Energy of the Future?
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1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek
1 1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek We find ourselves on the cusp of a new epoch in history, where every pos- sibility is still an option. Hydrogen, the very stuff of the stars and our own sun, is now being seized by human ingenuity and harnessed for human ends. Charting the right course at the very beginning of the journey is essential if we are to make the great promise of a hydrogen age a viable reality for our children and a worthy legacy for the generations that will come after us. Jeremy Rifkin [1]. Hydrogen is being considered as an important future energy carrier, which means it can store and deliver energy in a usable form. At standard temperature and pressure (0 ∘C and 1013 hPa), hydrogen exists in a gaseous form. It is odourless, colourless, tasteless, non-toxic and lighter than air. The stoichiometric fraction of hydrogen in air is 29.53 vol%. Abundant on earth as an element, hydrogen is present everywhere, being the simplest element in the universe representing 75 wt% or 90 vol% of all matter. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is not an energy source itself; it can only be produced from other sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, renewable sources or nuclear power by different energy conversion processes. Exothermic combustion reaction with oxygen forms water (heat of combustion 1.4 × 108 Jkg−1) and no greenhouse gases containing carbon are emitted to the atmosphere. Selected physical properties of hydrogen based on Van Nostrand are presented in Table 1.1 [2]. The energy content of hydrogen is 33.3 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 120 MJ kg−1 (lower heating value, LHV), and 39.4 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 142 MJ kg−1 (upper heating value, UHV). -
Biofuel Technology Handbook
BioFuel Technology Handbook 2007 Dominik Rutz Rainer Janssen This handbook is WIP Renewable Energies published by: Sylvensteinstr. 2 81369 München Germany www.wip-munich.de [email protected] Copyright: © WIP Renewable Energies Autors: Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Rutz M.Sc. Dr. Rainer Janssen Version: 1. Version, February 2007 Project: Biofuel Marketplace www.biofuelmarketplace.com With the support of: Contract No. EIE/05/022/SI2.420009 Content Content 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 9 PART A: COMMON ASPECTS OF BIOFUELS..........................11 2. Potential of Biomass ...............................................................................12 3. Biofuel Policies........................................................................................16 3.1. Biofuel Policy in the EU................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Biofuel Standardization.................................................................................................... 18 3.3. International Trade of Biofuels........................................................................................ 19 3.3.1 Trade of Biodiesel and Related Products................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Trade of Bioethanol ................................................................................................................... 20 4. Biofuel Life Cycle ...................................................................................23 -
Triazene (H2NNNH) Or Triimide (HNHNNH) Markofçrstel,[A, D] Yetsedaw A
DOI:10.1002/cphc.201600414 Articles On the Formation of N3H3 Isomers in Irradiated Ammonia Bearing Ices:Triazene (H2NNNH) or Triimide (HNHNNH) MarkoFçrstel,[a, d] Yetsedaw A. Tsegaw,[b] Pavlo Maksyutenko,[a, d] Alexander M. Mebel,[c] Wolfram Sander,[b] and Ralf I. Kaiser*[a, d] The remarkable versatility of triazenesinsynthesis, polymer theoretical studies with our novel detection scheme of photo- chemistry and pharmacology has led to numerousexperimen- ionization-driven reflectron time-of-flight mass spectroscopy tal and theoretical studies.Surprisingly,only very little is we can obtain information on the isomersoftriazene formed known aboutthe most fundamental triazene:the parentmole- in the films. Using isotopically labeled starting material, we can cule with the chemical formula N3H3.Here we observe molecu- additionally gain insightinthe formation pathways of the iso- lar,isolated N3H3 in the gas phase after it sublimes from ener- mers of N3H3 under investigation and identify the isomers getically processed ammonia and nitrogen films. Combining formedastriazene (H2NNNH) andpossibly triimide(HNHNNH). 1. Introduction During the last decades, triazenes—a class of organic mole- life time of at least 1mswas also inferred as an intermediate cules carrying the =N N=N moiety—have received substan- in the radiolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrazine based on À À tial attention both from the theoretical and organic chemistry asingle absorption feature at 230 nm.[6] The cyclic isomer of [1] communities. Derived from cis-and trans-triazene (HN=NNH2 ; triazene, cyclotriazane, was first reported crystallographically in Scheme1), the substituted counterparts have significant appli- zeolite A, where it was stabilized by asilver cation as [1a,c] [1d] + [7] + cations in synthetic chemistry, polymer science, and phar- Ag(N3H3) . -
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in Tunnels
SAND2020-4507 R Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in Tunnels Austin M. Glover, Austin R. Baird, Chris B. LaFleur April 2020 Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. 2 ABSTRACT There are numerous vehicles which utilize alternative fuels, or fuels that differ from typical hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel, throughout the world. Alternative vehicles include those running on the combustion of natural gas and propane as well as electrical drive vehicles utilizing batteries or hydrogen as energy storage. Because the number of alternative fuels vehicles is expected to increase significantly, it is important to analyze the hazards and risks involved with these new technologies with respect to the regulations related to specific transport infrastructure, such as bridges and tunnels. This report focuses on hazards presented by hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles that are different from traditional fuels. There are numerous scientific research and analysis publications on hydrogen hazards in tunnel scenarios; however, compiling the data to make conclusions can be a difficult process for tunnel owners and authorities having jurisdiction over tunnels. This report provides a summary of the available literature characterizing hazards presented by hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, including light-duty, medium and heavy-duty, as well as buses. Research characterizing both worst-case and credible scenarios, as well as risk-based analysis, is summarized. Gaps in the research are identified to guide future research efforts to provide a complete analysis of the hazards and recommendations for the safe use of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles in tunnels. -
Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy
Review Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Michael Handwerker 1,2,*, Jörg Wellnitz 1,2 and Hormoz Marzbani 2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany; [email protected] 2 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency Citation: Handwerker, M.; Wellnitz, and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete J.; Marzbani, H. Comparison of with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale. -
EPRI Journal--Driving the Solution: the Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle
DRIVING THE SOLUTION THE PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE by Lucy Sanna The Story in Brief As automakers gear up to satisfy a growing market for fuel-efficient hybrid electric vehicles, the next- generation hybrid is already cruis- ing city streets, and it can literally run on empty. The plug-in hybrid charges directly from the electricity grid, but unlike its electric vehicle brethren, it sports a liquid fuel tank for unlimited driving range. The technology is here, the electricity infrastructure is in place, and the plug-in hybrid offers a key to replacing foreign oil with domestic resources for energy indepen- dence, reduced CO2 emissions, and lower fuel costs. DRIVING THE SOLUTION THE PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE by Lucy Sanna n November 2005, the first few proto vide a variety of battery options tailored 2004, more than half of which came from Itype plugin hybrid electric vehicles to specific applications—vehicles that can imports. (PHEVs) will roll onto the streets of New run 20, 30, or even more electric miles.” With growing global demand, particu York City, Kansas City, and Los Angeles Until recently, however, even those larly from China and India, the price of a to demonstrate plugin hybrid technology automakers engaged in conventional barrel of oil is climbing at an unprece in varied environments. Like hybrid vehi hybrid technology have been reluctant to dented rate. The added cost and vulnera cles on the market today, the plugin embrace the PHEV, despite growing rec bility of relying on a strategic energy hybrid uses battery power to supplement ognition of the vehicle’s potential. -
Making Markets for Hydrogen Vehicles: Lessons from LPG
Making Markets for Hydrogen Vehicles: Lessons from LPG Helen Hu and Richard Green Department of Economics and Institute for Energy Research and Policy University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom Hu: [email protected] Green: [email protected] +44 121 415 8216 (corresponding author) Abstract The adoption of liquefied petroleum gas vehicles is strongly linked to the break-even distance at which they have the same costs as conventional cars, with very limited market penetration at break-even distances above 40,000 km. Hydrogen vehicles are predicted to have costs by 2030 that should give them a break-even distance of less than this critical level. It will be necessary to ensure that there are sufficient refuelling stations for hydrogen to be a convenient choice for drivers. While additional LPG stations have led to increases in vehicle numbers, and increases in vehicles have been followed by greater numbers of refuelling stations, these effects are too small to give self-sustaining growth. Supportive policies for both vehicles and refuelling stations will be required. 1. Introduction While hydrogen offers many advantages as an energy vector within a low-carbon energy system [1, 2, 3], developing markets for hydrogen vehicles is likely to be a challenge. Put bluntly, there is no point in buying a vehicle powered by hydrogen, unless there are sufficient convenient places to re-fuel it. Nor is there any point in providing a hydrogen refuelling station unless there are vehicles that will use the facility. What is the most effective way to get round this “chicken and egg” problem? Data from trials of hydrogen vehicles can provide information on driver behaviour and charging patterns, but extrapolating this to the development of a mass market may be difficult. -
Ammonia a Very Important Molecule for Biological Organisms to Make Proteins Or Nucleic Acids
Ammonia A very important molecule for biological organisms to make proteins or nucleic acids by QH, and Niloy Kumar Das Shahjalal Science & Technology University, Bangladesh Molecule of the Month - June 2013 Introduction Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell, which is very common in toilets sometime. It is used in industry and commerce, and also exists naturally in humans and in the environment. Ammonia is essential for many biological processes and serves as a precursor for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis. In the environment, ammonia is part of the nitrogen cycle and is produced in soil from bacterial processes. Ammonia is also produced naturally from decomposition of organic matter, including plants and animals. Sal Ammoniacus Sal ammoniac is a mineral composed of ammonium chloride. The Romans called the ammonium chloride deposits they collected from near the Temple of Jupiter Amun in ancient Libya 'sal ammoniacus' (salt of Amun) because of proximity to the nearby temple. It is the earliest known mineral source of ammonia. Fig: Sal ammoniac is a mineral Guano & saltpeter Later alternative sources of ammonia mineral were discovered. Guano and saltpeter played valuable roleas strategic commodity. Guano consists of ammonium oxalate and urate, phosphates, as well as some earth salts and impurities. Guano also has a high concentration of nitrates. Saltpeter is the mineral form of potassium nitrate (KNO3). Potassium and other nitrates are of great importance for use in fertilizers, and, historically, gunpowder. Fig: Guano is simply deposits of bird droppings Independence from mineral dependency Even though our atmosphere consists 78% nitrogen, atmospheric nitrogen is nutritionally unavailable to plants or animals because nitrogen molecules are held together by strong triple bonds. -
