #YC##@*B%! >)#! 'L#&'%#!&#>?&B!&'>#!*B!D#*=?&#!'B@!>$?&*=K!=>?@*#=O!3B!$L#&'DD!C$L#&'%#!$J!RoOde!*=! 'CC#(>'QD#!J$&!`?#=>*$BB'*&#!=?&L#A=!N/C)B#DD,&%,-"4_!RSSoP!N0'QD#!oPO!! ! Table 5. Distribution and return rate of the tourism businesses questionnaires according to towns and communities in the Hochsauerland County. Data acquisition in the period between July 2007 and February 2008 Communities Zip code Busi- Distri- Returned Total Return and towns nesses buted question- rate rate question naires [%] [%] -naires Arnsberg 59755- 19 7 7 36,8 100,0 59821 Marsberg 34431 16 15 3 18,8 20,0 Schmallenberg 57392 151 85 44 29,1 51,8 Sundern 59846 33 19 9 27,3 47,4 Meschede 59872 31 23 7 22,6 30,4 Eslohe 59889 34 30 13 38,2 43,3 Bestwig 59909 20 14 7 35,0 50,0 Brilon 59929 45 35 9 20,0 25,7 Olsberg 59939 30 24 14 46,7 58,3 Winterberg 59959 164 60 34 20,7 56,7 Medebach 59964 55 22 8 14,5 36,4 Hallenberg 59969 20 10 3 15,0 30,0 Total - 618 344 158 25,6 45,9 ! 94C494 6INIHPT'NSTJOK' "#B#&'D! ! i*=*>$&!=?&L#A=!)'L#!Q##B!(&$L#@!'B@!>#=>#@!'=!'!=?*>'QD#!>$$D!>$!'B'DAG#!>)#! %#B#&'D! L*=*>$&! @#K'B@_! L*=*>$&! $(*B*$B_! '>>*>?@#! 'B@! *B>#&#=>! *B! &#%*$B'D! >$?&*=K! @#=>*B'>*$B=! Ni#*D_! RSSdPO! 0$! &#'C)! >)#! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=>! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! =##E#&_! *B>#&L*#\!D$C'>*$B=!\#&#!C)$=#B!*B!C$$(#&'>*$B!\*>)!>)#!&#%*$B'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#&=O! ! Rs! 0)#!`?#=>*$BB'*&#!\'=!@#L#D$(#@!J$&!>)#!(?&($=#!$J!C$L#&*B%!>)#!#D#K#B>!3&1-23, !.23*%*.24! ! a?#=>*$BB'*&#!! 0$! J'C*D*>'>#! C$K(D#>*$B_! >)#! L*=*>$&! `?#=>*$BB'*&#! N=##! 3BB#Y! iP! C$B=*=>#@! $J! CD$=#@!`?#=>*$B=!$BDA!Ni#*D_!RSSdP_!#YC#(>!J$&!>)#!@#K$%&'()*C!('&>O! 0)#!J*&=>!('&>!$J!>)#!`?#=>*$BB'*&#!*BCD?@#=!%#B#&'D!*BJ$&K'>*$B!$B!>&'L#D!'B@! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B!*B!>)#!&#%*$B_!=?C)!'=!>&'L#D!C$K('B*$B=_!@#('&>?&#_!'&&*L'D_!=>'A!*B! @'A=_! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B_! >&'L#D! @#C*=*$B! 'B@! J*&=>! *BJ$&K'>*$B! $B! L'C'>*$B! *B! >)#! &#%*$BO! 2#=*@#=! >)#! `?#=>*$B! $B! D'B@=C'(#! C)'&'C>#&*=>*C_! >)#! =#C$B@! ('&>! $J! >)#! `?#=>*$BB'*&#! =?&L#A=! L*=*>$&=Z! *B>#&#=>=! 'B@! 'C>*L*>*#=! 'CC$&@*B%!>$! >)#*&! >)&##! >$(! (&#J#&#BC#=O!0)*=!*B>#B@=!>$!'=C#&>'*B!'!K'*B!*B>#&#=>!'B@!'C>*L*>A!'B@!'@@*>*$B'D!$&! 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C)'&'C>#&_!>)#!#K#&%*B%!($==*Q*D*>*#=!'B@!>)#*&!C$B>#Y>1@#(#B@*B%!*B>#&(&#>'>*$B_!*>! *=!*K($==*QD#!>$!#=>'QD*=)!C&*>#&*'!J$&!$(($&>?B*>*#=!'B@!>)&#'>=O!:#BC#_!>)#!J$DD$\*B%! C&*>#&*'!'B@!*B@*C'>$&=!'@@&#==!=>&#B%>)=!'B@!\#'EB#==#=!#YCD?=*L#DAO! mB%'&26%/$,%/&'&87,'&"-%&,%.,%/&,!.1)&%*%*5&,-35-2%-6&,-23,.%/&',3*$%*26#*$/*26, !.1)&%&2!*&$n! \*>)*B! >)#! @*=>*BC>*L#! CD?=>#&! $&! Q?=*B#==! N:$?Q#B, &%, -"4_! TsssPO! F#'EB#==#=!'&#!(&$%&#==1)*B@#&*B%!D*K*>'>*$B=!J$&!>)#!CD?=>#&!$&!Q?=*B#==!N*Q*@OPO!! 0'QD#!r!=)$\=!'!D*=>!$J!C&*>#&*'!'B@!*B@*C'>$&=!J$&!>)#!'B'DA=*=!$J!=>&#B%>)=!'B@! \#'EB#==#=! N/FP! *B! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! CD?=>#&! &#=#'&C)O! 0)#! D*=>! C$?D@!($==*QDA!Q#!#Y('B@#@O! ! Table 7. Logical framework of criteria and indicators for a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis in forest-based tourism and recreation clusters. Construct Criteria Indicators Sources Strengths Vast nature use - diversified landscape (Huybers and Bennett, potential / high features (lakes, rivers, 2003) quality of natural hills, forest, fields, (Buultjens et al., 2003) resources meadows) (Hall and Boyd, 2005) - forest cover (Marcouiller, 1998) - partially protected areas (Cordell et al., 1990) and parks Skilled staff (quality)/ - high standard service (Porter, 1998) Human resources quality (Tapper and Font, 2003) (quantity) - schooling / training of new staff Physical - auto route / railway net (Brown and Geddes, infrastructure - local public 2007) transportation (Tapper and Font, 2003) - accommodation (Nilsson, 2001) businesses / gastronomy - attraction points Capital resources / - bank loans for private (Porter, 1998) bank loans / sector (Poon, 1993) investment - upgrade of service (Brown and Geddes, opportunities standards 2007) - forward integration of products or services ! cc! Long-time / trustful - high density in (Novelli et al., 2006) intersectoral cooperation between (Feser, 1998) cooperation different branches / (Brown, 2000) sectors (Bieger and Weinert, - exchange of explicit 2006) and tacit knowledge Branding - developed brands (Porter, 1998) - marketability (Novelli et al., 2006) - positioning (Williams, 2001) Innovation capacity - cooperation with (Porter, 1998) and research research institutions (Enright, 2003) endeavours - use of consulting (Mytelka and Farinelli, services 2000) Development of - supplementary products (Weiermair, 2006) diagonal dimension and services adding up (Michael, 2003) to other dimensions (Michael, 2007b) - complementarities - product niches High demand - visitor catchment area (Porter, 1998) and attractive product / (Poon, 1993) service (Hall and Boyd, 2005) - high visitor arrivals to the area Strong supply side - local concentration of (Porter, 1998) suppliers Weaknesses Unskilled workers / - missing education (Porter, 1998) lack of work power institutions or training (Buultjens et al., 2003) businesses (Tapper and Font, 2003) - lack of manpower through little settlement (e.g. in remote areas) - dissatisfying working conditions Information leakage / - weak ties in cooperative (Staber, 2007) Lacking networks (Lynch and Morrison, communication - “information holes” in 2007) patterns the organisation set up of (Tracey and Clark, 2003) tourism marketing / (Simpson and management Bretherton, 2004) Lack of infrastructure - public transportation net (Porter, 1998) - autobahn (auto routes) (Brown and Geddes, - railway net 2007) - broad band internet (Tapper and Font, 2003) connections for (Nilsson, 2001) customers Lacking demand side - little visitor arrivals to (Porter, 1998) the area (Poon, 1993) - no customer orientation (Hall and Boyd, 2005) Weak suppliers - dependency of view (Porter, 1998) large scale suppliers (Poon, 1993) ! ! co! 94>4 5UHTPXSGHIPU'HP'H_O'GMNO'NHSXK'MTOM' 94>484 .OUOTMR' 0)#!:$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=!N:/XP!9$?B>A!*=!=*>?'>#@!*B!>)#!=$?>)1#'=>!('&>!$J!>)#! 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Hiker’s lookout at the Rothaarsteig, photo: author (photo taken in 2006 prior to Kyrill) ! ! oS! 0)#! &#%*$B'D! >$?&*=K! K'B'%#K#B>! K'*BDA! J$C?=#=! $B! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! >)#K#=! N+*%?&#! rP! \*>)! 'B! #K()'=*=! $B! )*E*B%_! Q*E*B%_! J?B1=($&>_! J'K*DA! L'C'>*$B! 'B@! )#'D>)A1D*J#=>AD#! N/'?#&D'B@10$?&*=K?=_! RSScPO!3D>)$?%)! C?D>?&#! 'B@! )#&*>'%#! >$?&*=K!'=!\#DD!'=!C$BJ#&#BC#!>$?&*=K!'&#!J?&>)#&!&#%*$B'D!>$?&*=K!=#%K#B>=_!>)#A! &#K'*B!&'>)#&!K'&%*B'D!N/'?#&D'B@10$?&*=K?=_!RSScPO! 6B!>)#!D'=>!@#C'@#_!>)#!&#%*$B'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!(?>!'!=>&$B%!#K()'=*=!$B! )*E*B%_!'*K*B%!>$!Q#C$K#!>)#!m)*E*B%!@#=>*B'>*$B!B?KQ#&!Tn!*B!"#&K'BAO!6BC&#'=#@! *BL#=>K#B>=! *B! >)#! #=>'QD*=)K#B>! $J! )*%)! `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pPO!! ! Figure 8. Organization of the regional tourism marketing association “Sauerland – Tourismus e.V.”(Sauerland-Tourismus, 2006) Sauerland Tourismus e.V. Tourism Marketing Association Sauerland Board of directors (12) Members (54) Coordination 4 County 5 counties office representatives 29 towns and Bad Fredeburg 4 community communities representatives 20 organizations Employees (14) 4 representatives of and private businesses 8 marketing and private businesses administration 1 customer / Marketing group (15) Share volume business supervision working platform on the (2006) 4 service center local and communal 1.27 Mil Euros scale in tourism (2 part time) marketing 1 trainee ! ! F)*D#! >)#! *B@*L*@?'D! 9$?B>*#=! '&#! &#=($B=*QD#! J$&! >)#! *K(D#K#B>'>*$B! $J! 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N/'?#&D'B@1 0$?&*=K?=_!RSSrQP!>$!'L$*@!='D#=!C$DD'(=#=O!! 3D>)$?%)!\)*D#!@#=*%B*B%!>)#!`?#=>*$BB'*&#=!*>!\'=!@#C*@#@!B$>!>$!Q&*B%!?(!>)#! )?&&*C'B#! '=! '! =?Q[#C>! $J! @*=C?==*$B! *B! >)#! J&'K#\$&E! $J! >)*=! >)#=*=_! #'&DA! #Y(#&>! *B>#&L*#\=!=)$\#@!>)'>!*>=!*K('C>!)'@!C$B=#`?#BC#=!J$&!>$?&*=K!(D'BB*B%!'=!\#DD!'=! J$&! >)#! D$C'D! 'B@! &#%*$B'D! /7.=! *B! >$?&*=KO! 6J! &#%'&@#@! $?>! $J! ;.'%&'d$, 0*-1.23, 1.3&"!(#&=(#C>*L#_!>)#&#!C$?D@!B$>!Q#!'!Q#>>#&!#Y'K(D#!J$&!m9)'BC#n!*B!>)#!J$&#=>1 Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! CD?=>#&O! :#BC#! $B#! `?#=>*$B! $B! >)#! )?&&*C'B#! \'=! '@@#@!>$!`?#=>*$BB'*&#=O! ! Figure 10. Deforested hilltops nearby the Rothaarsteig and the Bruchhauser Steine in the Hochsauerlandkreis one month after Kyrill, photo: Wald-Zentrum (2007) ! ! oc! Figure 11. Marked detour of a hiking trail in the Hochsauerland County after the hurricane Kyrill caused major damages in the tourism infrastructure, photo: Sauerland-Tourismus (2007a) ! ! 94>4C4 -PTONHBLMNOX'HPSTINW'MGHIJIHION'MUX'PQQOTN' +$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! 'C>*L*>*#=! *B! >)#! :$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=! C$K(&*=#!)*E*B%_!\'DE*B%_!8$&@*C1\'DE*B%_!Q*E*B%_!@$\B1)*DD!'B@!$JJ1&$'@!Q*E*B%!'=! \#DD! '=! &$'@! Q*E*B%_! CD*KQ*B%_! )$&=#Q'CE! &*@*B%! 'B@! =D#@@*B%O! 3D=$! 'B*K'D! $Q=#&L'>*$B! 'B@! B'>?&#! ()$>$%&'()A! '&#! '>>&'C>*L#! D$C'D! 'C>*L*>*#=! J$&! >)#! L*=*>$&=! @?#!>$!'!=$?B@!J$&#=>!K'B'%#K#B>_!J*L#!B'>?&#!('&E=!'B@!L'&*$?=!B'>?&#!&#=#&L#=O! 0'QD#!p!=)$\=!'B!$L#&L*#\!$J!>)#!K'*B!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!'B@!&#C&#'>*$B!'C>*L*>A! $JJ#&=O! ! Table 8. Overview of the main forest-based tourism and recreation activity offers in the Hochsauerlandkreis 2007, own compilation Activity Infrastructure / Additional information facility / provider Hiking Rothaarsteig - Brilon - Dillenburg (Dill-Lahn-Kreis / Hessen) Hiking trail: 156 km - Certified Top-Trails-of-Germany - According to a Dwif-Study: (Anonymous, 2006) Opened 2001 - 32.91 Mil. Euros net value-added including - 24.30 Mil. Euros gastronomy - 5.7 Mil. Euros retail - 800 work places in the region Hiking Sauerländer - Iserlohn – Arnsberg (Marsberg) Waldroute - Length: 240 km Hiking trail - established to relocate the value added into the Opened 2008 whole region of the County, not only along the ! oo! Rothaarsteig corridor Hiking Sauerländer - Meinerzhagen - Korbach Höhenflug - length: 240 km Hiking trail - established to relocate the value added into the Opened 2008 whole region of the County, not only along the Rothaarsteig corridor Hiking Bergwanderpark - length: 400 km with over 6,500 m altitude Hiking trail net difference, 7 main hiking trails: Briloner Kammweg, Medebacher Bergweg, Olsberger Kneippwanderweg, Willinger Uplandsteig, Winterberger Hochtour, Hochsauerland Kammweg, Rothaarsteig plus additional feeder trails - established to relocate the value added into the whole region of the County, not only along the Rothaarsteig corridor Hiking Additional trails - Sauerländischer Gebirgsverein maintains Hiking trail net historical hiking trails in the whole Sauerland region, adding up to a net of 34,000 km of hiking trails Biking Bike Arena - mountain- and road bike parcours with signage Sauerland and GPS data - mountain bike: 37 bike trails for three different skill levels, overall 1,700 km of cycle trail net - road bike: further development of road bike niche intended - according to a Dwif-Study (Harrer, 2007): - ca. 23 Mil. Euros net value-added Biking Bike Park downhill Mountain bike park Winterberg - 9 km downhill track, with ski lifts, fun course, one of the most popular bike parks in northern Germany - bike schools as well as bike and equipment rental Skiing Wintersportarena - downhill skiing and snowboarding on 100 km ski Winterberg slopes with 150 ski lifts in the region, all difficulty levels - cross country skiing on 300 km ski tracks - floodlight tracks - snow guns to extend winter season Rock climbing Kletter Arena - three climbing sites in the Hochsauerlandkreis, Sauerland mainly in old stone pits - opened by Deutscher Alpenverein Nordic-walking Nordiczentrum - nordic-walking, skating and skiing tracks with NRW Westfeld floodlight - official training center for Nordic sports in NRW - annual athletic events Hiking, Wildwald - private business of a private forest owner with photography, Vosswinkel and large property offering forest-based tourism and animal watching Waldakademie recreation, as well as animals observations (park), environmental education programs (Waldakademie), outdoor sports (Canopy walk / climbing garden) and events (annual hunts and ! od! Christmas market) Nordic sports Wald-Fitness - private business of former Olympia medalist Ramona Brandenburger for instructing Nordic sports Nordic walking Nordic Aktiv Park - Towns and communities (mostly with health- related offers) established infrastructure for Nordic- walking, with signage for tourists and local recreation seekers, e.g. Nordic Walking track Arnsberger Wald Horseback At least 6 - horseback riders use official hiking trails which riding horseback riding has resulted into conflicts in the past schools and rentals - mediation has taken place with tourism mangers Bike trekking Ruhrtalradweg - Winterberg – Duisburg - Length: 230 km (main bike trekking route in HSK) Rope course Hochseilgarten - Facility offering rope course experience Sauerland (rope course Sauerland) Kräftespiel Hochseilgarten - Facility offering rope course experience Arnsberg Wildwald Athletic events Falke Rothaarsteig - annual Marathon and Half-Marathon event mainly Rothaarsteig sponsored by Falke Marathon FIS World cup Ski-jump Willingen - annual ski jump competition Ski jump International Winterberg trail - traditional dog sled races as a major attraction for dog sled race system “Am tourists and visitors, attracting around 10,000 Kuhlenberg” spectators Bob World cup Bob track - annual bob-sledding competitions and events Winterberg Extreme hiking Trail system - annual hiking, Nordic-walking event with (Höllenmarsch) around distances from 11 to 101 km Rothaarsteig Related forest-based tourism and recreation activities Bob-sledding Bob track - official ice bob track with annual athletic events Winterberg Theme park Fort Fun - theme park for adventure and action in the heart of the Hochsauerlandkreis Spa SauerlandBAD / - sauna, Spa, Steam bath for tourists and Bad Fredeburg recreation seekers after hiking, biking, etc. Animal Wild- and leisure - animal observation, entertainment observation / park Willingen photography Accommodation Center Parcs - accommodation, restaurant and leisure activities and leisure park Hochsauerland in one block of facilities ! ! or! 94>4E4 #OMNPUN' 0)#! $L#&'DD! (#'E! =#'=$B! *=! \*>)! )*E*B%! =#'=$B! *B! J'DD! 