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An Overview of Linguistic Structures in Torwali, a Language of Northern

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AN OVERVIEW OF LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES IN TORWALI, A LANGUAGE OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN The members of the Committee approve the masters thesis of Wayne A. Lunsford Donald A. Burquest ____________________________________ Supervising Professor Paul R. Kroeger ____________________________________ David A. Ross ____________________________________ Copyright © by Wayne A. Lunsford 2001 All Rights Reserved AN OVERVIEW OF LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES IN TORWALI, A LANGUAGE OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN by WAYNE A. LUNSFORD Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2001 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed individual efforts to help bring this thesis to completion so I want to take a mo- ment to say thank you. To begin with, I want to express my appreciation to Don Burquest, who served as my committee chair. I benefited a lot from his knowledge of linguistics and experience advising many thesis stu- dents like myself. His comments and suggestions regarding the content and organization of this paper were in- valuable, and his encouragement kept me going. I also appreciated the other members of my committee, Paul Kroeger, who helped broaden my understanding of some of the grammatical issues addressed in this paper, and David Ross, who has a much better understanding of the languages of Pakistan than I do and was willing to share that knowledge with me. Joan Baart, who has a great deal of experience working in the languages of northern Pakistan, also read several drafts and offered many helpful suggestions for which I am grateful. I also want to say thank you to Mike McMillan, who helped format some of the figures used in this paper. Many thanks to the speakers of Torwali, who are some of the most hospitable people in the world. We were grateful to them for allowing us to live with them and become students of their language and their way of life. Special recognition is due to Jahangir, who worked with me almost daily in our home in Peshawar, allow- ing me to elicit data, analyze it and learn the language, Rahimullah, who took time off from his work during my visits to Bahrain to help me learn the language, elicit language data and learn about the Torwali culture, and Inamullah, who understands many of the phonological and grammatical features of the language and took time to discuss them with me. Muhammad Zaman also offered me a great deal of assistance—meeting with me on a number of occasions and responding to many questions sent via email. There were so many other Torwali speakers whom I would also like to recognize, but space does not allow me to mention all of them individually. They have taught me so much, and I hope to have many more opportunities to learn from them. iv My wife, Valerie, and sons, Sean and Jordan, have been incredibly supportive and patient throughout this whole project, but especially during the last few months as I pulled everything together into the present form. I could not have finished this without them. Finally, I want to thank the Lord, my God, for His sustaining grace and strength. November 20, 2001 v ABSTRACT AN OVERVIEW OF LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES IN TORWALI, A LANGUAGE OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN Publication No.______ Wayne A. Lunsford, M.A. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2001 Supervising Professor: Donald A. Burquest The people who speak Torwali live in the foothills of the Himalayas in Northern Pakistan. Their language belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and can be categorized as a strong head-final language. It has a split-ergative system with ergative case markers used in the future tense and perfective aspect. Grammatical relations are indicated primarily by postpositions. The counting system uses a base-20 system as opposed to a base-10 system as found in English. This project provides an analysis of the phonological system, including a look at the phoneme inventory, phonological processes, syllable structure and tone. It also provides an introduc- tion to the morphology and syntax systems employed in the language. Finally, an analysis of a narrative text is presented, and some initial features of Torwali discourse are described, namely characteristics of profile and peak, spectrum and participant reference according to the principles of discourse analysis put forth by Longacre (1981, 1996). vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The people and their language ......................................................................... 2 1.2 Sociolinguistic situation ................................................................................... 4 1.3 Relationship to other languages ....................................................................... 5 1.4 Previous research ............................................................................................. 6 1.5 Current study .................................................................................................... 7 2. PHONOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1 The consonant system ...................................................................................... 9 2.2 Consonant phones ............................................................................................ 9 2.3 Consonant phonemes ....................................................................................... 11 2.4 Phonological processes .................................................................................... 23 2.5 The vowel system ............................................................................................ 26 2.6 Syllable structure ............................................................................................. 33 2.7 Prosodic features .............................................................................................. 35 3. TYPOLOGY OF TORWALI ................................................................................... 40 3.1 Morphological typology ................................................................................... 40 3.2 Constituent order typology .............................................................................. 43 4. SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES .................................................................................. 51 4.1 Nouns ............................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Personal pronouns ............................................................................................ 54 vii 4.3 Demonstrative pronouns .................................................................................. 56 4.4 Descriptive adjectives ...................................................................................... 58 4.5 Numerals .......................................................................................................... 59 4.6 Verbs ................................................................................................................ 61 4.7 Adverbs ............................................................................................................ 63 5. FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGY .......................................................................... 65 5.1 Inflectional morphology ................................................................................... 65 5.2 Derivational morphology ................................................................................. 80 6. CLAUSE-LEVEL FEATURES ................................................................................ 88 6.1 Verb operations ................................................................................................ 88 6.2 Predicate nominals and related constructions .................................................. 90 6.3 Grammatical relations ...................................................................................... 94 7. DISCOURSE FEATURES ........................................................................................ 98 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 98 7.2 Profile and peak .............................................................................................. 101 7.3 Spectrum .......................................................................................................... 109 7.4 Participant reference ........................................................................................ 113 7.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 122 8. CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................
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