DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Electrode Architectures for Miniaturized Biofuel Cells Aleksandar Karajic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Electrode Architectures for Miniaturized Biofuel Cells Aleksandar Karajic Development of electrode architectures for miniaturized biofuel cells Aleksandar Karajic To cite this version: Aleksandar Karajic. Development of electrode architectures for miniaturized biofuel cells. Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph]. Université de Bordeaux, 2015. English. NNT : 2015BORD0305. tel- 01424143 HAL Id: tel-01424143 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01424143 Submitted on 2 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE A L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES CHIMIQUES Par Aleksandar Karajić POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ : Chimie-Physique Development of electrode architectures for miniaturized biofuel cells Directeurs de thèse : Prof. Alexander Kuhn et Dr. Nicolas Mano Soutenue le : 15.12.2015. Devant la commission d’examen formée de : M. BARTLETT N. Philip Professeur, Université de Southampton Rapporteur M. WALCARIUS Alain Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Nancy Rapporteur M. MIHI Agustín Chercheur, Université de Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Examinateur M. RAVAINE Serge Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Examinateur M. KUHN Alexander Professeur, INP - Bordeaux Directeur de thèse M. MANO Nicolas Directeur de recherche, CNRS, Bordeaux Co- directeur de thèse Acknowledgements This work has been done in the laboratories of Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM) and Research Center Paule Pascal (CRPP) at the University of Bordeaux. First of all I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge all members of the jury for their acceptance to evaluate my thesis and for their useful comments and suggestions, particularly to Prof. Philip Bartlett from the University of Southampton and Dr. Alan Walcarius from CNRS/University of Loraine for accepting the invitation as reviewers of this manuscript and for their useful comments and corrections. I would like to express my big gratitude to both of my supervisors, Prof. Alexander Kuhn (ISM) and Dr. Nicolas Mano (CRPP) for guiding me during the last three years through complex fields of electrochemistry, material science and bioelectrochemistry and for sharing their great experience and knowledge with me. Thank you for providing me guidance at key moments in my work while also allowing me to work independently. Merci beaucoup et/und Danke schön! This work has been financially supported by AMADEus-LabEx project (University of Bordeaux) on what I am very grateful. Also, I would like to acknowledge the Institute of molecular sciences (ISM/Bordeaux) and National Polytechnic Institute of Bordeaux (INP/Bordeaux). Thank you all! I am very grateful to my colleagues from NSYSA group for their support and a lot of nice moments that we spent together. Many thanks to Dr. Suresh Vajrala, Dr. Léa Messager, Dr. Aileen Justies, Dr. Salem Ben Amor, Dr. Florent Pinaut, Dr. Catherine Adam, Dr. Jérome Roche, Hannah Nas, Antoine Richieu, Alessandra Zanut, Dr. Sudarat Yadnum, Dr. Churalat Wattanakit, Oranit Phuakkong, Supakit Tiewchareon, Thittaya Yutthalekham, Dr. Damien Quinton, Dr. Pascal Massé, Dr. Vasilica Lates, Dr. Marlène Rouhet, Beatriz Diez Buitrago, Saioa Basauri Cadarso, Eugenio Gianessi, Li Haidong, Iuliia Malytska, Hélène Labie, Pauline Lefrancois, Gibran Hernandez Moreno, Dr. Milena Milutinovic-Dumont, Dr. Zahra Fatah Ali, Pierre Bouillac, Jovana Jovanovic, Damla Keskin and Dr. Habatmu Henock. However, I would like to express my special gratitude to Dr. Anne de Poulpiquet, Dr. Stéphane Reculusa and Dr. Emmanuel Suraniti for everything that they have done for me. Thank you for the honest friendship, your support and professional help. I will always remember it. Merci a tous! Many thanks to Prof. Jochen Lang and Dr. Eileen Pedraza from the Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects (University of Bordeaux) for the collaboration in the field of coupling electrochemistry with electrophysiology of pancreatic beta cells. Thank you Eileen for plenty of nice conversations that we had during the experiments and for helping me to improve my English skills. Also, I would like to knowledge Prof. Philippe Barthélémy and Dr. Deepak Jain from the Institute of Health and Medical Care (INSERM) from the University of Bordeaux for their collaboration on the project about low molecular weight hydrogel for bio-electrode interfaces. I would especially like to acknowledge permanent members of NSYSA group for the fruitful academic discussions that we had during the lab seminars. Thank you Dr. Bertrand Goudeau, Dr. Dodzi Zigah, Dr. Laurent Bouffier, Dr. Neso Sojic, Dr. Stéphane Arbault, Dr. Valérie Ravaine, Dr. Adeline Perro-Marre, Patrick Garrigue and Véronique Lapeyre. For the administrative support, I would like to acknowledge to our secretary Aline Simon-Lalande. I would like to thank the CRPP team for the collaboration in the area of biofuel cells and for a great time that we have spent together, especially during the last few months of my PhD project. Many thanks to Dr. Marine Cadet, Magdalena Murawska, Dr. Jad Rouhana, Dr. Lise Edembe and Sébastien Gounel. Najiskrenije se zahvaljujem svojoj porodici na razumevanju, ljubavi i podršci koju su mi pružili ne samo tokom izrade i pisanja ove teze vec tokom celokupnog dosadašnjeg života. Hvala! Posebnu zahvalnost dugujem profesoru Draganu Manojloviću i svojoj bivoj mentorki profesorki Snežani Nikolić-Mandić sa Hemijskog fakulteta na Univerzitetu