'B@! =(&*B%O! 0$?&*=>! '&&*L'D=! #YC##@! sS_SSS! L*=*>$&=! (#&! K$B>)=! *B! 3?%?=>_! /#(>#KQ#&! 'B@! ,C>$Q#&_! J$DD$\#@!QA!7'*!'B@!q?B#O!3&$?B@!pS_SSS!L*=*>$&=!'&&*L#!*B!q'B?'&A!'B@!+#Q&?'&A!J$&! \*B>#&!=($&>=!N8-F_!RSSp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igure 12. Hiker on Rothaarsteig trail: local hiking infrastructure in commercially managed forest surroundings, photo: author (2006) ! ! ! op! :4 %ONSRHN' :484 $_O'QPTONHBLMNOX'HPSTINW'GRSNHOT' 0)#! 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C'B$(A!\'DE=!$&!CD*KQ*B%!%'&@#B=PO! ! Figure 13. Outline of the forest-based tourism and recreation cluster, own depiction, modified from Porter (1990) as well as Weiermair and Steinhauser (2003) Government and Forest and administration wood-based (e.g. local business development, industries community councils) cluster Local forest owners Sound forest environment and basic infrastructure Local forest (e.g. exploitation roads) authorities Regional and Local suppliers local tourism Attraction points / Products and services managers / Local service (e.g. quality hiking trails, bike courses) associations providers (e.g. climbing gardens, instructors) Accommodation Visitor Local health businesses experience / service providers Research- and (e.g. hotels, guest Tourist product (e.g. saunas, houses) massages) consulting institutions Local retail (e.g. Gastronomy sports / outdoor (e.g. restaurants, equipment, outlets) cafés) Local public transportation (e.g ski lifts, shuttles) Local Local rentals community and food cluster (e.g bike, ski, Local / regional associations snowboard rentals) (e.g. hiking) ! ! :#BC#!>)#A!C'B!#*>)#&!Q#!=##B!'=!).$*%*.2*26!>$$D=!J$&!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!$&!'=! !.1)"&1&2%-'*%*&$!'@@*B%!?(!>$!>)#!L*=*>$&=!m#Y(#&*#BC#!Q?B@D#nO!4#(#B@*B%!$B!>)#! 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Chain of services adding up to the visitors experience in forest-based tourism and recreation destinations adapted from (Weiermair and Steinhauser, 2003), own depiction external / non-local internal / local cluster Gastronomy Forest-based Visitor Planning Transport Accomodation Food / Beverages activities experience ! ! - Travel - Public - Hotels / guest - Restaurants and - Infrastructure - Nature companies transporta- houses bars (attraction - Drawback - Travel tion - Construction - Local food / points, trails) from agencies - Finance beverage supply - Sound forest everyday life - Insurances, services / brands environment - Fun internet - Rentals (bikes) - Relaxation - Retail (outdoor - Recreation stores) - Life balance - Supplemental services (wellness) - Complementa- rities (instructors, guides) ! +*%?&#!Tc!@#(*C>=!B'>?Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!'B@!&#C&#'>*$B!*B!'!C)'*B!$J!=#&L*C#=_! =)$\*B%!>)#!@*JJ#&#B>!=#%K#B>=!>)'>!'@@!?(!>$!>)#!J$&#=>!L*=*>$&=Z!#Y(#&*#BC#O!6J!'DD! (&$@?C>=!'B@!=#&L*C#=!'&#!*B>#%&'>#@!*B>$!>)#!=#&L*C#!C)'*B_!*>!Q#C$K#=!#L*@#B>_!>)'>! '!=$?B@!J$&#=>!K'B'%#K#B>!C$B>&*Q?>#=!'>!>)#!='K#!=>'%#!>$!>)#!L*=*>$&=Z!#Y(#&*#BC#! '=! 'BA! $>)#&! .B@#'L$?&! *BC&#'=*B%! >)#! `?'D*>A! $J! >)#! -%%'-!%*.2, ).*2%$! $J! 'B! '&#'O! .L#&A! C)'*B! =#%K#B>! C$B>'*B=! $B#! $&! K$&#! (&$@?C>=! $&! =#&L*C#=_! \)*C)! '&#! C$B=?K#@! QA! >)#! L*=*>$&! #*>)#&! *B@*L*@?'DDA! N*BC$K(D#>#! C$K(D#K#B>=V! #O%O! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B!‚!K$?B>'*B!Q*E#!&#B>'DP!$&!*B!C$KQ*B'>*$B!\*>)!$>)#&!(&$@?C>=!'B@! =#&L*C#=!'=!'!J*Y!mQ?B@D#n!N#O%O!'CC$KK$@'>*$B!‚!J$$@!‚!%?*@*B%!=#&L*C#=!‚!D?%%'%#! >&'B=($&>PO! 0)#! %#B#&'>*$B! $J! =?C)! J*Y! mQ?B@D#=n! \*>)*B! $B#! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==! #B'QD#=!'!(&#C*=#!).$*%*.2*26!'>!>)#!K'&E#>!>$\'&@=!'!C#&>'*B!>A(#!$J!J$&#=>!L*=*>$&!$&! >'&%#>!%&$?(!N#O%O!>)#!)*E#&_!>)#!K$?B>'*B!Q*E#&PO!! 3D>)$?%)! >)#! B#>! $J! (&$@?C>=! 'B@! =#&L*C#=! Q?*D@=! '&$?B@! >)#! (&*K'&A! '>>&'C>*$B! 'B@! >)#! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! 'C>*L*>*#=_! >)#! >\$! K'*B! (*DD'&=! *B! >$?&*=K! &#K'*B! J$$@!U!%'=>&$B$KA!'B@!>)#!'CC$KK$@'>*$B!Q&'BC)O!0)#!J$DD$\*B%!J*%?&#!To!@#(*C>=! !"#$%&', 3*1&2$*.2$! *B! >)#! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! CD?=>#&! K$@*J*#@! 'CC$&@*B%!>$!2*#%#&!'B@!/C)#&#&!NRSSbPV! ! ! ! dT! Figure 15. Cluster dimensions in forest-based tourism and recreation, modified from (Bieger and Scherer, 2003) diagonal vertical (other industries and levels (different levels of production) of production: Complementary products and services (e.g. trails, facilities, events) including niche suppliers, adding value to the vertical and horizontal dimension Food / gastronomy (ranging from primary producer to local food or beverage brand) horizontal (same or like Accommodation industries, same ! (ranging from hotels to campsites) level of production) ! ! :494 #OGPUXMTK'XMHM'PU'H_O'GMNO'NHSXK'TOYIPU' :49484 $PSTINH'MTTIJMRN'MUX'PJOTUIY_H'NHMKN'QPT'H_O'MGfSINIHIPU'KOMT'9@@F' 0$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=!@?&*B%!RSSr!J$&!>)#!/'?#&D'B@!\#&#!@#>#&K*B#@!\*>)!R_Spo_bcT! N1TOR! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=! C$K('&#@! >$! >)#! (&#L*$?=! A#'&PO! 0)#! B?KQ#&! $J! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B=! '@@#@! ?(! >$! rOSSROppd! N1T! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=! C$K('&#@! >$! >)#! (&#L*$?=!A#'&P!N2?B@#='K>_!RSSpPO!,>)#&!D$\!'B@!K*@!K$?B>'*B!&'B%#!&#%*$B=!=?C)! '=! >)#! .&G%#Q*&%#! N1TOR! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=P_! >)#! 2'A#&*=C)#&! F'D@! N1ROs! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=P! $&! >)#! +*C)>#D%#Q*&%#! N1cOo! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=P! 'D=$! =?JJ#&#@! J&$K! '! =*%B*J*C'B>!@#CD*B#!*B!>$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=O!! :$\#L#&_!>)#&#!'&#!'D=$!&#%*$B=!\*>)!'B!*BC&#'=#!*B!>$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=_!=?C)!'=!>)#! /C)\'&G\'D@! N‚cOs! (#&C#B>'%#! ($*B>=P! $&! >)#! B#*%)Q$&*B%! /*#%#&D'B@1F*>>%#B=>#*B! \*>)!N‚rOc!(#&C#B>'%#!($*B>=P!N2?B@#='K>_!RSSpPO!! ! ! ! ! ! ! dR! Table 9. Businesses offering accommodation in the Hochsauerland County for the survey period in 2007, Federal Agency for Statistics [Statistisches Bundesamt], 2008 Accommodation Accommoda- Number of Campsites category tion beds businesses ! Total Open Total Offered Total offered Hotels 153 148 7,891 7,549 - - Guesthouse 94 90 1,927 1,830 - - Pension 98 94 1,788 1,649 - - Hotel garnis 10 7 607 503 - - Boarding houses, school 41 38 3,691 3,470 - - vacation houses Vacation homes, vacation 81 79 7,061 6,970 - - centers Youth hostels 24 21 1,541 1,345 - - Health resorts 9 9 1,203 1,166 - - Campsites 18 17 - - 1,175 1,093 Total 528 503 25,709 24,482 1,175 1,093 ! 6B! >)#! :$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=! >$?&*=>! '&&*L'D=! \#&#! @#>#&K*B#@! \*>)! spR_TRp! @?&*B%!>)#!=?&L#A!(#&*$@!*B!RSSr!N*BCD?@*B%!>)#!K$B>)!q'B?'&A!'B@!+#Q&?'&A!RSSpP! N8-F_! RSSpPO! ,B#! =*Y>)! $J! 'DD! '&&*L*B%! >$?&*=>=! '&#! J$&#*%B#&=_! K$=>DA! J&$K! >)#! B#*%)Q$&*B%! 8#>)#&D'B@=! $&! 2#D%*?KO! ,L#&B*%)>! =>'A=! '@@#@! ?(! >$! b_obd_dbSO! 9$K('&#@!>$!>)#!(&#L*$?=!A#'&!>$?&*=>!'&&*L'D=!@#C&#'=#@!QA!1bOc!(#&C#B>'%#!($*B>=O! ,L#&B*%)>!=>'A=!@#C&#'=#@!QA!1SOs!(#&C#B>'%#!($*B>=!N8-F_!RSSr'PO!+$&#*%B!'&&*L'D=! @#C&#'=#@!QA!1TTOp!(#&C#B>'%#!($*B>=O!0)#!'L#&'%#!=>'A!$J!'!>$?&*=>!\'=!C'DC?D'>#@! \*>)! bOd! @'A=! N8-F_! RSSpPO! 4?&*B%! >)#! =?&L#A! (#&*$@! oSb! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! Q?=*B#==#=!$JJ#&#@!Rc_cpR!Q#@=!*B!>)#!:$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=!N0'QD#!sPO! ! :49494 !JOTMYO'O]VOUXIHSTO'PQ'JINIHPT'HP'H_O'#MSOTRMUX'' 3CC$&@*B%! >$! :'&&#&! NRSSRP! L*=*>$&=! >$! >)#! /'?#&D'B@! =(#B@! *B! 'L#&'%#! N(#&! (#&=$BP!RRORS!.?&$=!$B!'CC$KK$@'>*$B_!RbOpS!.?&$=!$B!%'=>&$B$KA_!rOsS!.?&$=!$B! &#>'*D_! TOpS! .?&$=! J$&! (?QD*C! >&'B=($&>'>*$B! 'B@! TbOsS! .?&$=! J$&! $>)#&! =#&L*C#=O! 9$K('&#@!>$!$>)#&!D$\!>$!K*@!K$?B>'*B!&'B%#!&#%*$B=!*B!8$&>)!-)*B#1F#=>()'D*'_! =?C)!'=!>)#!.*J#D!$&!>)#!0#?>$Q?&%#&!F'D@_!>)#!'L#&'%#!/'?#&D'B@!(&*C#=!'&#!&'>)#&! ?(=C'D#!N:'&&#&!'B@!/C)#&&_!RSSRPO!! ! ! db! :4:4 $PSTINW'LSNIUONNON'NSTJOK'TONSRHN' 0)#! &#>?&B#@! `?#=>*$BB'*&#=! J&$K! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! =)$\! '! L#&A! )#>#&$%#B#$?=! @*=>&*Q?>*$BO! 2#C'?=#! )'DJ! $J! >)#! $L#&'DD! Q?=*B#==#=! '&#! =*>?'>#@! *B! >)#! >$\B=! /C)K'DD#BQ#&%! 'B@! F*B>#&Q#&%_! J$&K*B%! *K($&>'B>! C#B>#&=! J$&! J$&#=>1 Q'=#@! >$?&*=K_! >)#=#! >\$! >$\B=! C$B>&*Q?>#! 'DK$=>! )'DJ! >$! >)#! >$>'D! &#>?&B! &'>#! N+*%?&#!TdPO! ! Figure 16. Return distribution according to communities and towns [n=158] ! :4:484 #HMQQ' 0)#!D'&%#!('&>!$J!>)#!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!#K(D$A=!Q#>\##B!$B#!'B@!J*L#!=>'JJ! K#KQ#&=!J?DD!>*K#!$&!('&>!>*K#O!0)#!=#C$B@!D#'@*B%!&#=($B=#!*=!>)#!%&$?(!$J!=*Y!>$! >#B!#K(D$A##=_!J$DD$\#@!QA!=*B%D#!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)!B$!#K(D$A##=O!0)#=#!Q?=*B#==#=! C'B! Q#! =K'DD! C'J€=! $&! J'K*DA! Q?=*B#==#=! \)#&#! J'K*DA! K#KQ#&=! @$! B$>! C$?B>! >)#K=#DL#=! '=! #K(D$A##=! N(#&=$B'D! C$KK?B*C'>*$B_! 2#CEK'BB_! RSSpP! N0'QD#! TSPO! ,BDA!'!=K'DD!B?KQ#&!$J!>&'*B##=!N$BDA!RS!Q?=*B#==#=!@#CD'&#!>$!#K(D$A!$B#!>&'*B##! 'B@! To! >\$! >&'*B##=P! '&#! #K(D$A#@! >)&$?%)! 'DD! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=O! :$B$&'&A! \$&E#&=!$&!L$D?B>##&=!'D=$!(&$L*@#!D'Q$&!J$&!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=O! ! Table 10. Staff and other labor distribution frequency through all tourism businesses [n=144 full time / n=134 part time, n=104 trainees, n=84 honorary workers / volunteers] Number / Category 0 1-5 6-10 11-20 > 20 Staff full time 15 91 19 9 10 Staff part time 21 91 10 8 5 Number / Category 0 1 2 3 4 Trainees 54 20 15 7 8 Honorary workers / volunteers 57 25 1 0 1 ! ! dc! :4:494 $STUPJOT'XINHTILSHIPU' roe!$J!'DD!L'D?#=!Q#D$B%!>$!>)#!J*&=>!>\$!C'>#%$&*#=O!0)?=!*>!C'B!Q#!=>'>#@!>)'>! >)&##!`?'&>#&=!$J!>)#!Q?=*B#==#=!$Q>'*B!'!>?&B$L#&!D$\#&!>)'B!oSS0!.?&$=!(#&!A#'&O! 0)#! >?&B$L#&! $J! Td! Q?=*B#==#=! C$B=>*>?>#=! >$! >)#! >)*&@! C'>#%$&A! J&$K! oSS0uT7*DO! .?&$=! 'B@! $BDA! Tc! Q?=*B#==#=! $Q>'*B! '! >?&B$L#&! )*%)#&! >)'B! T! 7*DO! .?&$=! U! A#'&! N+*%?&#!TrPO! ! Figure 17. Turnover distribution frequency in thousand through all tourism businesses in the Hochsauerlandkreis [n=140], where company is in smallest turnover class ! :4:4:4 "SNIUONN'XOVIGHIPU'MUX'VTPQIRO' 2?=*B#==#=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! @#=C&*Q#! >)#*&! 'L#&'%#! C?=>$K#&=! QA! '%#_! =$C*'D! =>'>?=! 'B@! *B>#&#=>=O!0)#! &#=?D>=! '&#! @#(*C>#@! *B! @*&#C>! C$K('&*=$B! >$! >)#! #Y(#&>Z=! #=>*K'>*$B!*B!C)'(>#&!bOoO! 6B! $&@#&! >$! $Q>'*B! Q#D*#J! 'B@! B$>*$B! $J! >)#! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==! $\B#&=! >$\'&@=! >)#!J$&#=>!*B!>)#*&!=?&&$?B@*B%=!'B@!*>=!L'D?#!J$&!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==#=_!>)#A!\#&#!'=E#@! >$!C$KK#B>!$B!>)#!=#>!$J!=>'>#K#B>=!(&#=#B>#@!*B!0'QD#!TTO!4?&*B%!>)#=#!`?#=>*$B=! u!\)#B!'=E#@!*B!'B!*B>#&L*#\!u!*>!>?&B#@!$?>!>)'>!'!%&#'>!B?KQ#&!$J!Q?=*B#==!$\B#&=! \#&#!J$&#=>!$\B#&=!'=!\#DDO! F)*D#!soe!$J!'DD!Q?=*B#==#=!mJ?DDA!'%&##n!$&!m&'>)#&!'%&##n!>)'>!>)#!J$&#=>!*=!'B! *K($&>'B>! D$C'>*$B! J'C>$&_! >)#! D'&%#! ('&>! $J! >)#! Q?=*B#==#=! C$?D@! B$>! CD#'&DA! =>'>#! \)#>)#&! >)#*&! Q?=*B#==! $(#&'>*$B! \$?D@! Q#! ($==*QD#! \*>)$?>! >)#! B'>?&'D! '==#>! ] x fbOocw! σ fTObrd^O!:$\#L#&!>)#&#!*=!'!=D*%)>!>#B@#BCA!>$\'&@=!m&'>)#&!B$>!'%&##nO! +*B'DDA_!soe!$J!'DD!Q?=*B#==#=!*@#B>*JA!\*>)!>)#!B'>?&'D!'==#>=!*B!>)#!&#%*$BO! ! ! do! Table 11. Tourism business owners beliefs concerning the forest landscape and its influence on their businesses on a 5-point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=142] Statement x σ SE The forest of the region is an important 1.36 .653 .054 location factor for my business. My business operation would be 3.54 1.376 .116 possible without the forest of the region. My business identifies with the natural 1.45 .729 .061 assets and the forest of the region. ! 0$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!\#&#!'D=$!'=E#@!\)#>)#&!>)#!?=#!$J!C$B=>&?C>*$B!>*KQ#&!'=! '!B'>?&'D!&#=$?&C#!'B@!)*=>$&*C'D!K#>)$@!$J!C$B=>&?C>*$B!$CC?&=!J$&!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==#=! J$&!>)#!*B>#&*$&_!#Y>#&*$&!$&!C$B=>&?C>*$B!('&>=!N0'QD#!TRPO!7$=>!$J>#B_!>*KQ#&!*=!?=#@! *B=*@#!>)#!Q?=*B#==#=Z!J'C*D*>*#=O!3D=$!*>=!?=#!J$&!>)#!#Y>#&*$&!'B@!C$B=>&?C>*$B!('&>=! \'=!*B@*C'>#@O! ! Table 12. Tourism owners use of timber for the construction of their business facilities where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=139] Statement x σ SE Interior 1.67 .912 .077 Exterior 2.02 1.100 .093 Construction parts 2.14 1.029 .088 ! :4:4A4 "SNIUONN'GOTHIQIGMHIPU' 9#&>*J*C'>*$B! (D'A=! '! K'[$&! &$D#! *B! Q?=*B#==! ).$*%*.2*26_! #=(#C*'DDA! J$&! >)#! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! Q?=*B#==#=O! 2?=*B#==#=! \#&#! '=E#@! C$BC#&B*B%! >)#*&! C#&>*J*C'>*$B! =>'>?=! 'B@! >)#*&! Q&'B@O! 7?D>*(D#! 'B=\#&=! \#&#! ($==*QD#O! bc! m#-"*%>%$8&%'*&8&, L.%/--'$%&*6! >$$E! ('&>! *B! >)#! =>?@A_! J$?&! $J! >)#K! 'D=$! $Q>'*B! '! C#&>*J*C'>#! $J! B-#&'">23&', C-23&'6-$%/D+&O! To! Q?=*B#==#=! '&#! C#&>*J*#@! B-#&'">23&', C-23&'6-$%/D+&O! Ts! Q?=*B#==#=! $Q>'*B! '! =?(&'&#%*$B'D! C#&>*J*C'>*$B! \)*C)! *=! B$>! B#C#=='&*DA! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! &#D'>#@! Q?>! C#&>*J*#=! '! C#&>'*B! =>'B@'&@! N#O%O! 4#:$"'PO! .*%)>! Q?=*B#==#=! )$D@! 'B$>)#&! &#%*$B'D! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! &#D'>#@! C#&>*J*C'>#_! =?C)! '=! K*?