Green Illusions Is Not a Litany of Despair
“In this terrific book, Ozzie Zehner explains why most current approaches to the world’s gathering climate and energy crises are not only misguided but actually counterproductive. We fool ourselves in innumerable ways, and Zehner is especially good at untangling sloppy thinking. Yet Green Illusions is not a litany of despair. It’s full of hope—which is different from false hope, and which requires readers with open, skeptical minds.”— David Owen, author of Green Metropolis “Think the answer to global warming lies in solar panels, wind turbines, and biofuels? Think again. In this thought-provoking and deeply researched critique of popular ‘green’ solutions, Zehner makes a convincing case that such alternatives won’t solve our energy problems; in fact, they could make matters even worse.”—Susan Freinkel, author of Plastic: A Toxic Love Story “There is no obvious competing or comparable book. Green Illusions has the same potential to sound a wake-up call in the energy arena as was observed with Silent Spring in the environment, and Fast Food Nation in the food system.”—Charles Francis, former director of the Center for Sustainable Agriculture Systems at the University of Nebraska “This is one of those books that you read with a yellow marker and end up highlighting most of it.”—David Ochsner, University of Texas at Austin Green Illusions Our Sustainable Future Series Editors Charles A. Francis University of Nebraska–Lincoln Cornelia Flora Iowa State University Paul A. Olson University of Nebraska–Lincoln The Dirty Secrets of Clean Energy and the Future of Environmentalism Ozzie Zehner University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London Both text and cover are printed on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free (100% post-consumer recycled). -
Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’S Transportation Sector August 2002
An Assessment of Global Hydrogen Transportation Technologies and Implications for Manitoba’s Transportation Sector Transportation: Vehicles and Refueling Working Group Prepared for: Province of Manitoba Transportation & Government Services Written by: Doug Duncan, Strategy & Business Development Advisor Connie van Rosmalen, Research Associate The Transport Institute August 2002 Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’s Transportation Sector August 2002 Acknowledgements The contributions of Natural Resources Canada to this study are gratefully acknowledged. This report has been financially supported by the Manitoba Department of Transportation and Government Services. The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the Department. The Department provides no warranties as to the validity or accuracy of the information presented herein. 2 Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’s Transportation Sector August 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................5 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................7 2.0 MARKET DRIVERS BEHIND HYDROGEN VEHICLES ................................8 3.0 GLOBAL FUEL CELL INDUSTRY STATUS................................................11 3.1 THE PLAYERS ..............................................................................................11 -
CNG Or Compressed Natural
(F)1736 29 March 2018 Study on the cost-effectiveness of natural gas (CNG or compressed natural gas) used as fuel in cars Article 15/14, §2, subparagraph 2, 2° indent, of Law of 12 April 1965 on the transport of gas products and others by pipelines Non-confidential CREG – rue de l’Industrie 26-38, 1040 Brussels, Belgium T +32 2 289 76 11 – F + 32 2 289 76 09 – [email protected] – www.creg.be TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1. CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.1. AVAILABILITY ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. USES AND NAMES .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICS ................................................................................................. 7 1.4. CNG VS LPG & LNG .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5. FOSSIL -
Adapting Neural Machine Translation to Predict IUPAC Names from a Chemical Identifier
Translating the molecules: adapting neural machine translation to predict IUPAC names from a chemical identifier Jennifer Handsel*,a, Brian Matthews‡,a, Nicola J. Knight‡,b, Simon J. Coles‡,b aScientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK. bSchool of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. KEYWORDS seq2seq, InChI, IUPAC, transformer, attention, GPU ABSTRACT We present a sequence-to-sequence machine learning model for predicting the IUPAC name of a chemical from its standard International Chemical Identifier (InChI). The model uses two stacks of transformers in an encoder-decoder architecture, a setup similar to the neural networks used in state-of-the-art machine translation. Unlike neural machine translation, which usually tokenizes input and output into words or sub-words, our model processes the InChI and predicts the 1 IUPAC name character by character. The model was trained on a dataset of 10 million InChI/IUPAC name pairs freely downloaded from the National Library of Medicine’s online PubChem service. Training took five days on a Tesla K80 GPU, and the model achieved test-set accuracies of 95% (character-level) and 91% (whole name). The model performed particularly well on organics, with the exception of macrocycles. The predictions were less accurate for inorganic compounds, with a character-level accuracy of 71%. This can be explained by inherent limitations in InChI for representing inorganics, as well as low coverage (1.4 %) of the training data. INTRODUCTION The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) define nomenclature for both organic chemistry2 and inorganic chemistry.3 Their rules are comprehensive, but are difficult to apply to complicated molecules.