&(+'"*!/&, K&%'*&8&O! rc! Q?=*B#==#=! @*@! B$>! @#CD'&#! 'BA! C#&>*J*C'>*$BO!,B#!Q?=*B#==!@#CD'&#@!'!B$B1&#D#L'B>!C#&>*J*C'>*$BO! ! dd! :4:4C4 =TPXSGHN'MUX'#OTJIGON' 3DD!=?&L#A!('&>*C*('B>=!\#&#!'=E#@!>$!@#>#&K*B#!>)#*&!E*B@!$J!Q?=*B#==!'B@!>)#! E*B@! $J! (&$@?C>=! $&! =#&L*C#=! >)#A! (&$L*@#O! ,?>! $J! 'DD! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=_! rd! Q?=*B#==#=! (&$L*@#! )$>#D! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B_! bT! %?#=>! )$?=#! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B_! d! C'K(=*>#=_! bs! L'C'>*$B! )$K#=! 'B@! r! $>)#&! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! ($==*Q*D*>*#=O! 2#C'?=#! K?D>*(D#! 'B=\#&=! \#&#! ($==*QD#_! %?#=>! )$?=#=! 'B@! )$>#D=! $CC?&&#@! >$! *B@*C'>#! L'C'>*$B! )$K#=_! >$$O! Tc! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)$?>! 'BA! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! =#&L*C#=! \#&#! =?&L#A#@O!,J!'DD!'CC$KK$@'>*$B!Q?=*B#==#=!ps!Q?=*B#==#=!$\B#@!'!&#=>'?&'B>O! 2?=*B#==#=!\#&#!'D=$!'=E#@!>$!@#>#&K*B#!=?((D#K#B>'D!(&$@?C>=!'B@!=#&L*C#=O! 7?D>*(D#! 'B=\#&=! \#&#! ($==*QD#O! bT! Q?=*B#==#=! =>'>#! >$! $JJ#&! &#C&#'>*$B'D! *BJ&'=>&?C>?&#!N#O%O!\'DE*B%!U!)*E*B%!>&'*D=!$B!>)#!Q?=*B#==Z!(&$(#&>A_!Q#BC)#=_!(*CB*C! >'QD#=_! C'K(J*&#=! =*>#=PO! Rc! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! $JJ#&! *BJ$&K'>*$B! $B! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! *==?#=_! Ts! $JJ#&! B'>?&#! =($&>=! N#O%O! 8$&@*C1\'DE*B%_! %?*@#@! )*E*B%!>$?&=_!Q*E*B%P!'B@!Ts!Q?=*B#==#=!&#B>!=($&>!#`?*(K#B>!N#O%O!K$?B>'*B!Q*E#=_! 8$&@*C1\'DE*B%! ($D#=PO! b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igure 18. Frequency distribution of the tourism business categories according to the TSA classification [n=149] ! ! dr! 3K$B%!'DD!Q?=*B#==#=_!TTp!>$?&*=K1=(#C*J*C_!Tc!>$?&*=K1&#D'>#@!'B@!Tr!B$B1 =(#C*J*C!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!\#&#!=?&L#A#@!N+*%?&#TpPO!! 3>! >)#! ='K#! >*K#! Q?=*B#==#=! \#&#! C'>#%$&*G#@! 'CC$&@*B%! >$! >)#*&! $JJ#&! $J! (&$@?C>=!'B@!=#&L*C#=O!2?=*B#==#=!\*>)!=?((D#K#B>'D!(&$@?C>=!'B@!=#&L*C#=_!\)*C)! #YC##@#@! '! Q'=*C! =>'B@'&@! $JJ#&_! \#&#! C'>#%$&*G#@! mQ?=*B#==#=! \*>)! =?((D#K#B>'D! =#&L*C#=n! ]BfrS^O! 0)$=#! Q?=*B#==#=! '&#! J$&! #Y'K(D#! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! Q?=*B#==#=! $JJ#&*B%! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! 'C>*L*>A! *BJ$&K'>*$B_! %?*@#@!>$?&! =#&L*C#=! $&! )#'D>)! =#&L*C#=O! 2?=*B#==#=! \*>)! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! 'B@! J$$@! =#&L*C#=! $BDA_! \#&#! %&$?(#@! '=! mQ?=*B#==#=!\*>)$?>!=?((D#K#B>'D!=#&L*C#=n!]BfdR^O!0)#!C'>#%$&A!mB*C)#!=?((D*#&=n! ]BfTr^!C$B>'*B=!Q?=*B#==#=!>)'>!#YCD?=*L#DA!'*K!>)#*&!$JJ#&=!'>!J$&#=>!>$?&*=>=!N+*%?&#! TsPO! Figure 19. Frequency distribution of the tourism business categories according to their offers (products and services) [n=149] ! 6B! '! >)*&@! =>#(! Q?=*B#==#=! \#&#! CD'==*J*#@! 'CC$&@*B%! >$! >)#*&! C#&>*J*C'>*$BO! 2?=*B#==#=!>)'>!K'&E#@!mB$!C#&>*J*C'>*$Bn!\#&#!%&$?(#@!*B>$!m\*>)$?>!C#&>*J*C'>*$BnO! 2?=*B#==#=! Q#D$B%*B%! >$! '! &#%*$B'D! Q&'B@_! =?C)! '=! m#-"*%>%$8&%'*&8&, L.%/--'$%&*6_! B-#&'">23&', C-23&'6-$%/D+&! $&! K*?&(+'"*!/&, K&%'*&8&! \#&#! %&$?(#@! *B>$! m&#%*$B'D! C#&>*J*C'>*$BnO! 6J! >)#A! $CC?&&#@! >$! ($==#==! 'B! '@@*>*$B'D! =?(&'&#%*$B'D! Q&'B@_! =?C)! '=! E-23&'+'"*!/&', K&%'*&8_! >)#! &#%*$B'D! Q&'B@! \'=! C)$=#B! Q#J$&#! >)#! =?(&'&#%*$B'D! Q&'B@O! 3DD! Q?=*B#==#=! #B@?#@! \*>)! '! =?(&'&#%*$B'D! Q&'B@_! \#&#! %&$?(#@! *B>$! >)#! =?(&'&#%*$B'D! C'>#%$&AO! rc! Q?=*B#==#=! )'@! B$! C#&>*J*C'>*$B_! od! '! &#%*$B'D!'B@!Ts!)'@!'!=?(&'&#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!N+*%?&#!RSPO! ! ! dp! Figure 20. Frequency distribution of the different certified tourism businesses [n=149] ! :4:4F4 %OROJMUGO'PQ'QPTONHBLMNOX'HPSTINW' 0$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! @#>#&K*B#! >)#! &#D#L'BC#! $J! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! K#'=?&#@! QA! >)#! (&$($&>*$B'D! >?&B$L#&! $&! =)'&#! *B! &#D'>*$B! >$! >)#! >$>'D! >?&B$L#&!$J!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==!$L#&!>)#!C$?&=#!$J!$B#!A#'&O!! 3C&$==! 'DD! Q?=*B#==! C'>#%$&*#=! >)#! 'L#&'%#! K#'B! >?&B$L#&! >)&$?%)! J$&#=>1 Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! \'=! &'BE#@! >$! Q#! ƒ*K($&>'B>Z! NcT1dSew! x f! bObcw! σ f! TObRcPO! :#BC#! soe!$J!>)#!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!'%&##!>)'>!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!*=!ƒ&'>)#&!*K($&>'B>Z! NRT1cSeP!>$!ƒL#&A!*K($&>'B>Z!NdT1pSeP!J$&!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==!$(#&'>*$B=!N+*%?&#!RTPO! ! Figure 21. Frequency distribution of proportional turnover through forest-based tourism across all tourism businesses [n=157], where categories in questionnaire match 0=0% to 5=81-100% ! ! ds! 0)#! K#'B=! J$&! >)#! @*JJ#&#B>! 0/3! C'>#%$&*#=! =)$\! >)'>! >$?&*=K1=(#C*J*C! Q?=*B#==#=!#=>*K'>#!>)#*&!>?&B$L#&!)*%)#&!N x f!bOdsw! σ fTOTTsw!C'>#%$&A!b!fcT1dSeP! >)'B! >$?&*=K1&#D'>#@! Q?=*B#==#=! N x f! bOSSw! σ fTOTooP! $&! B$B1=(#C*J*C! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=!N x fbOSSw! σ fTObTrPO!0)#!K#'B=!J$&!>)#!@*JJ#&#B>!C'>#%$&*#=!'CC$&@*B%!>$! >)#!Q?=*B#==!$JJ#&=!=)$\!>)'>!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)!C$K(D#K#B>'&A!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K! (&$@?C>=!'B@!=#&L*C#=!#=>*K'>#!>)#*&!>?&B$L#&!>)&$?%)!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!)*%)#&! NC'>#%$&A! b_! >#B@#BCA! >$! cfcT1dSew! x fbOppw! σ fTOTSSP! >)'B! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)$?>! C$K(D#K#B>'&A! =#&L*C#=! N x fbObRw! σ fTOTTRP! 'B@! B*C)#! =?((D*#&=! N x fbOSSw! σ fTObTrPO!+$&!>)#!@*JJ#&#B>!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!%&$?(=_!>)#!'L#&'%#!K#'B!*=!C'DC?D'>#@!\*>)! x fbOsb! Nσ fOsbTP! NC'>#%$&A! b_! >#B@#BCA! >$! cP! J$&! >)#! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)! '! &#%*$B'D! C#&>*J*C'>*$B_! x fbOSo!Nσ fTOcrTP!J$&!>)#!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)!=?(&'&#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B! 'B@! x fROsS!NC'>#%$&A!RfRT1cSew!σ fTOcSdP!J$&!>)#!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)$?>!C#&>*J*C'>*$BO! ! :4:4<4 -MGHPT'GPUXIHIPUN'QPT'TOYIPUMR'QPTONHBLMNOX'HPSTINW' 6B! $&@#&! >$! ?B@#&=>'B@! )$\! D$C'D! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! (#&C#*L#! &#%*$B'D! E#A! J'C>$&=! \*>)! &#%'&@! >$! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K_! >)#A! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! #L'D?'>#! C&?C*'D! J'C>$&! C$B@*>*$B=! N0'QD#! TbPO! 7$=>! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! '%&##! $B! >)#! =>'>?=! $J! >)#! B'>?&'D! '==#>=! *B! >)#! &#%*$BO! 0)#A! #L'D?'>#! *>=! B'>?&#! ?=#! ($>#B>*'D! >$! Q#! %$$@! $&! L#&A! %$$@! \*>)! TOdp! ]σ f! Ooro^O! 0$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! 'D=$! '%&##! $B! \#DD! `?'D*J*#@! #K(D$A##=!]σ f!Odbb^!'B@!'!%$$@!).$*%*.2*26!$J!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==!]σ f!Ooro^O!6BB$L'>*$B! 'B@!K'&E#>*B%!'&#!&'>#@!&'>)#&!K$@#&'>#!\*>)!ROcR!]σ f!Orpr^!'B@!ROor!]σ f!Opbc^O! +'C>$&=! \)*C)! C'B! B$>! @*&#C>DA! Q#! *BJD?#BC#@! QA! >)#! Q?=*B#==! $\B#&_! =?C)! '=! %$L#&BK#B>'D! =?(($&>! $&! #Y>#&B! @#(*C>*$B! QA! K#@*'! 'B@! =$C*#>A_! '&#! &#L*#\#@! B#%'>*L#DAO!0)#!='K#!J'C>$&=!'D=$!=>*CE!$?>!QA!>)#*&!&'>)#&!)*%)!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$BO! 0)#!)*%)#=>!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$B!C'B!Q#!J$?B@!C$BC#&B*B%!>)#!>&'B=($&>!C$BB#C>*$B!>$! >)#! '&#'! NTOSrTP! 'B@! >)#! 'L'*D'Q*D*>A! $J! *BL#=>K#B>! J?B@=! NTOSsTP_! *B@*C'>*B%! '! )*%)! L'&*'>*$B! $J! $(*B*$B=O! /*BC#! >)#! soe! 96! K#&#DA! #YCD?@#=! >)#! #Y>&#K#=! $J! T! 'B@! o_! >&'B=($&>! C$BB#C>*$B! '=! \#DD! '=! 'L'*D'QD#! *BL#=>K#B>! J?B@=! '&#! #=>*K'>#@! >$! Q#! B#*>)#&! #Y>&#K#DA! %$$@! B$&! Q'@O! :$\#L#&_! >)#! >&'B=($&>! C$BB#C>*$B! @*JJ#&=! J&$K! C$KK?B*>A!>$!C$KK?B*>A_!@?#!>$!>)#!=*B%D#!3?>$Q')B!cd!*B!>)#!B$&>)!$J!>)#!9$?B>A! 'B@!'!&'>)#&!C$'&=#!&'*D\'A!B#>!@?#!>$!>)#!K$?B>'*B$?=!C)'&'C>#&!$J!>)#!D'B@=C'(#O! ! ! ! ! ! rS! Table 13. Evaluation of specific factor conditions for forest-based tourism by tourism businesses in the case study area Hochsauerlandkreis [n=145], using a five-point-Likert- scale with 1=very good and 5=very bad Factor condition x σ Transport connection to the area 2.75 1.071 Nature use potential 1.68 .745 Qualification of employees 2.09 .633 Availability of qualified employees 3.00 .875 Availability of investment funds 2.93 1.091 Business positioning 2.14 .575 Business establishment at the market 2.32 .745 Innovation 2.42 .787 Marketing 2.57 .834 Governmental support 3.82 .823 Image through media and society 3.28 .751 ! 0)#!#'=>#&B!C$KK?B*>*#=!'B@!>$\B=!D*E#!:'DD#BQ#&%_!7'&=Q#&%!'B@!7#@#Q'C)! #L'D?'>#!>)#!>&'B=($&>!C$BB#C>*$B!>$!>)#!'&#'!>$!Q#!K#@*$C&#!$&!&'>)#&!Q'@!N+*%?&#! RRPO! 3! =*%B*J*C'B>! *BC&#'=#! *B! >)#! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B! =)$\=! '! )*%)! C$B>&$L#&=A! C$BC#&B*B%!>)*=!J'C>$&O!! ! Figure 22. Estimation of the transport connection to the area by tourism businesses in the individual communities and towns in the Hochsauerlandkreis with standard deviation (95% Error CI), [n=145] ! ! rT! 8$>'QDA!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!*B!3&B=Q#&%!#L'D?'>#!>)#*&!>&'B=($&>!C$BB#C>*$B!>$! Q#!K#@*$C&#_!'D>)$?%)!>)#!*BJ&'=>&?C>?&#!)'=!Q##B!J'&>)#&!@#L#D$(#@!>)#&#!>)'B!*B! 'BA! $>)#&! >$\B! $&! C$KK?B*>A! *B! >)#! :/XO! 0)#! >$\B=! 2#=>\*%_! /?B@#&B! 'B@! 7#=C)#@#_!'DD!*B!(&$Y*K*>A!>$!>)#!3cd!#L'D?'>#!>)#!>&'B=($&>!C$BB#C>*$B!>$!Q#!&'>)#&! %$$@O! 0)#! >\$! K'*B! >$?&*=>! C$KK?B*>*#=_! /C)K'DD#BQ#&%! 'B@! F*B>#&Q#&%! @*JJ#&! QA! SOc!($*B>=!$B!>)#!J*L#1($*B>1;*E#&>1=C'D#O!2?=*B#==#=!*B!F*B>#&Q#&%_!\)*C)!'&#!CD$=#&! >$!>)#!3cd!*B!2&*D$B!'B@!C$BB#C>#@!>$!>)#!&'*D\'A!B#>_!#L'D?'>#!>)#*&!*BJ&'=>&?C>?&#! K$&#!($=*>*L#DA!>)'B!Q?=*B#==#=!*B!/C)K'DD#BQ#&%O! ! :4:4>4 5WVPTHMUGO'PQ'GPPVOTMHIPU'`IH_'PH_OT'LSNIUONNON' 0$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!\#&#!'=E#@!>$!#L'D?'>#!>)#!*K($&>'BC#!$J!C$$(#&'>*$B!\*>)! Q?=*B#==#=! $J! >)#! ='K#! Q&'BC)_! K?D>*(D*#&! Q?=*B#==#=! N=?C)! '=! >$?&*=>! *BJ$&K'>*$B! $JJ*C#=! 'B@! >$?&! $(#&'>$&=P_! \*>)! $>)#&! Q&'BC)#=! '=! \#DD! '=! \*>)! >)#! J$&#=>! =#&L*C#! 'B@!J$&#=>!$\B#&=O!,B!'!J$?&1($*B>1;*E#&>1=C'D#!T!K'&E#@!mL#&A!*K($&>'B>n!'B@!c! K'&E#@! mC$K(D#>#DA! ?B*K($&>'B>nO! 6B! 'L#&'%#! >)#! C$$(#&'>*$B! \*>)! K?D>*(D*#&! Q?=*B#==#=!\'=!#L'D?'>#@!>$!Q#!K$=>!*K($&>'B>!] x f!TOdSw! σ f!Odor^!J$DD$\#@!QA!>)#! C$$(#&'>*$B!\*>)!>)#!='K#!Q&'BC)!] x fTOddw! σ f!Odcb^O!0)#!C$$(#&'>*$B!\*>)!$>)#&! Q&'BC)#=!] x fTOpsw! σ f!Oddd^!'B@!\*>)!>)#!J$&#=>!=#&L*C#!'B@!J$&#=>!$\B#&=!] x fTOsSw! σ f!Orbc^!\'=!D#==!*K($&>'B>!>)'B!>)#!(&*$&!>\$_!>)$?%)!=>*DD!*K($&>'B>O! ! :4:48@4 &OTHIQIGMHIPU'MUX'HSTUBPJOT' 6B!$&@#&!>$!'B'DAG#!>)#!&#D'>*$B=)*(!Q#>\##B!>)#!@*JJ#&#B>!E*B@=!$J!C#&>*J*C'>*$B! $J! >)#! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! 'B@! >)#*&! >$>'D! >?&B$L#&_! '! $B#1\'A! 38,i3! \'=! (#&J$&K#@! N0'QD#! TcPO! 0)#! X&?=E'D1F'DD*=1>#=>! '((D*#@! (&*$&! >$! >)#! 38,i3! C$BJ*&K#@!*>=!?=#!@#=(*>#!>)#!D'CE!$J!'!B$&K'D!@*=>&*Q?>*$BO!0)#!='K#!(&$C#@?&#!\'=! C'&&*#@!$?>!C$BC#&B*B%!>)#!(&$($&>*$B'D!>?&B$L#&!>)&$?%)!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=KO! 6B! Q$>)! C'=#=! '! =*%B*J*C'B>! &#D'>*$B! N'>! >)#! OSo! D#L#DP! Q#>\##B! >)#! E*B@! $J! C#&>*J*C'>*$B!'B@!>)#!>$>'D!>?&B$L#&!C'B!Q#!$Q=#&L#@!N0'QD#!TcPO!0)*=!*=!*@#B>*C'D!\*>)! >)#! #=>*K'>#@! (&$($&>*$B'D! >?&B$L#&! >)&$?%)! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=KO! 0)#! )$K$%#B$?=! =?Q=#>=! =)$\! '! CD#'&! @*L*=*$B! *B>$! >\$! CD'==#=O! 0)#! K$=>! =*%B*J*C'B>! &#D'>*$B! *=! =)$\B! Q#>\##B! C#&>*J*C'>*$B! 'B@! >)#! >?&B$L#&! $J! '! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==O! F)*D#!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)$?>!'!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!$&!\*>)!'!=?(&'&#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!>#B@!>$! )'L#! 'B! 'L#&'%#! >$>'D! >?&B$L#&! $J! D#==! >)'B! oSS0! .?&$=_! >)#! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)! '! &#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!'&#!=*>?'>#@!$B#!>?&B$L#&!CD'==!)*%)#&O!0)#*&!'L#&'%#!>?&B$L#&! D*#=!Q#>\##B!oSS0!'B@!T!7*DO!.?&$=O!8$>'QDA!>)#!=*%B*J*C'BC#!*=!*B@*C'>#@!\*>)!TOSSS! N0'QD#!ToPO! ! rR! Table 14. One-way ANOVA with dependent variables: total turnover (in thousand Euros) and proportional turnover through forest-based tourism in relation with certification status: 1 = <100; 2 = <500; 3 = <1.000; 4 = <2.000; 5 = <3.000; 6 = !3.000, where company is in smallest turnover class Dependant variable [I] [J] MD SE Sig. Certification Certification Turnover [EUR] Regional Without .933*** .219 .000 certification certification Supraregional .925* .319 .017 certification Estimated Regional Without 1.024*** .223 .000 proportional turnover certification certification through forest-based tourism Supraregional .876* .334 .034 certification * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. ! Table 15. Homogenous subset for one-way ANOVA on business category according to certification status and total turnover in classes 1 – 6, where mean value describes mean turnover class Certification N Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 Without certification 63 1.71 Supraregional 18 1.72 certification Regional certification 51 2.65 Sig. 1.000 1.000 ! 3! =$K#\)'>! D#==! =*%B*J*C'B>! &#D'>*$B! Q#>\##B! C#&>*J*C'>*$B! 'B@! (&$($&>*$B'D! >?&B$L#&!>)&$?%)!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!*=!=)$\B!*B!>)#!=#C$B@!)$K$%#B$?=!=?Q=#>O! 0$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)$?>!'!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!$&!\*>)!'!=?(&'&#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!=>'>#! >?&B$L#&! >)&$?%)! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! >$! Q#! &'>)#&! *K($&>'B>! NC'>#%$&A! RP! $&! *K($&>'B>!NC'>#%$&A!bPO!3!=K'DD!@*JJ#&#BC#!*B!>)#!'L#&'%#!K#'B!C'B!Q#!$Q=#&L#@!'>! >)#!Q?=*B#==#=!\*>)!>)#!=?(&'&#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B_!\)*C)!*B@*C'>#!>?&B$L#&!>)&$?%)! J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!>$!Q#!=D*%)>DA!K$&#!*K($&>'B>O!0$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!)$D@*B%!'! &#%*$B'D!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!@#CD'&#!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!>$!Q#!L#&A!*K($&>'B>!NC'>#%$&A!cP! J$&!>)#!>?&B$L#&!$J!>)#*&!Q?=*B#==!N0'QD#!TdPO! ! rb! Table 16. Homogenous subset for one-way ANOVA on business category according to certification status and proportional turnover through forest based tourism in classes 1-6, where mean value is mean value of class [EUR] Certification N Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 Without certification 73 2.90 Supraregional 19 3.05 certification Regional certification 56 3.93 Sig. .883 1.000 ! :4:4884 =TPXSGH'PQQOTIUY'MUX'HSTUPJOT' 0)#! ='K#! 'B'DA=*=! *=! ?=#@! >$! L#&*JA! '! D*BE'%#! Q#>\##B! (&$@?C>! $JJ#&*B%=! 'B@! >)#!>$>'D!>?&B$L#&O!0)#!(&$C#@?&#!*=!'D=$!C'&&*#@!$?>!J$&!>)#!(&$($&>*$B'D!>?&B$L#&! >)&$?%)!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=KO!! 0)#! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)! C$K(D#K#B>'&A! =#&L*C#=! @*JJ#&! J&$K! >)#! Q?=*B#==#=! \*>)$?>!C$K(D#K#B>'&A!=#&L*C#=!'B@!B*C)#!=?((D*#&=!QA!'!74!$J!OrcTzz!'B@!TOSdrzzO!! ! Table 17. One-way ANOVA with dependent variables: total turnover [in thousand Euros] and proportional turnover through forest-based tourism in relation with product offering: 1 = <100; 2 = <500; 3 = <1.000; 4 = <2.000; 5 = <3.000; 6 = !3.000, where company is in smallest turnover class Dependant variable [I] Business [J] Business MD SE Sig. categories categories Turnover [EUR] Business with Business without .741** .214 .003 complementary complementary service service Niche 1.067** .328 .006 businesses Estimated Business with Business without .566* .200 .021 proportional turnover complementary complementary through forest-based service service tourism Niche .882* .314 .021 businesses * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. ! ! rc! -#%'&@*B%! >)#! (&$($&>*$B'D! >?&B$L#&! >)&$?%)! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K_! >)#! 74! >?&B=! $?>! =D*%)>DA! D$\#&O! 7$&#$L#&! >)#! =*%B*J*C'BC#! *=! %*L#B! '>! >)#! OSo! D#L#D! N0'QD#! TrPO!0)#!)$K$%#B$?=!=?Q=#>=!=)$\!'!CD#'&!>#B@#BCA!>$\'&@=!'!)*%)#&!>$>'D!>?&B$L#&! 'K$B%!Q?=*B#==#=!$JJ#&*B%!C$K(D#K#B>'&A!=#&L*C#=!N0'QD#!TpPO!! ! Table 18. Homogenous subset for one-way ANOVA on business category according to offered products and services and total turnover in classes 1- 6, where mean value is mean value of class [EUR] Certification N Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 Niche suppliers 15 1.47 Without complementary 53 1.79 services With complementary 60 2.53 services Sig. .549 1.000 ! :$\#L#&_! >)#&#! *=! B$! CD#'&! &#=?D>! $B! \)#>)#&! >)#! )*%)#&! >?&B$L#&! *=! @#&*L#@! J&$K!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K!N0'QD#!TsPO! ! Table 19. Homogenous subset for one-way ANOVA on business category according to offered products and services and proportional turnover through forest-based tourism [EUR] Certification N Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 Niche suppliers 16 3.00 Without complementary 60 3.32 3.32 services With complementary 68 3.88 services Sig. .535 .139 ! 3((DA*B%! '! $B#1\'A! 38,i3! $B! >)#! @'>'! =?Q=#>! 'CC$&@*B%! >$! >)#! 0/3! C'>#%$&*#=! N>$?&*=K1C)'&'C>#&*=>*C_! >$?&*=K1&#D'>#@! 'B@! B$B1=(#C*J*C! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=P!@*@!B$>!D#'@!>$!=*%B*J*C'B>!&#=?D>=O! ! ! ro! :4:4894 $PSTINW'PVOTMHPTN'PVIUIPU'PU'_STTIGMUO'XMWMYON'HP'H_O'TOYIPU' 0$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!\#&#!'=E#@!>$!C$KK#B>!$B!'!=#>!$J!=>'>#K#B>=!N0'QD#!RSP! C$BC#&B*B%! >)#! *BJD?#BC#! $J! >)#! )?&&*C'B#! =7'*""! $B! >)#! &#%*$BO! 0)#! =>'>#K#B>=! *BCD?@#@!$B#!($=*>*L#_!$B#!B#?>&'D!'B@!$B#!B#%'>*L#!$?>D$$E!N=##!3BB#Y!6iPO! ! Table 20. Tourism operator attitude towards hurricane Kyrill and its influence on the landscape in the Hochsauerlandkreis on a 5-point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=134] Statement x σ SE The hurricane was a chance for the 2.82 1.181 .099 region. [e.g. better lookouts from the top of the hills, nicer views] The hurricane damages are to be seen 2.14 .913 .076 negative for a short time [e.g. blocked trails], but they do not constitute danger to the attractiveness of the region for longer periods. [e.g. chance for new tree species] The hurricane damaged the region and its 2.96 1.196 .100 natural assets severely [e.g. forestry] and will affect the natural scenery for longer periods. ! -#=?D>*B%_! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! &'>)#&! '%&##! $B! >)#! B#?>&'D! =>'>#K#B>! m0)#! )?&&*C'B#! @'K'%#=! '&#! >$! Q#! =##B! B#%'>*L#! J$&! '! =)$&>! >*K#! Q?>! >)#A! @$! B$>! C$B=>*>?>#!@'B%#&!>$!>)#!'>>&'C>*L#B#==!$J!>)#!&#%*$B!J$&!D$B%#&!(#&*$@=n!] x f!ROTcw! σ f! OsTb^O! 0)#! 'L#&'%#! &#=($B=#! >$\'&@=! >)#! ($=*>*L#! 'B@! B#%'>*L#! =>'>#K#B>=! =)$\=! '! &'>)#&! )*%)! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$BO! 6B!Q$>)! C'=#=!soe! $J!'DD!Q?=*B#==#=! C$?D@! #*>)#&! m&'>)#&! '%&##n_! m('&>DA! '%&##! U! ('&>DA! @*='%&##n! $&! m&'>)#&! @*='%&##n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dR! Q?=*B#==#=_!TTS!Ndr_seP!'&#!*BJ$&K#@!$B!>)#!*==?#_!To!Q?=*B#==#=!Ns_beP!=>'>#!>$!)'L#! B$! EB$\D#@%#! $J! >)#! *==?#! 'B@! br! NRR_peP! &#J?=#! >$!&#=($B@O! 0$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! ! rd! \#&#!>)#B!'=E#@!>$!C$KK#B>!$B!'!=#>!$J!=>'>#K#B>=!N0'QD#!RTPO!0$?&*=K!$(#&'>$&=! m&'>)#&! @*='%&##n! $&! m@$! B$>! '%&##!'>! 'DDn! $B! m&#*KQ?&=*B%! >)#! J$&#=>! $\B#&! $?>! $J! >)#*&!$\B!($CE#>n!] x f!cORTw!σ f!TOSco^O!! ! Table 21. Tourism operators attitude on free access right to forests in Germany and the possible reimbursement of the forest owner on a 5-point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=134] Statement x σ SE The forest owner should be reimbursed 3.62 1.397 .121 for his additional expenses. Each tourist should pay an overall 4.19 1.086 .094 additional fee to reimburse the forest owner. Each profiting tourism business should 4.21 1.045 .091 pay a certain percentage of its income according to the total turnover to reimburse the forest owner. Nobody should pay anything. 2.15 1.493 .128 ! 0)*=!&#=($B=#!K'&E=!'D=$!>)#!$B#!\*>)!>)#!D$\#=>!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$BO!3D>)$?%)! >)#! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B=! '&#! &'>)#&! )*%)_! '! >#B@#BCA! >$\'&@=! m&'>)#&! @*='%&##n! >$! mB$>! '%&##! '>! 'DDn! Q#C$K#=! #L*@#B>! >)&$?%)! 'DD! =#>=! $J! =>'>#K#B>=_! #YC#(>! J$&! >)#! m8$Q$@A! =)$?D@! ('A! 'BA>)*B%On! =>'>#K#B>O! 6B! >)#! C$?&=#! $J! >)#! @'>'! 'C`?*=*>*$B! *>! Q#C'K#!#L*@#B>!>)'>!'!%&#'>!('&>!$J!>)#!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==!$\B#&=!\#&#!J$&#=>!$\B#&=! '=! \#DDO! -#L#'D*B%! >)*=! J'C>! =$K#>*K#=! *BCD?@#@! >)#! &#J?='D! >$! 'B=\#&! >)#=#! `?#=>*$B=O! ! ! rr! :4A4 6INIHPT'NSTJOK'TONSRHN' :4A484 3OWPYTMV_K' /*BC#! >)#&#! \'=! B$! @*JJ#&#B>*'>*$B! Q#>\##B! $L#&B*%)>! %?#=>=_! @'A! L*=*>$&=! $&! D$C'D! &#=*@#B>=! =##E*B%! &#C&#'>*$B_! #L#&A! &#C&#'>*$B! =##E#&! \'=! 'QD#! >$! J*DD! $?>! >)#! `?#=>*$BB'*&#O!,J!'DD!('&>*C*('B>=!rse!'&#!$L#&B*%)>!%?#=>=_!Tse!@'A!L*=*>$&=!'B@!Re! D$C'D=!$&!J&$K!>)#!&#%*$BO! 0)#! 'L#&'%#! '%#! $J! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! *B! >)#! :/X! *=! oT! A#'&=! ]σ fTcOc^! *K(D*C'>*B%!>)'>!soe!$J!'DD!=?&L#A!L*=*>$&=!\#&#!Q#>\##B!br!'B@!do!A#'&=!$D@!\)*D#! cde!]Bfpd^!$J!>)#K!\#&#!K#B!'B@!oce!]BfTST^!\#&#!\$K#BO!3>!>)#!='K#!>*K#!>)#! 'L#&'%#!'%#!$J!>)#!$L#&B*%)>!L*=*>$&!*=!=D*%)>DA!)*%)#&!\*>)!ob!A#'&=!]σ fTcOb^!>)'B! >)#!'%#!$J!>)#!@'A!L*=*>$&!\*>)!cd!A#'&=!]σ fTbOd^O!0)#!'L#&'%#!#@?C'>*$B'D!D#L#D!*=! &'>)#&! )*%)O! ,L#&! cRe! ]Bfro^! $J! >)#! L*=*>$&=! $\B! '!?B*L#&=*>A! @#%&##_! Toe! ]BfRd^! J*B*=)#@! C$DD#%#! ]F8*%#'^! 'B@! Rpe! ]Bfcs^! J*B*=)#@! )*%)! =C)$$D! ]L&-"$!/#"&^O! 0)#! 'L#&'%#! *BC$K#_! Q#J$&#! >'Y#=_! *=! '&$?B@! R_oSS! .?&$=!]x fcOcc^O! 0)#! &'>)#&! )*%)! =>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$B!$J! σ f!ROdbo!D#'@=!>$!>)#!C$BCD?=*$B!>)'>!soe!$J!'DD!('&>*C*('B>=! #'&B!Q#>\##B!T_SSS!'B@!b_oSS!.?&$=!(#&!K$B>)O!! ! :4A494 $TMJOR'NHMHINHIGN' 7$&#! >)'B! >\$! >)*&@=! $J! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! C'K#! J&$K! 8$&>)! -)*B#1 F#=>()'D*'_!'Q$?>!Tpe!J&$K!$>)#&!"#&K'B!J#@#&'D!=>'>#=_!\)*D#!K$=>!$J!>)#K!L*=*>#@! J&$K! >)#! B#*%)Q$&*B%! =>'>#=! -)*B#D'B@1H'D'>*B'>#! 'B@! :#==#_! Tce! C'K#! J&$K! >)#! 8#>)#&D'B@=!N0'QD#!RRPO!! ! Table 22. Cross table: Visitor accommodation according to origin of the survey participants in the Hochsauerlandkreis Federal state North Rhine- Germany Netherlands Total Westphalia Accommodation Overnight 87 28 24 139 guest (62.6%) (20.1%) (17.3%) (100.0%) Day visitor 31 1 0 32 (96.9%) (3.1%) (0%) (100.0%) Other 2 2 0 4 (50.0%) (50.0%) (0%) (100.0%) Total 120 31 24 175 (68.6%) (17.7%) (13.7%) (100.0%) ! ! rp! 0)#!K'[$&*>A!$J!>)#!=?&L#A!('&>*C*('B>=!>&'L#D#@!'CC$K('B*#@!QA!>)#*&!('&>B#&=! NcTOoeP_! >)#! B#Y>! Q*%%#=>! %&$?(! *=! K'&E#@! QA! J'K*D*#=! NRsOoeP! N+*%?&#! RbPO! TdOse! >&'L#D#@!\*>)!>)#*&!J&*#B@=!'B@!$BDA!dOde!>&'L#D#@!'D$B#O!0)#!K$=>!C$KK$B!>A(#!$J! >&'B=($&>'>*$B!>'E#B!>$!>)#!@#=>*B'>*$B!\'=!>)#!(&*L'>#!C'&!\*>)!sTObeO!,BDA!de!?=#@! (?QD*C!>&'B=($&>'>*$BO!3K$B%!>)#!$L#&B*%)>!%?#=>=_!>)#!L'C'>*$B!)$K#!\'=!>)#!K$=>! C$KK$B! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! J#'>?&#! \*>)! bROReO! RpObe! $J! >)#! ('&>*C*('B>=! =>'A#@! '>! )$>#D=O!0)#!K'[$&*>A!=>'A#@!J$&!R!NTROseP_!b!NTcOceP!$&!c!NTrObeP!B*%)>=O!0)#!'L#&'%#! =>'A! >)&$?%)! 'DD! L*=*>$&=! *=! oOd! @'A=! ]σ fcOcr^O! 6B! =?KK'&A! dsOTe! =>'A#@! J$&! D#==! >)'B!'!\##E!#K()'=*G*B%!$BC#!K$&#!>)#!&#%*$BZ=!=)$&>1>&*(!C)'&'C>#&O! ! Figure 23. Frequency distribution of the different kinds of travel company of the visitors in the Hochsauerlandkreis [n=183] ! i*=*>$&=! D#'&B#@! 'Q$?>! L'C'>*$B! ($==*Q*D*>*#=! *B! >)#! &#%*$B! (&*K'&*DA! >)&$?%)! J'K*DA!'B@!J&*#B@=!NbpOTeP_!*B>#&B#>!NRROreP!$&!$>)#&!=$?&C#=!NRbORePO!,BDA!pObe!C'K#! >)&$?%)! '@L#&>*=#K#B>=! J&$K! >$?&! $(#&'>$&=! $&! >$?&*=K! Q?=*B#==#=! 'B@! rOre! >)&$?%)! B#\=('(#&=! $&! K'%'G*B#=O! 0)#! K$=>! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! '&#! &#%?D'&=! $&! &#(#'>!L*=*>$&=!>$!>)#!&#%*$B!NdbePO!,BDA!TROoe!)'L#!B#L#&!L*=*>#@!>)#!&#%*$B!Q#J$&#O! ,B! >)#! `?#=>*$B! *J! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>! (D'B=! 'B$>)#&! L*=*>! >$! >)#! &#%*$B_! K$&#! >)'B!)'DJ!$J!>)#!L*=*>$&=!'&#!=?&#!>$!C$K#!Q'CE!NocOdeP!N+*%?&#!RcPO!,BDA!oOoe!#YCD?@#! 'B$>)#&!L*=*>!>$!>)#!'&#'O! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! rs! Figure 24. Frequency distribution of the different answer possibilities whether or not the visitor plans to return to the Hochsauerlandkreis [n=183] ! ! :4A4:4 6INIHPT'MHHIHSXO'MUX'IUHOTONHN' 6B!$&@#&!>$!@#>#C>!\)*C)!&#%*$B'D!D'B@=C'(#!J#'>?&#=!>)#!('&>*C*('B>=!J*B@!>$!Q#! K$=>! C)'&'C>#&*=>*C_! >)#A! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! C)$$=#! L'&*$?=! J#'>?&#=! J&$K! '! D*=>! \*>)! K?D>*(D#! 'B=\#&! ($==*Q*D*>*#=O! 3K$B%! 'DD! C)'&'C>#&*=>*C=! m)*DD=! 'B@! L'DD#A=n! \#&#! C)$=#B! \*>)! pbObe! 'B@! mJ$&#=>n! \*>)! rdObe! K$=>! $J>#BO! m;*>>D#! >$\B=! 'B@! L*DD'%#=n! J$DD$\#@! \*>)! obORe! 'B@! m=(&*B%=_! C&##E=! 'B@! &*L#&=n! \*>)! oTOTeO! 0)#! mCD*K'>#n! NRsOdeP!'B@!m'C&#=_!J*#D@=!'B@!K#'@$\=n!NRSOceP!\#&#!C)$=#B!D#'=>!$J>#BO! 3@@*>*$B'DDA_! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! &'BE! >)#*&! >$(! >)&##! *B>#&#=>=!'CC$&@*B%!>$!>)#!=C'D#!mK$=>!*K($&>'B>n_!mL#&A!*K($&>'B>n!'B@!m*K($&>'B>n! \)*D#! =>'A*B%! >)#! &#%*$BO! .L#&A! =#C$B@! ('&>*C*('B>! &'BE#@! m&#C&#'>*$B! >)&$?%)! 'C>*L*>An!K$=>!*K($&>'B>O!+$&!#L#&A!J$?&>)! ('&>*C*('B>!*>!\'=!=>*DD!mL#&A!*K($&>'B>n! 'B@! J$&! re! *>! \'=! m*K($&>'B>n! N+*%?&#! RoPO! F*>)! ! f! bdd! NJ&#`?#BCA! Y! *K($&>'BC#P! m&#C&#'>*$B! >)&$?%)! 'C>*L*>An! *=! >)#! K$=>! *K($&>'B>! *B>#&#=>! >$! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=O! 0)*=! \'=! J$DD$\#@! QA! >)#! m=#'&C)! J$&! '! &#>&#'>! J&$K! #L#&A@'A! D*J#n! \)*C)! )'DJ! $J! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! J$?B@! >$! Q#! mK$=>! *K($&>'B>n! $&! mL#&A! *K($&>'B>n!] ! fRco^O!0)#!>\$!=?Q=#`?#B>!*B>#&#=>=!\#&#!m&#C&#'>*$B!>)&$?%)!=($&>=n! ] ! fTcb^! 'B@! m()$>$%&'()A! 'B@! B'>?&#! $Q=#&L'>*$Bn! ]! fTTT^! $J! \)*C)! >)#! D'>>#&! \'=! C)$=#B! K$=>! $J>#B! '=! mL#&A! *K($&>'B>n! $&! m*K($&>'B>nO! m"'=>&$B$KA! $J! >)#! &#%*$Bn!\'=!C)$=#B!K$=>!$J>#B!'=!m*K($&>'B>nO!0)#=#!D'=>!>\$!*B>#&#=>=!$J>#B!&#K'*B! C$K(D#K#B>'&A!>$!K'*B!*B>#&#=>=O! ,>)#&!*B>#&#=>=!=?C)!'=!m\#DDB#==n_!m>$\B=!'B@!'&C)*>#C>?&#n!'B@!mC?D>?&#!'B@! )*=>$&An!\#&#!&'&#DA!C)$=#B!'B@!K$=>!$J>#B!'@@*>*$B'DDA!>$!$>)#&!mK$=>!*K($&>'B>n! *B>#&#=>=O!0)#!D'>>#&!*B>#&#=>=!K'&E!B$!>$(!*B>#&#=>=!J$&!>)#!L*=*>$&=O! ! ! pS! ! Figure 25. Survey participants top three interests while staying in Hochsauerlandkreis [n=186] Activity Retreat from everyday life Photography ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Sport Gastronomy ! !!!!!!!!! ! ! :4A4A4 -PTONHBLMNOX'MGHIJIHION' 3B$>)#&! $Q[#C>*L#! $J! >)#! =>?@A! *=! =(#C*JA*B%! \)*C)! 'C>*L*>*#=! (#$(D#! (?&=?#! @?&*B%! >)#*&! =>'A! *B! >)#! &#%*$B! 'B@! \)'>! >)#*&! K'*B! 'C>*L*>*#=! 'B@! >)#*&! =#C$B@'&A! N=?((D#K#B>'DP! 'C>*L*>*#=! '&#O! 3D>)$?%)! >)#! =?&L#A! `?#=>*$BB'*&#=! \#&#! 'L'*D'QD#! >)&$?%)!$?>!>)#!=#'=$B=_!>)#!K$=>!*K($&>'B>!'C>*L*>A!&#K'*B=!)*E*B%!\*>)! ! fRrdO! 3@@*>*$B'DDA_! m)*E*B%n! *=! C)$=#B! >$! Q#! mL#&A! *K($&>'B>n! QA! rr! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! N+*%?&#! RdPO! 9$B=#`?#B>DA! m%$*B%! J$&! '! \'DEn_! >)#! D#==! *B>#B=#! J$&K! $J! m)*E*B%n! *=! =(#C*J*#@!\*>)!mK$=>!*K($&>'B>n!QA!Rp!('&>*C*('B>=!'B@!*>!*=!=>*DD!m*K($&>'B>n!>$!Ro! ('&>*C*('B>=O! .L#&A! J$?&>)! L*=*>$&! (&*K'&*DA! =##E=!&#C&#'>*$B! >)&$?%)! $>)#&! =($&>=! =?C)! '=! =E**B%! ] ! frR^_! K$?B>'*B! Q*E*B%! ] ! foo^! 'B@! 8$&@*C1\'DE*B%O! 9$K(D#K#B>'&A! 'C>*L*>*#=! '&#! m=*%)>=##*B%n! NL#&A! *K($&>'B>fRdw! *K($&>'B>fRSP_! >#=>*B%! >)#! &#%*$B'D! C?*=*B#! NL#&A! *K($&>'B>fTTw! *K($&>'B>fTsP! 'B@! '! %#B#&'D! m&#C&#'>*$B'D!=>'A!*B!>)#!B'>?&#n!NL#&A!*K($&>'B>fbSw!*K($&>'B>fbTPO! ! pT! Figure 26. Ranking differences between “going for a walk” and the more intense form “hiking” through all forest-based tourists in the HSK [n=186] Going for walk Hiking !! ! ! 0)#! D#'=>! C)$=#B! 'C>*L*>*#=! '&#! m8$&@*C1=E'>*B%n_! m)$&=#Q'CE! &*@*B%n_! mL*=*>*B%! C?D>?&'D!#L#B>=n!'B@!mL*=*>*B%!'>)D#>*C!#L#B>=n!N0'QD#!RbPO! ! Table 23. Frequency of the pursued activities according to their importance [n=186], (values missing not in count) Activity most very important not ! important important (factor 1) chosen (factor 3) (factor 2) Hiking 77 17 11 80 276 Going for a walk 28 25 14 118 148 Nordic-walking 8 6 1 170 37 Cycling 6 6 4 169 34 Nordic-skating 1 0 0 185 3 Mountain biking 11 11 0 163 55 Skiing 15 10 7 153 72 Horseback riding 1 5 0 179 13 Bob sledding 5 2 3 175 22 Sightseeing 4 26 20 135 84 Visiting cultural events 0 1 5 179 7 Test regional cuisine 1 11 19 154 44 Visiting athletic events 0 3 2 180 8 Wellness 0 6 9 170 21 Recreational stay in the 12 30 31 112 127 nature No special activities, just 7 11 27 140 70 a change of place ! ! pR! :4A4C4 !JOTMYO'O]VOUXIHSTO' 0)#! 'L#&'%#! #Y(#B@*>?&#! $J! >)#! L*=*>$&! L'&*#=! =>&$B%DA_! @#(#B@*B%! $B! >)#! (&'C>*C#@!'C>*L*>*#=_!>)#!D#B%>)!$J!>)#!=>'A!'B@!>)#!*BC$K#!$J!>)#!L*=*>$&O!0)#!K$=>! =*%B*J*C'B>!@*JJ#&#BC#=!C'B!Q#!J$?B@!*B!'CC$KK$@'>*$B!=#&L*C#=!'B@!>$?&*=>!=#&L*C#=O! 0)#! 'L#&'%#! L*=*>$&! =(#B@=! Q#>\##B! TT1oS! .?&$=! (#&! @'A! $B! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B_! Q#>\##B!TT1Ro!.?&$=!(#&!@'A!$B!J$$@_!'B@!?(!>$!Ro!.?&$=!$B!>$?&*=>!=#&L*C#=!N+*%?&#! RrPO! 8$! #Y(#B=#=! J$&! >)#! D$C'D! >&'B=($&>! '&#! K'@#O!0)#! J#\! $?>D*#&=! C'B! Q#! >&'C#@! Q'CE!>$!=E*!>$?&*=>=_!\)$=#!D$C'D!>&'B=($&>!?=#!*BCD?@#=!=E*1D*J>=O!3!K'&%*B'D!#Y(#B=#! $J!TT1Ro!.?&$=!$CC?&=!J$&!D$C'D!=#&L*C#=!'B@!&#>'*D!Q?=*B#==#=O! ! Figure 27. Average expenditure and standard deviation extend of tourists and recreation seekers per day in the Hochsauerlandkreis for different declarations in classes [where 1<10; 2<25; 3<50; 4<75; 5<100; 6!100 except for arrival and departure where 1<20; 2<40; 3<80; 4!80 n=184, outliers mark numbered cases in dataset] ! 0)#!&#=?D>=!C$BJ*&K!>)#!(?QD*=)#@!'L#&'%#!#Y(#B=#=!QA!:'&&#&!J$&!$L#&B*%)>!L*=*>$&=! >$!>)#!'&#'!N:'&&#&!'B@!/C)#&&_!RSSRPO! ! :4A4E4 -PTONH'JMRSON' 0$!$Q>'*B!L*=*>$&!L'D?#=!'B@!Q#D*#J=!$B!>)#!J$&#=>=!*B!>)#!:$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=_! L*=*>$&=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! C$KK#B>! $B! '! =#>! $J! =>'>#K#B>=O! "#B#&'DDA! >)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=!J?DDA!'%&##!$&!'%&##!$B!'DD!=>'>#K#B>=!K'@#!N0'QD#!RcPO!:$\#L#&_!>)#A! '%&##! D#'=>! $B! >)#! =>'>#K#B>! >)'>! J$&#=>=! =#&L#! '=! 'B! *K($&>'B>! #K(D$A#&! >$! >)#! &#%*$B! ] x fTOssw! σ f! Orsb^O! 8$>'QDA! *=! 'D=$! >)#! )*%)! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B! K'&E*B%! '! C$B>&$L#&=A!'K$B%!>)#!=?&L#A!('&>*C*('B>=!C$BC#&B*B%!>)*=!=>'>#K#B>_!'D>)$?%)!>)#! J*&=>!()&'=#!$B!>)#!C$L#&!D#>>#&!$J!>)#!`?#=>*$BB'*&#!=>'>#@!>)#!#C$B$K*C!*K($&>'BC#! $J!J$&#=>=O!i*=*>$&=!'%&##@!>)#!K$=>!>)'>!J$&#=>=!'&#!*K($&>'B>!J$&!J'?B'!'B@!JD$&'! ] x f!TOTpw!σ f!Obss^!'B@!'B!'>>&'C>*L#!D'B@=C'(#!#D#K#B>!] x f!TObRw!σ f!OcsT^O! ! ! pb! Table 24. Visitors values and beliefs concerning the forest and its importance in the Hochsauerlandkreis on a 4- point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 4=do not agree at all [n=168] Statement x σ SE The forest of the region is an attractive 1.32 .491 .037 landscape element. The forest protects climate, air, soil and 1.31 .499 .038 groundwater. The forest of the region is a producer of 1.61 .698 .054 regenerative energy. The forest of the region is an important 1.99 .793 .061 employer. The forest of the region is important for 1.33 .551 .042 tourism and recreation. The forest of the region is an important 1.18 .399 .030 habitat for plants and animals. ! :4A4F4 6INIHPT'PVIUIPU'PU'_STTIGMUO'XMWMYON'HP'H_O'TOYIPU' 3!=*K*D'&!=#>!$J!=>'>#K#B>=!\'=!%*L#B!>$!>)#!L*=*>$&=!C$BC#&B*B%!*BJD?#BC#=!$J! )?&&*C'B#! =7'*""! $B! >)#! &#%*$BO! 0)&##! =C#B'&*$=_! $B#! ($=*>*L#_! $B#!B#?>&'D! 'B@! $B#! B#%'>*L#_!\#&#!$JJ#&#@!N0'QD#!RoPO!! ! Table 25. Visitors attitude towards hurricane Kyrill and its influence on the landscape of the region in the Hochsauerlandkreis on a 5-point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=168] Statement x σ SE The hurricane was a chance for the 3.49 1.312 .103 region. (e.g. better lookouts from the top of the hills) The hurricane damages are to be seen 2.50 1.178 .090 negative for a short time [e.g. blocked trails], but they do not constitute danger to the attractiveness of the region for longer periods. (e.g. chance for new tree species) The hurricane damaged the region and its 2.52 1.257 .098 natural assets severely (e.g. forestry) and will affect the natural scenery for longer periods. ! H#$(D#! >#B@! >$! '%&##!K$=>! $B! >)#! B#?>&'D! =>'>#K#B>!m0)#! )?&&*C'B#! @'K'%#=! '&#! >$! Q#! =##B! B#%'>*L#! J$&! '! =)$&>! >*K#! Q?>! >)#A! @$! B$>! C$B=>*>?>#! @'B%#&! >$! >)#! ! pc! '>>&'C>*L#B#==! $J! >)#! &#%*$B! J$&! D$B%#&! (#&*$@=n! ] x f! ROoSw! σ f! TOTrp^O! 0)#! =#C$B@! K$=>!'%&##@!$B!=>'>#K#B>!\'=!>)#!B#%'>*L#!=>'>#K#B>!m0)#!)?&&*C'B#!@'K'%#@!>)#! &#%*$B!'B@!*>=!B'>?&'D!'==#>=!=#L#&#DA!'B@!\*DD!'JJ#C>!>)#!B'>?&'D!=C#B#&A!J$&!D$B%#&! (#&*$@=On!] x f!ROoRw! σ f!TORor^O!3!=D*%)>!*BC&#'=#!*B!>)#!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$B!C'B!Q#! $Q=#&L#@O! 0)#! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! >#B@! >$! B$>! '%&##! \*>)! >)#! ($=*>*L#! =>'>#K#B>! \)*C)! =##=! >)#! )?&&*C'B#! '=! '! C)'BC#! J$&! >)#! &#%*$B!]x f! bOcs^O! 3! &'>)#&! )*%)! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B! $J! σ f! TObTR! *B@*C'>#=! '! )*%)! @*==#B>! $B! >)#! =>'>#K#B>O! 0)#! %#B#&'DDA! )*%)! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B=! $B! 'DD! =>'>#K#B>=! *K(#@#! '! CD#'&! C$BCD?=*$B! >$\'&@=!$B#!$&!'B$>)#&!=>'>#K#B>O!soe!$J!'DD!L*=*>$&!$(*B*$B=!L'&A!Q#>\##B!m&'>)#&! '%&##n_!m('&>DA!'%&##!U!('&>DA!@*='%&##n_!m&'>)#&!@*='%&##nO! ! :4A4<4 6INIHPT'PVIUIPU'PU'@/00.'22011./+A3*'MUX'ROYMR'TOYSRMHIPU' 2#C'?=#!>)#!+'&&,-!!&$$,'*6/%!>$!J$&#=>=!*B!"#&K'BA!'B@!>)#!)#&#\*>)!C$BB#C>#@! &#%?D'>*$B=!)'L#!Q##B!&#'=$B!J$&!&#C?&&*B%!C$B>&$L#&=A!Q#>\##B!J$&#=>!$\B#&=!'B@! >$?&*=K! (D'BB#&=! *B! >)#! D'=>! A#'&=_! 'B$>)#&! $Q[#C>*L#! $J! >)*=! =>?@A! \'=! >$! @#>#C>! \)#>)#&!>)#!>$?&*=>!$&!&#C&#'>*$B!=##E#&!\'=!*BJ$&K#@!$B!>)#!*==?#O!,J!BfTdS_!pr! =?&L#A!('&>*C*('B>=!NcdOoeP!=>'>#!>)'>!>)#A!EB$\!'Q$?>!>)#!J&##!'CC#==!&*%)>!'B@!>)#! ($==*QD#! '@@*>*$B'D! C$=>=! J$&! >)#! J$&#=>! $\B#&! C'?=#@! QA! &#C&#'>*$B! =##E#&=O! do! =?&L#A! ('&>*C*('B>=! NbcOpeP! *B@*C'>#! >)'>! >)#A! '&#! B$>! *BJ$&K#@! $B! >)#! *==?#O! p! ('&>*C*('B>=!NcObeP!&#J?=#!>$!&#=($B@!'B@!Rr!L'D?#=!'&#!K*==*B%O! 3@@*>*$B'DDA_! >)#! L*=*>$&=! \#&#! %*L#B! '! =#>! $J! $(>*$B=! C$BC#&B*B%! '! &#*KQ?&=#K#B>!$J!>)#!J$&#=>!$\B#&!>)&$?%)!@*JJ#&#B>!=$?&C#=!N0'QD#!RdPO!3B!$L#&'DD! >#B@#BCA! >$\'&@=! '! @*='%&##K#B>! C$BC#&B*B%! >)#! &#*KQ?&=#K#B>! $J! >)#! J$&#=>! $\B#&! C$?D@! Q#! $Q=#&L#@O! .L#B! K$&#! =>&$B%DA_! >)#! J$&#=>! $\B#&! =)$?D@! B$>! Q#! &#*KQ?&=#@!QA!>)#!>$?&*=>O!! ! Table 26. Visitors attitude towards options to reimburse the forest owner in the Hochsauerlandkreis on a 5-point-Likert-scale where 1=fully agree and 5=do not agree at all [n=168] Statement x σ The forest owner should be reimbursed for his additional expenses. 3.49 1.331 Each tourist should pay an overall additional fee to reimburse the 3.68 1.284 forest owner. Each profiting tourism business should pay a certain percentage of its 2.96 1.373 income according to the total turnover to reimburse the forest owner. Nobody should pay anything. 2.64 1.467 ! ! po! 3CC$&@*B%!>$!L*=*>$&!$(*B*$B!>)#!J$&#=>!$\B#&!=)$?D@!&'>)#&!Q#!&#*KQ?&=#@!QA! >)#!(&$J*>*B%!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=O!0)#!K$=>!'%&##*B%!&#=($B=#!*=!%*L#B!$B!m8$Q$@A! =)$?D@!('A!'BA>)*B%n_!)$\#L#&!>)*=!*=!'D=$!>)#!=>'>#K#B>!\*>)!>)#!)*%)#=>!=>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$BO!+&$K!>)#!%#B#&'DDA!)*%)!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$B=!Q#>\##B!TORpc!'B@!TOcdr_!*>! *=! @*JJ*C?D>! >$! @&'\! '! CD#'&! C$BCD?=*$B! =*BC#! soe! $J! 'DD! $(*B*$B=! C$?D@! Q#! #*>)#&! m&'>)#&! '%&##*B%n_! m('&>DA! '%&##*B%! U! ('&>DA! @*='%&##*B%n! $&! m&'>)#&! @*='%&##*B%nO! :$\#L#&_!L*=*>$&=!>#B@!>$!Q#!?B\*DD*B%!>$!=(#B>!'@@*>*$B'D!K$B#A!>$!&#*KQ?&=#!>)#! J$&#=>!$\B#&O!! ! pd! :4C4 %ONSRHN'QTPW'O]VOTH'IUHOTJIO`N' Tp!#Y(#&>!*B>#&L*#\=!\#&#!C'&&*#@!$?>!*B!>)#!C$?&=#!$J!>)#!@'>'!'C`?*=*>*$B!*B! $&@#&!>$!$Q>'*B!'@@*>*$B'D!`?'D*>'>*L#!*BJ$&K'>*$B!'B@!>$!C$K('&#!=>'>#K#B>=!K'@#! QA!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!'B@!K'B'%#&=O!0)#!J$C?=!$J!>)#!#Y(#&>!*B>#&L*#\=!\'=!$B!>)#! '@@*>*$B'D!`?'D*>'>*L#!@'>'O!0)*=!*BCD?@#=!C$KK?B*C'>*$B!'B@!C$$(#&'>*$B!Q#>\##B! >)#!@*JJ#&#B>!*B=>*>?>*$B=_!C$KK?B*C'>*$B!('>>#&=_!B#>\$&E*B%_!*BB$L'>*$B!(&$C#==#=! 'B@!'B!$?>D*B#!$J!(&$QD#K=!'B@!C$BJD*C>=O!3@@*>*$B'DDA_!'!/F,01'B'DA=*=!\'=!C'&&*#@! $?>O! H&*$&!>$!>)#!'C`?*=*>*$B!$J!>)#!`?'D*>'>*L#!@'>'_!>$?&*=K!#Y(#&>=!\#&#!'=E#@!>$! #=>*K'>#! >)#! 'L#&'%#! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=>! $&! C?=>$K#&! *B! >)#! :$C)='?#&D'B@E&#*=! C$K('&#@! >$! $>)#&! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! @#=>*B'>*$B=! *B! '! b1($*B>1;*CE#&>1 K#KQ&'B#O!0)*=!\'=!C'&&*#@!$?>!*B!$&@#&!>$!C$K('&#!>)#!#Y(#&>=Z!=(#C*J*C'>*$B=!\*>)! >)#!$B#=!K'@#!QA!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=O!0$?&*=K!#Y(#&>=!\#&#!>)#&#J$&#!J*D>#&#@!J&$K! >)#! $>)#&! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! &#D'>#@! #Y(#&>=_! &#=?D>*B%! *B! BfrO! 6B! '! @*&#C>! C$K('&*=$B! '! =*K*D'&! &#=?D>! C'B! Q#! @#>#C>#@O! 0$?&*=K! #Y(#&>=! ($==#==! >)#! ='K#! EB$\D#@%#!'Q$?>!>)#!'L#&'%#!CD*#B>!'=!>$?&*=K!Q?=*B#==#=!N0'QD#!RrPO!! ! Table 27. Estimation of the average customer by tourism operators and tourism experts in the Hochsauerlandkreis in comparison with other forest-based tourism destinations in frequency percent (where 1 = age, 2 = number of single visitors, 3 = number of families, 4 = number of couples, 5 = new visitors, 6 = regular / repeat visitors, 7 = comfort demand of customer, 8 = customers’ interest in nature, 9 = customers interest in sports and health). Highlighted values mark strong deviations. Tourism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 operators and experts Operators (n = 142) low 4.2 49.3 42.6 6.4 23.7 16.4 2.2 4.3 9.1 average 64.8 38.4 35.5 35.0 59.0 42.1 51.4 20.3 46.2 high 31.0 12.3 22.0 58.6 17.3 41.4 46.4 75.4 44.8 Experts n = 6 n = 6 n = 7 n = 7 n = 7 n = 7 n = 6 n = 6 n = 6 (n = 7) low - 83.3 14.3 - 14.3 - - - - average 83.3 - 57.1 28.6 57.1 42.9 50.0 33.3 16.7 high 16.7 16.7 28.6 71.4 28.6 57.1 50.0 66.7 83.3 ! ! pr! 4#L*'>*$B=! '&#! K'&E#@! *B! $&'B%#! 'B@! C'B!Q#! $Q=#&L#@! &#%'&@*B%! >)#!#=>*K'>*$B! $J! >)#!'L#&'%#!C?=>$K#&Z=!*B>#&#=>!*B!=($&>=!]s^!'B@!>)#!B?KQ#&!$J!L*=*>*B%!J'K*D*#=!]b^O! 0)#!A#DD$\!J*#D@=!K'&E!>)#!='K#!>#B@#BCA!Q?>!'!=*%B*J*C'B>!@*JJ#&#BC#!*B!(#C?D*'&*>AO! ! :4C484 -MGHPT'GPUXIHIPUN'QPT'TOYIPUMR'QPTONHBLMNOX'HPSTINW' .Y(#&>=!\#&#!'=E#@!>$!#L'D?'>#!>)#!J'C>$&!C$B@*>*$B=!J$&!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=K! 'B@! &#C&#'>*$B! *B! >)#! :/XO! 0)#! %&#'>#=>! C$K(D*'BC#=! C$BC#&B! >)#! B'>?&#! ?=#! ($>#B>*'D_! \)*C)! #Y(#&>=! #L'D?'>#! >$! Q#! mL#&A! %$$@nO! 0)*=! C&*>#&*$B! =)$\=! 'D=$! >)#! =K'DD#=>! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B! N0'QD#! RpPO! 0)#! >&'B=($&>! C$BB#C>*$B! *=! >)#! K$=>! C$B>&$L#&=*'D! ($*B>O! "#B#&'DDA! 'DD! C&*>#&*'! '&#! #L'D?'>#@! &'>)#&! ($=*>*L#O! .=(#C*'DDA! #Y(#&>=!\*>)!'!>$?&*=K!Q'CE%&$?B@!#L'D?'>#!>)#!K'&E#>*B%!'B@!*BB$L'>*$B!($\#&!>$! Q#!\#DD!@#L#D$(#@_!C$K('&#@!>$!$>)#&!&#%*$B=O!6B!>)#!*B>#&L*#\!=*>?'>*$B!#Y(#&>=!'@@! >)#!@*JJ#&#B>!C#&>*J*C'>#=!'=!'!&#%*$B'D!'==#>!>$!Q?=*B#==!).$*%*.2*26O! ! Table 28. Evaluation of specific factor conditions for forest-based tourism by experts of forest-based tourism and related branches in the case study area Hochsauerlandkreis [n=15], using a five-point-Likert-scale with 1=very good and 5=very bad Factor condition x σ Transport connection to the area 2.07 1.067 Nature use potential 1.40 .257 Qualification of employees 2.13 .410 Availability of qualified employees 2.77 .359 Availability of investment funds 3.14 .747 Business positioning 2.00 .154 Business establishment at the market 2.43 .725 Innovation 2.43 .879 Marketing 2.36 .247 Governmental support 2.54 .769 ! :4C494 ,OH`PTeN'MUX'GPPVOTMHIPU' 6B!$&@#&!>$!@#>#&K*B#!'DD!C$BB#C>#@!#B>*>*#=_!D*BE#@!QA!B#>\$&E=!'B@!>)&$?%)! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! (&$C#==#=! 'K$B%! >$?&*=K! K'B'%#&=_! &#(&#=#B>'>*L#_! =>'E#)$D@#&=! 'B@! *BJ&'=>&?C>?&'D! (&$L*@#&=_! >)#! #Y(#&>=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! B'K#! 'DD! $&%'B*G'>*$B=_! '==$C*'>*$B=! $&! C$K('B*#=! >)#A! C$$(#&'>#! \*>)! $B! '! &#%?D'&! Q'=*=O! 6>! Q#C$K#=! #L*@#B>! >)'>! %$L#&BK#B>'D! *B=>*>?>*$B=! (&*K'&*DA! =##E! C$B>'C>! >$! $>)#&! '@K*B*=>&'>*L#! =C'D#! *B=>*>?>*$B=_! \)*C)! >)#A! C$KK$BDA! B'K#@! J*&=>O! ;$C'D! >$?&*=K! ! pp! K'B'%#K#B>!$&%'B*G'>*$B=!J$C?=!$B!(&$@?C>!B#>\$&E=!*B!@*JJ#&#B>!K'&E#>!=#%K#B>=! N#O%O! )*E*B%_! J'K*DA! L'C'>*$BP! 'B@! $B! '! CD$=#! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! \*>)! >)#! D$C'D! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! Q?=*B#==#=O! 6B! >)#! C'=#! $J! /C)K'DD#BQ#&%_! \)#&#! >)#! K'B'%*B%! *B=>*>?>*$B=!J$&!>$?&*=K_!J$&#=>&A_! ='\K*DD!'B@!\$$@!*B@?=>&*#=!'&#!=*>?'>#@!*B!$B#! Q?*D@*B%! NM.":(, #23, I.#'*$%*?:&2%'#1, B!/1-""&28&'6P! =)$&>#&! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! C)'BB#D=! =?(($&>! '! J&#`?#B>! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! 'B@! C$$(#&'>*$B! N(#&=$B'D! C$KK?B*C'>*$B_!L$B!@#&!"$DG_!STURSSp_!F#Q#&_!SrURSSr_!-$=#BE&'BG!SrURSSrPO!! 8$>'QDA! >)#! B#>\$&E! $J! C$$(#&'>*B%! *B=>*>?>*$B=! =(&#'@=! $?>=*@#! >)#! &#%*$B! &#'C)*B%! J$$@! Q&'B@=_! #O%O!F")'., B.i-! 'B@! Q&"%*2$_! ?B*L#&=*>*#=! '=! \#DD! '=! &#=#'&C)! *B=>*>?>*$B=!'B@!'==$C*'>*$B=_!#O%O!0&#%$!/&',C-23&'5&'8-23!N4FiP_!B).'%/.!/$!/#"&, =D"2_!0E*+9,U#'.)>*$!/&$,I.#'*$1#$,A2$%*%#%,I'*&',N.06P_!'B@!C$B=?D>*B%!=#&L*C#=_!#O%O! C&2:&", <.2$#"%*26O! 9$KK*==*$B#@! =>?@*#=! )'L#! C$L#&#@! #L'D?'>*$B! 'B@! (&$@?C>! *K(&$L#K#B>=!N4\*J_!F#BG#D!9$B=?D>*B%_!4/:XP!'=!\#DD!'=!($>#B>*'D!B*C)#!K'&E#>=! J$&! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! (&$@?C>=! 'B@! =#&L*C#=! QA! .06! Na?'&E, &%, -"4_! RSSo_! a?'&E! 'B@! H)*D*(=#BQ?&%_!RSSdPO!! F)*D#!'DK$=>!'DD!$&%'B*G'>*$B!=>'>#@!>$!Q#!*B>#&C$BB#C>#@_!>)#!&#%*$B'D!)?B>#&=! '==$C*'>*$B!*=!>)#!$BDA!'==$C*'>*$B!B$!$B#!@#CD'&#@!>$!C$$(#&'>#!\*>)O! 3@@*>*$B'DDA_! #Y(#&>=! \#&#! '=E#@! >$! &'BE! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! (&$C#==#=! Q#>\##B! >)#*&! *B=>*>?>*$B! 'B@! $>)#&! >$?&*=K! $&! >$?&*=K1&#D'>#@! *B=>*>?>*$B=! $B! '! o1($*B>1 ;*E#&>! =C'D#O! 7$=>! *K($&>'B>! *=! >)#! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! 'K$B%! 'B@! \*>)! >)#! >$?&*=>! K'B'%#&=! ] x f! TOcRw! σ f! OoTo^O! 9$KK?B*C'>*$B! \*>)! >)#! D$C'D! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B! Q?=*B#==#=! *=! 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Q?=*B#==#=!] x f!bORrw!σ f!OsSo^_!\*>)!J*B'BC*'D!K'B'%#K#B>!] x f!ROop!σ f!TOTdo^!'B@! \*>)! B'>?&#! (&$>#C>*$B! $&%'B*G'>*$B=! ] x f! ROop! σ f! OsSS^O! /*BC#! CD?=>#&=! *BL$DL#! '! C#&>'*B! =('>*'D! (&$Y*K*>A_! #Y(#&>=! \#&#! 'D=$! '=E#@! \)*C)! E*B@! $J! C$KK?B*C'>*$B! >)#A! >)*BE! >$! Q#! K$=>! #JJ#C>*L#! 'B@! *K($&>'B>! N$B! '! o1($*B>1;*E#&>1=C'D#PO! F*>)! '! L#&A! B'&&$\! =>'B@'&@! @#L*'>*$B! ]σ f! Ocsb^! 'DD! #Y(#&>=! '%&##! >)'>! m&#%?D'&! (&$J#==*$B'D!(#&=$B'D!C$B>'C>n!(&$L#=!K$=>!*K($&>!'B@!#JJ#C>*L#!] x f!TObo^_!J$DD$\#@! QA! m$CC'=*$B'D! (&$J#==*$B'D! (#&=$B'D! C$B>'C>n! ] x f! TOpTw! σ f! Opbc^! 'B@! m&#%?D'&DA! (&*L'>#!(#&=$B'D!C$B>'C>n!] x f!RObpw! σ f!TOcSp^O!0)#!&'>)#&!)*%)!=>'B@'&@!@#L*'>*$B! '>! >)#! D'=>! C&*>#&*$B! *B@*C'>#=! >)#! L#&A! @*JJ#&#B>!=#>=! $J! $(*B*$BO! ,B! '! CD$=#&! D$$EV! \)*D#!'!K'[$&*>A!$J!>)#!#Y(#&>=!*B!>$?&*=K!'D=$!=##=!(&*L'>#!(#&=$B'D!C$B>'C>=!'=!'! =?CC#==J?D!>$$D_!#Y(#&>=!\$&E*B%!*B!%$L#&BK#B>'D!'B@!'@K*B*=>&'>*L#!=>&?C>?&#=!>#B@! >$! $(($=#! (&*L'>#! (#&=$B'D! C$B>'C>O! m,CC'=*$B'D! (&*L'>#! (#&=$B'D! C$B>'C>n! *=! =##B! &'>)#&! B#?>&'D! ] x f! ROppw! σ f! TOTTT^O! m,JJ*C#! C$KK?B*C'>*$Bn_! #O%O! B#\=D#>>#&=_! &#%?D'&!K'*D!C$B>'C>_!*=!>)$?%)>!>$!Q#!*K($&>'B>!] x f!ROSSw!σ f!SOpdd^O! ! :4C4:4 #PGIMR',OH`PTe'!UMRKNIN'IU'+]VOTH'.TPSV' 0)#&#! '&#! >\$! *K($&>'B>! ($=*>*$B=! *B! >)#! J$&#=>1Q'=#@! >$?&*=K! CD?=>#&O! 6B! 'CC$&@'BC#!\*>)!>)#!$&%'B*G'>*$B!C)'&>_!>)#!)#'@!$J!>$?&*=K!K'&E#>*B%!'==$C*'>*$B! /'K$B#! /C)\*#&! =##K=! >$! K'&E! $B#! C#B>&'D! ($=*>*$B! N+*%?&#! RpPO! 0)#! =#C$B@! *K($&>'B>!($=*>*$B!*=!K'&E#@!QA!$B#!$J!>)#!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#&=!$J!>)#!C$KK?B*>*#=_! ! sS! 7*C)'#D! 2#CEK'BBO! /*K*D'&DA! >$! >)#! K'&E#>*B%! K'B'%#&_! )#! (&*BC*('DDA! K'*B>'*B=! C$B>'C>=! \*>)*B! >)#! >$?&*=K! Q&'BC)_! Q?>! 'D=$! \*>)! 'C>$&=! *B! J$&#=>&A! 'B@! >)#! D$C'D! )*E*B%!'==$C*'>*$BO!0)*=!=##K=!$QL*$?=!=*BC#!)*=!C$KK?B*>A!*=!L#&A!\#DD!@#L#D$(#@! *B!J$&#=>1Q'=#@!>$?&*=KO!3=!'!&#=?D>!$J!>)*=!J$&C#@!'C>*L*>A!#`?'D*B%!>)#!'C>*L*>A!$J! >)#!D#'@*B%!K'&E#>*B%!K'B'%#&_!)#!K'A!'C`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rP_!\)*C)!C$?D@! &#=?D>!J&$K!>)*=!@$?QD#1($\#&!($=*>*$BO!! ! Figure 28. Experts network according to outdegrees. Green = environmental branch, blue = tourism managers / tourism marketer, purple = tourism product suppliers / associations, generated in SocNet V ! ! ! sT! H&$@?C>=! *B! >)#! >$?&*=K! =#&L*C#! C)'*B! '&#! )*%)DA! K?>?'DDA! @#(#B@*B%! $B! >)#! C$$(#&'>*$B! \*>)*B! $>)#&! (&$L*@#&=! 'B@! Q&'BC)#=O! :$\#L#&_! 'CC$&@*B%! >$! >)#! C'DC?D'>#@! B#>\$&E! @#B=*>A_! >)#! C$$(#&'>*$B! \*>)*B! >)#! >$?&*=K! K'&E#>*B%! 'B@! K'B'%#K#B>! %&$?(! *=! )*%)#&! N!fSOrdP! >)'B! >)#! $L#&'DD! *B>#&=#C>$&'D! C$$(#&'>*$B! N*BCD?@*B%!'DD!Q&'BC)#=!'B@!Q'CE%&$?B@=P!>)'>!'@@!?(!>$!>)#!J?DD!>$?&*=K!(&$@?C>!$J! '! @#=>*B'>*$B! N!fSOcbPO! :*%)DA! @#B=#! B#>\$&E=! '&#! =?(($=#@! >$! (&$@?C#! m%*6/%&', !.11#2*!-%*.2, $7$%&1$, -23, $%'.26&', *2+.'1-%*.2, &b!/-26&$n! \)*D#! #B)'BC*B%! >)#! C*&C?D'>*$B! $J! B$&K=! 'B@! (&$@?C*B%! =)'&#@! Q#)'L*$&'D! #Y(#C>'>*$B=! N/C$>>, &%, -"4_! RSSp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w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sR! >)#! (&#=#B>O! 6BB$L'>*$B! 'B@! (&$@?C>! @#L#D$(K#B>! (&$C#==#=! (D'A#@! '! K'[$&! &$D#O! .Y(#&>=!\*>)!'!J$&#=>&A!Q'CE%&$?B@!>#B@#@!>$!J$C?=!$B!>)#!('=>O! 3@@*>*$B'DDA! >)#A! \#&#! C$BC#&B#@! 'Q$?>! #Y>#&B'D*>*#=! C'?=#@! QA! >$?&*=K! @#L#D$(K#B>! #B@#'L$&=! J$&! >)#! D$C'D! J$&#=>! $\B#&=O! .Y(#&>=! $J! '==$C*'>*$B=! 'B@! %$L#&BK#B>'D! $&%'B*G'>*$B=! C$?D@! #'=*DA! (*C>?&#! 'B@! (&$L*@#! L'&*$?=! =C#B'&*$=! &#%'&@*B%!>)#!$(($&>?B*>*#=!'B@!>)&#'>=!J'C>$&=O! "#B#&'DDA!'DD!#Y(#&>=!'%&##@!$B!>)#!L'=>!B'>?&#!?=#!($>#B>*'D!$J!>)#!&#%*$B!'=!'! K'[$&! =>&#B%>)O! 9$&&#=($B@*B%DA_! >)#! *B*>*'D! C$B@*>*$B=! *BCD?@*B%! >$?&*=K! *BJ&'=>&?C>?&#! 'B@! >)#! D$B%! )*=>$&A! '=! '! >$?&*=K! @#=>*B'>*$B! '&#! 'D=$! =>&#B%>)=O! 3CC$&@*B%!>$!>)#!#Y(#&>=_!>)#!K$=>!=*%B*J*C'B>!\#'EB#==#=!C'B!Q#!J$?B@!*B!'!D'CE!$J! C$KK?B*C'>*$B!Q#>\##B!>)#!&#%*$B!N'@K*B*=>&'>*L#!D#L#DP!'B@!>)#!=*B%D#!>$\B=!'B@! C$KK?B*>*#=!N$(#&'>*$B'D!D#L#DP!N0'QD#!RsPO!.=(#C*'DDA!>)#!#Y(#&>=!$B!>)#!$(#&'>*$B'D! >$?&*=K!D#L#D!C$K(D'*B!'Q$?>!C$B>&$L#&=*'D!C$?&=#=!$J!'C>*$B!QA!>)#!K'*B!K'&E#>*B%! '==$C*'>*$B! B-#&'"-23, I.#'*$1#$, &4Q44! 3DK$=>! #L#&A! >$?&*=K! #Y(#&>! ?=#@! >)#! E#A! \$&@! mX*&C)>?&K@#BE#Bn! N('&*=)1(?K(! >)*BE*B%P! \)#B! *>! C'K#! >$! \#'EB#==#=_! =>&#==*B%! >)#! *K($&>'BC#! $J! >)*=! ($*B>O! 3B$>)#&! K'[$&! \#'EB#==! &#%'&@*B%! >)#! >$?&*=K!$(#&'>$&=!*=!=##B!*B!>)#!K*==*B%!*K(?D=#!$&!&#'@*B#==!>$!*BL#=>!*B!(&$@?C>1! 'B@!=#&L*C#!`?'D*>A!'B@!*B!(&$J*D*B%!K#'=?&#=O! ,(($&>?B*>*#=! '&#! =##B! *B! >)#! #B)'BC#K#B>! $J! >)#! =#&L*C#! `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mI/&, +*'$%, '&-$.2, E/7, 5*$*%.'$, !.1&, %., -, 3&$%*2-%*.2, fgh, -23, $%*"", 8&+.'&, %/&, -$$&%$,.+,%/&,'&6*.2,*$,-"E-7$,%/&,.++&'&3,-!%*5*%74e! N(#&=$B'D!C$KK?B*C'>*$B_!F#Q#&_!RcUSrURSSrP! ! 0)#!#Y>#B=*$B!$J!>)#!C#&>*J*C'>*$B!C$BC#(>!$B!'!B'>*$B'D!=C'D#!C$?D@!(&$L*@#!'B! '@@*>*$B'D! K'&%*B! $J! (&$J*>! J$&! >)#! $&%'B*G'>*$B! B-#&'">23&', C-23&'6-$%/D+&O! 4*JJ*C?D>*#=! '&#! =##B! *B! >)#! 'D&#'@A! #Y*=>*B%! B'>*$B'D! Q&'B@! QA! >)#! "#&K'B! C-23&'5&'8-23!'=!mE-23&'+'"*!/&,K&%'*&8&n!$J!>)#!*B*>*'>*L#!m#-"*%>%$6-$%6&8&', E-23&'8-'&$, 0&#%$!/"-23O! :$\#L#&_! '! ($==*QD#! B*C)#! *=! =>*DD! =##B! *B! >)#! ?(=C'D#! 'CC$KK$@'>*$B!=#%K#B>O!! ! sb! Table 29. Summarizing SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) of forest-based tourism and recreation in the Hochsauerlandkreis by 16 experts in the forest-based tourism and recreation cluster. Strength Weaknesses ! Vast nature use potential with ! Lacking communication on the excellent tourism infrastructure different spatial levels (e.g. town / ! Traditional tourist destination with community with local tourism 10. Mio. people in the managers and region with surrounding catchment area regional tourism marketing ! Amongst the most popular hiking association) destinations in Germany ! Low quality of traffic ! Trustfully established cooperation infrastructure (e.g. roads), little between tourism management transport connections for public and regional hiking associations transit (e.g. SGV) ! Everybody-on-their-own- approach of small towns and communities (lacking awareness of marketing efforts of the regional marketing association) ! Missing impulse to invest in profiling measures / quality control Opportunities Threats ! Enhancement of service quality ! Diminishing winter sports of tourism operators segment through climate change ! New quality trails, such as ! “Certificate jungle”, too many “Sauerländer Waldroute” and independent certificates with “Sauerländer Höhenflug” and differing sets of criteria leading to further profiling of theme lacking transparency at the marketing “hiking” customer level ! Integrative work between forestry ! Mass tourism structures by administration and tourism indefinite regional profile management ! Copy of new innovative products ! Innovative activity and theme with a simple product structure marketing (e.g. fun-sports) (e.g. events, fun courses) by ! Improve international customer other destinations, risking a acquisition and retention by unique selling point multilingual endeavors (e.g. ! 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Characteristics of locational competitive advantage in the forest-based tourism and recreation cluster of the Hochsauerlandkreis, NRW (modified, 2009, according to Porter (1990)), green = positive, blue = neutral or negative, purple = key characteristic Context for firm strategy and rivalry - Few accomodation Factor input conditions businesses cooperate Demand conditions within the same branch in the scope of - Vast nature use certification (bottom up - Well-situated, middle- potential innovation) aged and older - Heterogenous - Numerous non- customers, demanding infrastructure quality specialized businesses products and services - Mediocre availability - Tendendies: towards for easy sport and of qualified employees service integration recreational purposes but good staff rather than diagonal - Mostly repeat visitors qualification in the clustering - Demand for a healthy businesses and natural landscape - Little investment for sport activities and Related and supporting options on the retreat from everyday industries operational scale for life business innovation - Complements are - Well developed - Local food suppliers landscape for tourism information / are used by certified photography and the tourism management business local gastronomy network - Timber is used as - Catchment area of 10 - Lacking traditional construction Mio. inhabitants within communication material one-hour drive between management - Local brands are - But: demand could and operational level included for sponsoring also be served in - Well developed - Forestry, as a related neighboring destinations scientific monitoring industry, is partly and consulting developed as a thematic - And: Insufficient complementary, but not communication with yet fully perceived by other branches the visitor capitalizing on the same resource ! ! .Y(#&>=! 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TcR! 54 2INH'PQ'+]VOTHN'MUX'&PTTONVPUXIUY'5UHOTJIO`'3MHO' ! List of Experts and corresponding interview date Expert Organization Date 7=O!/C)\*#&! /'?#&D'B@!0$?&*=K?=! RrUSrURSSr! N&#%*$B'D!>$?&*=K!K'&E#>*B%! '==$C*'>*$BP! 7&O!2#&B)$DG! X&#*=[I%#&=C)'J>!:/X! TdUSrURSSr! N)?B>#&=!'==$C*'>*$B!$J!>)#!9$?B>AP! 7=O!+?BE#! ,D=Q#&%!0$?&*=>*E! SpURSSr! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!LO!@O!"$DG! -#%*$B'DJ$&=>'K>!,Q#&#=!/'?#&D'B@! STURSSp! ! 7&O!3)&#B@=! 2#=>\*%!0$?&*=K?=! RTUSpURSSr! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!g*KK#&K'BB! /'?#&DIB@*=C)#&!"#Q*&%=L#&#*B!#OiO! RSUSRURSSp! 7&O!-$%$DD! />'@>K'&E#>*B%!/?B@#&B! RsUSRURSSp! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!/#BB! 5B>#&#!;'B@=C)'J>=Q#)h&@#! RcUSTURSSp! 7=O!XMKK#D!! 7'&=Q#&%!0$?&*=K?=! RcUSTURSSp! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!/>&#B%#&! 2&*D$B!F*&>=C)'J>!?B@!0$?&*=K?=! TTURSSr! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!4hQ#&#*B#&! 7#@#Q'C)!0$?&*=>*E! SpURSSp! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7=O!:')B! 0$?&*=>!6BJ$&K'>*$B!3&B=Q#&%! RTUSpURSSr! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!F#Q#&! /C)K'DD#BQ#&%#&!0$?&*=K?=! RcUSrURSSr! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! 7&O!-$=#BE&'BG! -$>)''&=>#*%!#OiO! TpUSrURSSr! 7&O!4&O!XB$C)#! N7'&E#>*B%!$JJ*C#!)*E*B%!>&'*DP! 7&O!/C)K*@>! /'?#&DIB@#&!F'B@#&%'=>)hJ#!#OiO! RRUSdURSSr! 7&O!L$B!X#>>#D#&! H&*L'>#!J$&#=>!$\B#&!U!F*D@\'D@! RpUSrURSSr! i$==\*BE#D!! 7&O!F#%#&*C)! 2*E#13&#B'!/'?#&D'B@! STURSSp! 7&O!LO!F#*C)=! F'D@Q'?#&BL#&Q'B@!8-F! SpURSSr! 7&O!2#CEK'BB! F*B>#&Q#&%!0$?&*=K?=! STURSSp! ND$C'D!>$?&*=K!K'B'%#K#B>!$JJ*C#P! ! ! Tcb 554 2INH'PQ'&PPVOTMHIUY'5UNHIHSHIUN'!GGPTXIUY'HP'+]VOTHN' Expert’s list of cooperating institutions [n=18] Alpro Soja (Food brand) Bezirksregierung (Administrative unit) Bike Arena Sauerland (Tourism operator) Bike Park Winterberg (Tourism operator) Bobbahn GmbH (Tourism operator) Brilon Wirtschaft und Touristik (Administrative unit) Bundesgeschäftsstelle Naturgemäße Waldwirtschaft (Administrative unit / interest group) Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln (Research- and consulting institution) Einzelhandel / Verleihe (Retailers / rentals) Gastronomie (Gastronomy) Gemeindewaldbesitzerverband (Forest owners) Heilbäderverband e.V. (Health service interest group) Hessisch-waldeck'scher Gebirgs- und Heimatverein (Regional association) Holzabsatzfonds (Administrative unit) Hoteliers / guest houses (Accommodation businesses) Kreisjägerschaft HSK (Local hunters association) Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW (Federal ministry of forestry North Rhine-Westphalia ) Landesgemeinschaft Naturschutz und Umwelt NRW (LNU) (Federal nature conservation association) Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (Regional authority Westphalia-Lippe) Landwirtschaftskammer (Chamber of agriculture) Marsberg Touristik (Local tourism management office) ! Tcc Medebach Touristik (Local tourism management office) Naturparkverwaltung Homert Administration of the nature park Homert Olsberg Touristik (Local tourism management office) Rothaarsteigverein e.V. (Tourism operator / Local certification brand) Ruhrverband (Regional authority Ruhr) RWE (Regional supplier of electric energy) Sauerland Tourismus (Regional marketing association) Sauerländer Wandergasthöfe e.V. (Local certification brand) Schmallenberg Tourismus (local tourism management) Schöffel (Outdoor equipment brand)! Siegerland Tourismus (Regional tourism management) Skilifte (Local transportation) Stadtmarketing Brilon (Local tourism management office) Stadtmarketing Sundern (Citymarketing office / Local tourism office) Tatonka (Outdoor equipment brand) Tourist Information Arnsberg (Local tourism management office) Tourist-Information Willingen (Regional tourism management office) Transportverbände, z.B. RLG (Local transportation, e.g. regional public transportation) Untere Landschaftsbehörde (Administrative unit for nature- and landscape planning) Veltins (Food brand) Waldbauernverband (Association of forest farmers) Waldbesitzerverband (Association of forest owners) ! Tco Wildwald Vosswinkel (Tourism operator) Winterberg Tourismus (Local tourism management office) Deutscher Wanderverband (National hiking association)! ' ! Tcd 5554 5UXO]' PQ' $PSTINHIG' MUX' #GOUIG' !HHTMGHIJIHK' IU' .OTWMUK' ["SUXONMWH' QgT' "MSPTXUSUY' SUX' %MSW`ONOU' IU' [+UYORNh' 9@@<\\' ' ! ! Tcr !"#$ %&'()*$+&),-./001.')$2&,.0),,),$ in Kooperation mit Sauerland Tourismus e.V Waldtourismus und Erholungsnutzung im Hochsauerlandkreis Sehr geehrter Gastwirt, Hotelbetreiber, Restaurantbesitzer oder Anbieter sonstiger touristischer Produkte und Dienstleistungen, Wir benötigen Ihre Unterstützung! Die Attraktivität Ihrer Region wird maßgeblich durch Ihr Angebot touristischer Produkte und Dienstleistungen beeinflusst. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsvorhabens an der Universität Münster sind uns Ihre Angaben und Meinungen zum Thema Waldtourismus und Erholungsnutzung im Hochsauerlandkreis besonders wichtig. Hierzu zählen wir Waldbesucher, Wanderer, Natursportler und Naturliebhaber. Das Ziel der Studie ist die Untersuchung der Bedeutung des Waldtourismus im Hochsauerlandkreis, um Empfehlungen zur Förderung eines nachhaltigen und zukunftsfähigen Tourismus in der Region zu entwickeln. Auch wenn Sie für Ihr Unternehmen zunächst keinen direkten Bezug zum Thema Waldtourismus sehen, würden wir uns freuen wenn Sie zumindest die erste Seit des Fragebogens ausfüllen, da auch Ihr unternehmen für unsere Studie wichtig ist. Wir würden uns freuen wenn Sie sich durch das Ausfüllen dieses Fragebogens an der Studie beteiligen und so zum Gelingen des Vorhabens beitragen. Die Bearbeitung des Fragebogens nimmt ca. 10 Minuten in Anspruch. Für die einfache Rücksendung bis zum 30. Oktober 2007 finden Sie beigefügt einen Rückumschlag. Den Versand zahlen wir natürlich. Bitte geben Sie nicht Ihren Namen oder Ihre Adresse auf dem Fragebogen an, damit die Anonymität Ihrer Angaben gewährleistet bleibt. Für die Auswertung benötigen wir lediglich die Angabe Ihrer Postleitzahl. Für Rückfragen oder näheren Informationen zur Erhebung steht Ihnen Anna Martinsohn zur Verfügung (0251-8330140, [email protected]), welche die Studie im Rahmen ihres Promotionsvorhabens durchführt. Herzlichen Dank für Ihre Unterstützung! Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter: www.wald-zentrum.de Die Ergebnisse werden wir Ihnen 2008 in Ihrer regionalen Tourismuseinrichtungen zur Verfügung stellen. !"# 1 Ihre Einrichtung Bitte geben Sie die Postleitzahl Ihres Unternehmens an: Bitte charakterisieren Sie Ihre Einrichtung nach den folgenden Kriterien: Organisationsform ! ! ! ! ! (Rechtsform) Einzel- KG GmbH GbR Sonstiges unternehmen (Kommandit- (Gesellschaft (Gesellschaft gesellschaft) mit bürgerlichen beschränkter Rechts) Haftung) Handelt es sich bei Ihrem Betrieb um einen zertifizierten ! ja, ! ja, ! Sonstige Betrieb? Sauerländer Qualitätsbetriebe ! nein Wandergasthöfe Rothaarsteig Was ist die ! Wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit ! Verwaltung Hauptzielsetzung oder der Auftrag Ihrer ! Marketing / Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ! (Umwelt-)Bildung / Qualifizierung Einrichtung? ! Fachliche Beratung ! Forschung / Entwicklung (Mehrfachnennung möglich) ! Interessenvertretung / Lobbyarbeit ! Sonstige Personal Vollzeit ! 0 ! 1-5 ! 6-10 ! 11-20 ! > 20 Personal Teilzeit ! 0 ! 1-5 ! 6-10 ! 11-20 ! > 20 Davon Azubis ! 0 ! 1-2 ! 3-4 ! 5-6 ! > 6 Sonstige (Ehrenamtliche, ! 0 ! 1-10 ! 11-25 ! 26-50 ! > 50 Mitglieder etc.) Umsatz in Euro / Jahr ! ! ! ! ! ! 100.001- 500.001- 1.000.001- 2.000.001- < 100.000 > 3.000.000 500.000 1.000.000 2.000.000 3.000.000 Schätzung der Auslastung Ihrer Kapazitäten in Prozent im letzten Winter Frühjahr Sommer Herbst Jahr (2006) (nach Saison) ___% ___% ___% ___% Ist die Walderholung / der Wald- und Naturtourismus für die Geschäftstätigkeit Ihres Unternehmens / Ihrer Einrichtung relevant, beziehungsweise erwirtschaften Sie einen für Sie wichtigen Teil des Umsatzes aufgrund dieser Art von Tourismus? Wie wichtig ist dessen Anteil am Gesamtumsatz Ihres Unternehmens / Ihrer Einrichtung? völlig eher eher wichtig wichtig sehr wichtig essenziell Keine unwichtig* unwichtig* (21-40 %) (41-60 %) (61-80 %) (81-100 %) Angaben (0 %) (1-20 %) !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! *Sollten Sie „völlig unwichtig“ oder „eher unwichtig“ angekreuzt haben, steht es Ihnen frei mit der Befragung fort zufahren. Bitte senden Sie jedoch zumindest die erste Seite ausgefüllt an uns zurück. Vielen Dank für Ihre Beteiligung! !"# 2 Produktkatalog Meine Einrichtung / mein Unternehmen bietet folgende Unterkünfte an: (Mehrfachnennungen möglich) ! Hotel ! Pension ! Campingplatz ! Ferienwohnung, Jugendherberge, Hütte o. ä. Unterkunft ! sonstige Unterkünfte Meine Einrichtung / mein Unternehmen bietet folgenden touristischen Service an: (Mehrfachnennungen möglich) ! Restaurant / Gasthof ! Anbieter touristischer Infrastruktur (z.B. Wanderwege, Mountainbikestrecken, Bergbahn, Skilift) ! Anbieter touristischer Informationen (z.B. Tourismusbüros, Reisebüros, Führer / Guides) ! Anbieter von Natursportarten (z.B. Nordic-Walking Trainer) ! Verleih von Material (z.B. Bootsverleihe) ! Verkauf touristischer Waren / Produkte (z.B. Souvenirläden) ! Anbieter von Dienstleistungen im Kur- und Gesundheitsbereich ( z. B. Fitness-Center, Sauna, Solarium) ! sonstige Dienstleistungen (bitte spezifizieren Sie) Bitte beurteilen Sie Ihre durchschnittliche Kundenklientel anhand der aufgelisteten Kriterien. Wie hoch ist Ihrer niedrig durch- hoch keine Angabe Einschätzung nach… schnittlich …das durchschnittliches Alter ! (20–30) ! (30–55) ! (55+) ! … die Anzahl der Einzelpersonen ! (< 20 %) ! (21-40 %) ! (> 40%) ! … die Anzahl der Paare ! (< 20 %) ! (21-40 %) ! (> 40%) ! … die Anzahl der Familien ! (< 20 %) ! (21-40 %) ! (> 40%) ! … Reisegruppen / Clubs / Vereine ! (< 20 %) ! (21-40 %) ! (> 40%) ! … die Anzahl der Stammgäste ! (< 25 %) ! (25-50 %) ! (> 50 %) ! … die Anzahl der Neukunden ! (< 25 %) ! (25-50 %) ! (> 50 %) ! … die Einkommensklasse (brutto / ! ! ! ! Monat) (< 2.000 Euro) (2.000-2.500) (> 2.500 Euro) … der Komfortanspruch der Gäste ! ! ! ! .. das Kulturinteresse der Gäste ! ! ! ! … das Naturinteresse der Gäste ! ! ! ! … das Gesundheits- / Aktivitäts- / ! ! ! ! Sportinteresse der Gäste !"# 3 Rahmenbedingungen für wirtschaftliches Handeln Bitte beurteilen Sie anhand der aufgelisteten Kriterien die aktuelle Situation Ihres Unternehmens / Ihrer Einrichtung bezüglich Wirtschaftlichkeit und Konkurrenzfähigkeit in der Region. Bitte ergänzen Sie gegebenenfalls die Kriterien um für Sie bedeutende Eigenschaften. Kriterium sehr gut gut mittel schlecht sehr nicht schlecht zutreffend Verkehrsanbindung (z. B. Lage und Infrastruktur Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Unternehmens) Naturraum ! ! ! ! ! ! (z. B. ästhetisches Landschaftsbild) Qualifikation Ihres Personals (z. B. Aus- und Weiterbildung) ! ! ! ! ! ! Verfügbarkeit qualifizierter ! ! ! ! ! ! Arbeitskräfte in der Region Verfügbarkeit von Mitteln für Investitionen (z. B. Kredite regionaler ! ! ! ! ! ! Banken) Positionierung (Ausrichtung, Zuordnung Ihres Produkts / Ihrer Dienstleistung am ! ! ! ! ! ! Zielmarkt: Wie sieht mich der Kunde?) Etablierung Ihres Unternehmens am Markt (Kontinuität in der Nachfrage Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Produkts / Ihrer Dienstleistung) Innovation (Abgrenzung des Angebots Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Unternehmens zu anderen Anbietern) Marketing und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (Unternehmungen zur Kundengewinnung ! ! ! ! ! ! bzw. Unternehmensdarstellung z.B. durch Werbung) Wahrnehmung und Unterstützung durch Politik (z. B. Wirtschaftsförderung) ! ! ! ! ! ! Medien und Gesellschaft ! ! ! ! ! ! Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! ! ______ ______! ! ! ! ! ! Wie wichtig ist Ihnen die Kooperation mit anderen Unternehmen / Einrichtungen in der Region? sehr ziemlich ziemlich völlig un- nicht wichtig wichtig unwichtig wichtig zutreffend … mit Unternehmen / Einrichtungen der selben Branche (touristische ! ! ! ! ! Anbieter, wie Hotels, Gastronomie etc.) … mit Multiplikatorunternehmen (z. B. Touristikbüros, Informations- und ! ! ! ! ! Werbebüros, Vereine) … mit Unternehmen / Einrichtungen anderer Branchen (z.B. Zulieferer, ! ! ! ! ! Großhändler… … Forstwirtschaft, Waldbesitzern) ! ! ! ! ! Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! !"! 4 Besondere Angaben Welche Bedeutung hat Ihrer Meinung nach der Wald in der Region für Ihr Unternehmen? Unser Unternehmen / unsere stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine Einrichtung… voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … identifiziert sich mit dem Wald mehr als mit anderen ! ! ! ! ! ! Landschaftselementen (z.B. Täler, Flüsse, Mittelgebirge) … sieht den Wald als wichtigen Standortfaktor an (z. B. als ! ! ! ! ! ! Motivationsgrund für Touristen die Region zu besuchen) … würde ohne den Wald als Landschaftselement ebenso gut / ! ! ! ! ! ! ebenso schlecht wirtschaften Wie schätzen Sie regionale Umwelteinflüsse wie den Orkan „Kyrill“ vom 18.01.2007 für Ihre Branche ein? Umwelteinflüsse wie der Orkan stimme voll stimme Stimme Stimme gar keine „Kyrill“ … und ganz zu eher zu eher nicht nicht zu Angaben zu … sind eine Chance für die Region ! ! ! ! ! (z.B. offenes attraktives Landschaftsbild) … sind zwar kurzfristig negativ zu bewerten (gesperrte Wege) bedeuten ! ! ! ! ! aber längerfristig keine Gefahr /Wiederaufforstungen) … verursachen auch längerfristig ! ! ! ! ! schwere Schäden (z.B. Forstwirtschaft) Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! Was vermittelt Ihnen der Werkstoff Holz? Holz vermittelt mir… stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … Wärme und Behaglichkeit ! ! ! ! ! ! … ein ländlich rustikales ! ! ! ! ! ! Erscheinungsbild … eine kostengünstige Bauweise ! ! ! ! ! ! … eine innovative Bauweise ! ! ! ! ! ! … eine ökologische Orientierung ! ! ! ! ! ! … sonstiges ! ! ! ! ! ! Welche Bedeutung hat der Rohstoff Holz bei der Ausstattung Ihrer touristischen Einrichtungen? Holz ist für touristische stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine Einrichtungen in der Region… voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … im Innenbereich (z. B. Böden, ! ! ! ! ! ! Treppen, Möbel etc.) … für Baukörper (z. B. Außen- und ! ! ! ! ! ! Zwischenwände) … im Außenbereich (z. B. Balkone, ! ! ! ! ! ! Terrasse, Stege) !"# Waldtouristen und Erholungssuchende dürfen den Wald betreten ohne ein Entgelt an den Besitzer entrichten zu müssen. Dem Waldbesitzer entstehen in ausgeschilderten Erholungsgebieten erhöhte Kosten weil er gesetzlich zu der Überprüfung seiner Wege im Rahmen der Verkehrssicherheit verpflichtet ist (Verkehrssicherungspflicht). Durch den erhöhten Besucherverkehr muss der Waldbesitzer gelegentlich auch mit Verlusten bei der Jagdpacht rechnen. Mit diesem Sachverhalt bin ich vertraut. !!! Ja !!! Nein !!! keine Angabe Meiner Meinung nach… stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … sollte der Waldbesitzer ein Entgelt für die touristische Nutzung ! ! ! ! ! ! seines Waldes erhalten. … sollte eine pauschale Abgabe pro ! ! ! ! ! ! Tourist veranschlagt werden.. … sollte jedes profitierende Tourismusunternehmen eine dem ! ! ! ! ! ! Umsatz angepasste Pauschale für die Waldbesitzer entrichten. … ist der Wald eine Ressource wie Wasser und Luft. Niemand sollte ! ! ! ! ! ! dafür zahlen müssen. …ist die Verkehrssicherungspflicht ! ! ! ! ! ! überholt. Vielen Dank für Ihre Beteiligung an dieser Befragung! !"# !"# $%&'()#*%(+,-.//0-&(#!-+-,.&+# in Kooperation mit Sauerland Tourismus e.V. Waldtourismus und Erholungsnutzung im Hochsauerlandkreis Sehr geehrte/r Waldbesucher/in, Wanderer/in, Natursportler/in oder Naturliebhaber/in, Wir benötigen Ihre Unterstützung! Im Arbeitsfeld Wald, Forst- und Holzwirtschaft arbeiten deutschlandweit über 1,3 Millionen Beschäftigte. Sie erwirtschaften einen Umsatz von rund 181 Milliarden Euro pro Jahr. Doch der Wald ist nur ein Holzproduzent… . Das Forschungsvorhaben zielt auf die Erfassung und Analyse des waldbezogenen Tourismus im Hochsauerlandkreis ab. Hierbei sollen die indirekten Leistungen des Wirtschaftswaldes im Rahmen des Tourismus für den ländlichen Raum ermittelt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Studie sollen einerseits zu einer verbesserten Planung und Förderung des Tourismus, andererseits zu einer effektiveren Kommunikation zwischen Tourismus, Wald- Und Forstwirtschaft beitragen und somit Konkurrenz- und Zukunftsfähigkeit der Region erhalten. Mit Ihrer Meinung, als Waldbesucher und Tourist, tragen Sie zu einem besseren Verständnis der Bedeutung des Waldtourismus im Hochsauerlandkreis und zur Vollständigkeit dieser Studie bei. Unter allen Teilnehmern der Studie verlosen wir folgende Preise: 1. Preis: 1 Wochenende für 2 Personen in einem Sauerländer Wandergasthof 2. Preis: 1 Rothaarsteig Tatonka Wanderrucksack 3.-5. Preis: 1 Jahreskarte für den Wildwald Vosswinkel / Arnsberg Wenn Sie an der Verlosung teilnehmen möchten, bitten wir Sie Ihre Telefonnummer oder E-Mail Adresse nur auf das Deckblatt zu schreiben. Um Anonymität zu gewährleisten, geben Sie bitte weder Ihren Namen noch Ihre Adresse auf dem Frageformular an. Der Rechtsweg ist ausgeschlossen. Für das Ausfüllen des Fragebogens benötigen Sie ca. 5-10 Minuten. Wir danken Ihnen für Ihr Interesse an der Studie und Ihre Kooperation. Diese Studie wird von Anna Martinsohn (wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Wald-Zentrum der Universität Münster) im Rahmen eines Promotionsvorhabens durchgeführt und von Prof. Dr. Andreas Schulte betreut. Für Rückfragen, Anmerkungen oder näherer Information zur Studie stehen wir Ihnen unter folgenden Kontaktdaten gern zur Verfügung: Tel. 0251-8330140, E-Mail [email protected]. ! Ja, ich möchte an der Verlosung teilnehmen. E-Mail:______Tel.:______ !"# 1 Reisedaten Bitte geben Sie folgende Information zu Ihrer aktuellen Reiseplanung und -durchführung an: Reisebegleitung ! ! ! ! ! ! allein mit Partner/in mit Familie mit Reise mit sonstiges -gruppe Freunden/ innen Anreise ! ! ! ! öffentliche eigener Reiseanbieter sonstiges PKW Verkehrsmittel (Reisebüro / (Bahn, ÖPNV) Pauschalreise, Busreisen) Aufenthalt in der ! auf der ! ____Tag/e Region in Tagen Durchfahrt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Unterbringung Pension / Ferien- Camping- trifft Hotel privat sonstiges Bed & Breakfast haus platz nicht zu Wann haben Sie sich zum ! eine Woche ! einen Monat ! spontan ! vor ____ Monaten Reiseantritt entschieden? zuvor zuvor Wie oft waren Sie schon ! noch nie ! einmal ! zwei Mal ! Ich komme öfter hierher in der Region? Wodurch haben Sie über ! ! ! ! ! Erholungsaktivitäten in Freunde und Zeitschriften / Werbung von Internet Sonstige dieser Region erfahren? Bekannte Broschüren Tourismus- (Mehrfachnennung möglich) Anbietern Planen Sie den Hochsauerlandkreis ! auf keinen ! sicher ! wahrscheinlich ! eher nicht ! weiß nicht nächstes Jahr wieder zu Fall besuchen? 2 Interessen und Aktivitäten Was finden Sie an Natur ! Äcker / Felder und Wiesen ! Klima und Landschaft in dieser Region besonders ! Berge und Täler ! Wald charakteristisch? (Mehrfachnennung möglich) ! kleine Städte und Dörfer ! Quellen, Bäche und Flüsse (charakteristische Architektur) Bitte nennen Sie nach … Erholung durch Bewegung … Rückzug aus dem Alltag Wichtigkeit geordnet (1, 2 und 3) Ihre drei … Erholung durch Sport im Freien … Städte / Architektur wichtigsten Interessen Fotografie / Beobachtung von während Ihres Urlaubs in … Wellness Natur und Landschaft der Region. … … Kultur und Geschichte Gastronomie der Region Sonstige … (kulinarische Interessen) … !"" Welche Aktivitäten Wandern (ab 5 km / Tag, länger Besichtigung von Sehenswürdigkeiten verfolgen Sie während …. als 2 Stunden) … (z. B. Kirchen, historischen Bauten etc.) Ihres Aufenthalts – bitte nennen Sie nach Spazieren gehen (weniger als 5 Besuch von kulturellen Events (z. B. Wichtigkeit geordnet (1, 2 … km / Tag, 1-2 Stunden) regionalen Festivitäten) und 3) nur die drei Wichtigsten. … Nordic-Walking / Walking … … Rad fahren (radeln) Besuch von Sport-Events (z. B. Wettkämpfe) … … Nordic-Skating / Skating … Mountainbike fahren … Wellness (z. B. Sauna, Massage, Yoga) Ski/Snowboard fahren und zwar Aufenthalt in der Natur (Fotografieren, … ! Abfahrt ! Langlauf … Picknicken usw.) … Reiten keine besonderen Aktivitäten, nur Erholung durch „Ortswechsel“ … Rodeln … sonstige Sportarten Sonstige Aktivitäten … … 3 Ausgaben Ausgaben für die An- und Abreise (pro ! 0 – 20 € ! 21 – 40 € ! 41 – 80 € ! > 80 € Person) Wie viel geben Sie pro Tag für folgende Posten aus? (pro Person) Keine < 10 € 11 – 25 26 – 50 51 – 75 € > 75 € Ausgaben € € … Unterkunft? (Hotellerie, Pension, Ferienhaus, Campingplatz) ! ! ! ! ! ! … touristische Dienstleistungen? (Informationsbroschüren, Kartenmaterial, ! ! ! ! ! ! Führungen, Kurse (z.B. Nordic-Walking), Seilbahnen, Souvenirs etc.) … Gastronomie? (in der Unterkunft, wenn nicht im ! ! ! ! ! ! Übernachtungspreis enthalten sowie außerhalb der Unterkunft) …lokaler Transport? (öffentliche Verkehrsmittel wie Bus und Bahn) ! ! ! ! ! ! …lokale Dienstleistungen bzw. Einzelhandel? (Bäcker, Fleischer, Tankstellen, ! ! ! ! ! ! Kaufhäuser, Shops etc.) 4 Bedeutung des Waldes Bitte schätzen Sie die Bedeutung des Waldes für die Region ein? Maßnahme/Bedeutung sehr ziemlich ziemlich un- völlig un- nicht bedeutend bedeutend bedeutend bedeutend zutreffend …als attraktives ! ! ! ! ! Landschaftselement … als Klima-, Luft-, Boden, und ! ! ! ! ! Grundwasserschutz … als Produzent nachwachsender Rohstoffe ! ! ! ! ! (z. B. Bauholz, Kaminholz, Holz zur Papierherstellung etc.) … als wichtiger Arbeitgeber ! ! ! ! ! …für Tourismus und Erholung ! ! ! ! ! !"# Waldtouristen und Erholungssuchende dürfen den Wald betreten ohne ein Entgelt an den Besitzer entrichten zu müssen. Dem Waldbesitzer entstehen in ausgeschilderten Erholungsgebieten erhöhte Kosten weil er gesetzlich zu der Überprüfung seiner Wege im Rahmen der Verkehrssicherheit verpflichtet ist. Mit dieser Problematik bin ich vertraut. !!! Ja !!! Nein !!! keine Angabe Meiner Meinung nach… stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … sollte der Waldbesitzer ein Entgelt für die touristische Nutzung ! ! ! ! ! ! seines Waldes erhalten. … sollte eine pauschale Abgabe pro ! ! ! ! ! ! Tourist veranschlagt werden.. … sollte jedes profitierende Tourismusunternehmen eine dem ! ! ! ! ! ! Umsatz angepasste Pauschale für die Waldbesitzer entrichten. … ist der Wald eine Ressource wie Wasser und Luft. Niemand sollte ! ! ! ! ! ! dafür zahlen müssen. …ist die Verkehrssicherungspflicht ! ! ! ! ! ! überholt. Wie schätzen Sie die Folgen des Orkan „Kyrill“ für den Tourismus in der Region ein? Umwelteinflüsse wie der Orkan stimme stimme stimme stimme stimme keine „Kyrill“ … voll und eher zu teils zu eher gar nicht Angaben ganz zu nicht zu zu … sind eine Chance für die Region ! ! ! ! ! ! (z.B. offenes attraktives Landschaftsbild) … sind zwar kurzfristig negativ zu bewerten (gesperrte Wege) bedeuten ! ! ! ! ! ! aber längerfristig keine Gefahr /Wiederaufforstungen) … verursachen auch längerfristig ! ! ! ! ! ! schwere Schäden (z.B. Forstwirtschaft) Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 Persönliche Angaben Bitte geben Sie einige allgemeine Informationen zu Ihrer Person an: Geschlecht ! weiblich ! männlich Alter ! ______Jahre Familienstand ! ledig ! eingetragene Partnerschaft ! verheiratet ! geschieden ! verwitwet Bildungsstand ! Hauptschule ! Realschule ! Abitur ! Hochschule ! NRW (Stadt / Kreis ______) Wohnort ! anderes Bundesland (______) ! Ausland (______) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Netto-Einkommen in 1.001- 1.501- 2.001- 2.501- 3.001- >3.501- >4.001- Euro (pro Person pro Monat) <1.000 <4.501 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4000 4.500 Ort: Datum: Vielen Dank für Ihre Beteiligung an dieser Befragung! Wir wünschen Ihnen einen angenehmen Aufenthalt im Sauerland! !"# !"#$ %&'()*$+&,-).,/)$012)'3$"/3)'(,)45$ Gesprächsleitfaden Expertenbefragung Erhebung Waldtourismus und -erholungsnutzung im Cluster Wald und Holz Fallstudie: Hochsauerlandkreis Im Rahmen einer Promotionsarbeit an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster Ansprechpartner für Rückfragen: [Visitenkarte] Anna Martinsohn M. Sc. Tel.: 0251-8330140 E-Mail: [email protected] !"# 1. Allgemeines [Anonymität / Information über Dauer des Gesprächs / Information über Mitschnitt des Gesprächs und Transkipt, Abfrage allgemeiner Information zur Einrichtung, abweichende Adressen Verwaltung, Standorte, Ansprechpartner (mögliche Vertreter), Mobilnummern] Einrichtung Forstwirtschaft, Tourismus, Gastronomie, Hotellerie, waldspezifische Anbieter, Branche Regionalplanung/-management, Fachverwaltung, andere Interessensvertretungen (NatSchu, Jagd) Ansprechpartner Organisationsform (z. B. Rechtsform) Was ist die ! Wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit ! Verwaltung Hauptzielsetzung / das ! Interessenvertretung / Lobbyarbeit ! Marketing / Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Hauptgeschäftsfeld ! Fachliche Beratung ! Bildung / Qualifizierung oder der Auftrag Ihrer Einrichtung? ! Forschung / Entwicklung ! Sonstige (Mehrfachnennung möglich) Vorhandenes Datenmaterial, Jahresberichte, Planungsdokument, Adressen, Kontakte etc. Definition Waldtourismus: Waldtouristen: Waldbesucher, Wanderer, Natursportler sowie Naturliebhaber. Anbieter waldbezogener Dienstleistungen für Tourismus und Erholung: tourismusspezifische Anbieter, tourismusverwandte Anbieter. Erklärung Wie schätzen Sie Ihren Wissens- und Kenntnisstand bezüglich der folgenden Kriterien ein (Expertenwissen: Erkennen großer Bedeutungszusammenhänge, arbeiten schneller und fehlerfreier, besseres Kurzzeit- und Langzeitgedächtnis, achten auf Strukturen als auf oberflächliche Eigenschaften, verwenden Zeit für qualitative Analysen, können ihre Fähigkeiten und Leistungen richtig beurteilen) Können Sie über die Gesamtsituation des Waldtourismus bzw. der waldbezogenen Erholungsnutzung in der Region Auskünfte erteilen? Inwieweit verfügen Sie Ihrer Meinung nach über so genanntes Expertenwissen …. (1=gar nicht / 10=umfangreiches Expertenwissen). Expertenwissen: ….Kriterium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tourismus Natursport Gastronomie und Hotellerie Forstwirtschaft Regionalmanagement Andere Waldnutzungsformen (z.B. Jagd) Naturschutz [Einschätzung der Sekundärdaten, Anzahl der Anbieter, Anzahl Kleinunternehmen, Vollständigkeit des Branchenbildes] !"# [Angaben von Anbietern über die Einschätzung des Waldbezugs, Kundenaktivitäten und Kundeninteressen] Wie schätzen Sie anhand der Tabelle die durchschnittliche Kundenklientel der Touristen in im Hochsauerlandkreis ein? Wie hoch ist Ihrer niedrig durch- hoch keine Angabe Einschätzung nach… schnittlich …das durchschnittliches Alter ! (20 – 30) ! (30 – 55) ! (55+) ! … die Anzahl der Einzelpersonen ! (< 10 %) ! (11-25 %) ! (> 25%) ! … die Anzahl der Paare ! (< 10 %) ! (11-25 %) ! (> 25%) ! … die Anzahl der Familien ! (< 10 %) ! (11-25 %) ! (> 25%) ! … die Anzahl der Stammgäste ! (< 25 %) ! (25-50 %) ! (> 50 %) ! … die Anzahl der Neukunden ! (< 25 %) ! (25-50 %) ! (> 50 %) ! … die Einkommensklasse (brutto / ! ! ! ! Monat) (< 2.000 Euro) (2.000-2.500) (> 2.500 Euro) Komfortanspruch der Gäste ! ! ! ! Kulturinteresse der Gäste ! ! ! ! Naturinteresse der Gäste ! ! ! ! Gesundheits- / Aktivitäts- / ! ! ! ! Sportinteresse der Gäste !"# 2. Kooperation Bitte schätzen Sie die Kooperation im Bezug auf Implementierung von Neuprojekten und täglichem Management / Monitoring Ihrer Einrichtung mit anderen branchenverwandten Einrichtungen ein. (1=sehr häufig, 2=häufig, 3=gelegentlich, 4=kaum -5=nie) Branche / Bedeutung 1 2 3 4 5 nicht zutreffend Forstwirtschaft (z. B. Waldbesitzer, ! ! ! ! ! ! Forstbetriebe, Dienstleister) Tourismus ! ! ! ! ! ! (z. B. Touristikbüros, Informationsbüros) Gastronomie (z. B. Restaurants, ! ! ! ! ! ! Gasthöfe) Hotellerie (z. B. Pensionen, Hotels, ! ! ! ! ! ! Ferienhausvermietungen) Andere Anbieter (z. B. private Anbieter / Unternehmen, ! ! ! ! ! ! Vereine, Verbände) Zulieferer (lokale kleine und mittelständische ! ! ! ! ! ! Unternehmen des Handwerks und Einzelhandels wie Bäcker, Lieferanten) Finanzwesen (Banken) ! ! ! ! ! ! Naturschutz (Ortsgruppen, Vereine, ! ! ! ! ! ! Verbände, z.B. BUND, NABU, ) Fachverwaltung (Ministerien, ! ! ! ! ! ! Landesbetriebe, Ämter) Andere Interessenvertretungen ! ! ! ! ! ! (Verbände) Bildung und Forschung ! ! ! ! ! ! Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! ! Bitte nennen Sie Unternehmen und Einrichtungen (Personen und Funktion) aus den o. g. Branchen mit denen Sie sehr intensiv in Kontakt stehen (hohe Kommunikation oder Kooperation) / die eine Schlüsselrolle im regionalen Management bezüglich Waldtourismus einnehmen. !"! Bitte erläutern Sie die Ihrer Meinung nach die Wichtigkeit der Art der Kommunikation generell: Kommunikationsart / Bedeutung 1 2 3 4 5 nicht zutref fend Regelmäßiger beruflicher persönlicher Kontakt (z. B. förmlich ! ! ! ! ! ! geregelte Besprechungen) Regelmäßiger privater persönlicher Kontakt (z. B. ! ! ! ! ! ! gemeinsame Freizeitbeschäftigung) Gelegentlicher persönlicher ! ! ! ! ! ! Kontakt (z. B. gelegentliche Besprechungen, Veranstaltungen) Gelegentlicher privater persönlicher Kontakt (z. B. ! ! ! ! ! ! feierliche Anlässe) Bürokommunikation (Post, E-Mail, ! ! ! ! ! ! Telefon, Fax) Allgemeiner Kontakt (z. B. Bezug oder Lieferung von ! ! ! ! ! ! Informationsmaterialen) Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! ! Gemeinsame Projekte / gemeinsame Netzwerke: Ich bin Teil des Netzwerks: !"# Spezifische Parameter und Rahmenbedingungen Bitte beschreiben Sie den Ist-Zustand Ihrer Branche oder Ihres Bereichs. Bitte beschreiben Sie die wichtigsten Entwicklungstrends Ihrer Branche oder Ihres Bereichs (basierend auf der zurückliegenden Entwicklung und der aktuellen Situation). Kriterium sehr gut gut mittel schlecht sehr nicht schlecht zutreffend Verkehrsanbindung (z. B. Lage und Infrastruktur Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Unternehmens) Naturraum ! ! ! ! ! ! (z. B. ästhetisches Landschaftsbild) Qualifikation Ihres Personals (z. B. Aus- und Weiterbildung) ! ! ! ! ! ! Verfügbarkeit qualifizierter ! ! ! ! ! ! Arbeitskräfte in der Region Verfügbarkeit von Mitteln für Investitionen (z. B. Kredite regionaler ! ! ! ! ! ! Banken) Positionierung (Ausrichtung, Zuordnung Ihres Produkts / Ihrer Dienstleistung am ! ! ! ! ! ! Zielmarkt: Wie sieht mich der Kunde?) Etablierung Ihres Unternehmens am Markt (Kontinuität in der Nachfrage Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Produkts / Ihrer Dienstleistung) Innovation (Abgrenzung des Angebots Ihres ! ! ! ! ! ! Unternehmens zu anderen Anbietern) Marketing und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (Unternehmungen zur Kundengewinnung ! ! ! ! ! ! bzw. Unternehmensdarstellung z.B. durch Werbung) Wahrnehmung und Unterstützung durch Politik (z. B. Wirtschaftsförderung) ! ! ! ! ! ! Medien und Gesellschaft ! ! ! ! ! ! Sonstige (bitte angeben) ! ! ! ! ! ! ______ ______! ! ! ! ! ! [Beispiele: ökonomische, ökologische, kommunikative Trends…] Entwicklungstrend Erläuterungen !"# Bitte beschreiben Sie die wichtigsten Problem- und Konfliktfelder Ihrer Branche oder Ihres Bereichs. Problem- und Erläuterungen Konfliktfelder Bitte nehmen Sie eine Bewertung der spezifischen Stärken, Schwächen, Chancen und Risiken Ihrer Branche oder Ihres Bereichs mit direktem Bezug zum Standort vor: Stärken der Branche Schwächen der Branche Chancen für die weitere Entwicklung der Risiken für die weitere Entwicklung der Branche Branche Modul 4 - Handlungsempfehlungen Wo sehen Sie Entwicklungspotenziale? Entwicklungspotenziale Erläuterungen !"# Welche Handlungsempfehlungen können Sie für Ihre Branche aussprechen? Handlungsempfehlungen Erläuterungen Zusätzliche Einschätzungen zu … Problempunkt Erläuterungen Datensicherheit Grundgesamtheit Kleine Unternehmen (z.B. Pensionen unter 8 Betten) Einschätzung des Interesses und des Rücklaufs. Orkan „Kyrill“ [Folgen, Erfahrungen, Kommunikation, Verwaltung, Vernetzung] Betretungsrecht [Erfahrungen, Kommunikation] Holz im Bau Weitere Experten Vielen Dank für Ihre Beteiligung an dieser Studie! !"# ! ! 166