u Beogradu na znanju i iskustvu koje su mi preneli tokom osnovnih i master studija kao i na nesebičnoj podršci. Zahvaljujem koleginici dr Milica Sentić na iskrenom prijateljstvu, podršci i nesvakidašnjim situacijama kroz koje smo zajedno prošli tokom prethodne četiri godine. Veliko ti hvala na svemu!!! Posebno se zahvaljujem Siniši Mitroviću, Stefanu Mijatoviću, Diane Michalon i Mariam Hovhannisyan na iskrenom prijateljstvu i mnoštvu lepih trenutaka koje smo zajedno proveli. Hvala vam! Abstract The increasing demand for miniaturized and eventually implantable electrochemical tools such as biosensors, biofuel cells and batteries has led to the development of new technologies to overcome existing problems related to large dimensions, low current densities, and insufficient power output of such devices. In the present work we describe new approaches for the fabrication of miniaturized, macroporous and coaxial electrode architectures that could find their practical application for the fabrication of the systems mentioned above. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the functionality of macroporous electrodes with respect to the design of miniaturized glucose/oxygen biofuel cells. Preliminary results regarding the design of a new type of whole-cell based glucose biosensors are also presented. The first part of this work is focusing on different strategies for the fabrication of colloidal crystals (Chapter 1) that can be used for the synthesis of macroporous electrodes (Chapter2) by following the so-called hard template approach. The synthesis of macroporous electrodes is based on the potentiostatic electrodeposition of conductive materials (such as metals in the present work) into a silica based colloidal template that has been synthesized by the Langmuir- Blodgett procedure. This method has been used for the design and fabrication of miniaturized coaxial and macroporous two electrode-electrochemical cells by following two different and complementary procedures: 1. The first fabrication procedure is based on the electrodeposition of alternating gold-nickel-gold metal layers, subsequent etching of the intermediate nickel layer and a structural stabilization; 2. The second alternative and complementary strategy for the fabrication of coaxial and macroporous double electrochemical cells relies on assembling the final architecture from two independently prepared and electrochemically addressable cylindrical macroporous electrodes. The main difference between these two approaches is the range of inter-electrode distances (from tens of micrometers (first approach) to hundreds of micrometers that can be achieved by second fabrication procedure). Also, we demonstrate the electrochemical functionality of both electrode architectures by cyclo-voltammetric investigation of the oxygen reduction reaction that takes place at the surface of both electrodes. The biggest advantage of the presented strategies is the possibility to fine tune the electrode thickness (and therefore active surface areas), the spatial separation between inner and outer electrode (the volume of electrolyte that can be stored between them) and the pore size (by changing the diameter of silica colloidal particles). In the following segment (Chapter 3), we demonstrate the possibility to use macroporous electrodes for the fabrication of an enzymatic biocathode. The macroporous gold substrates were chosen as promising candidates to improve the electrochemical performances (current and power output) of an enzymatic glucose/oxygen biofuel cells due to their high active surface area. Cyclic-voltammetry has been used for electrodeposition of Os-redox polymer and a Bilirubin oxidase (BOD)/Os-redox polymer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek
    1 1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek We find ourselves on the cusp of a new epoch in history, where every pos- sibility is still an option. Hydrogen, the very stuff of the stars and our own sun, is now being seized by human ingenuity and harnessed for human ends. Charting the right course at the very beginning of the journey is essential if we are to make the great promise of a hydrogen age a viable reality for our children and a worthy legacy for the generations that will come after us. Jeremy Rifkin [1]. Hydrogen is being considered as an important future energy carrier, which means it can store and deliver energy in a usable form. At standard temperature and pressure (0 ∘C and 1013 hPa), hydrogen exists in a gaseous form. It is odourless, colourless, tasteless, non-toxic and lighter than air. The stoichiometric fraction of hydrogen in air is 29.53 vol%. Abundant on earth as an element, hydrogen is present everywhere, being the simplest element in the universe representing 75 wt% or 90 vol% of all matter. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is not an energy source itself; it can only be produced from other sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, renewable sources or nuclear power by different energy conversion processes. Exothermic combustion reaction with oxygen forms water (heat of combustion 1.4 × 108 Jkg−1) and no greenhouse gases containing carbon are emitted to the atmosphere. Selected physical properties of hydrogen based on Van Nostrand are presented in Table 1.1 [2]. The energy content of hydrogen is 33.3 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 120 MJ kg−1 (lower heating value, LHV), and 39.4 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 142 MJ kg−1 (upper heating value, UHV).
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuel Technology Handbook
    BioFuel Technology Handbook 2007 Dominik Rutz Rainer Janssen This handbook is WIP Renewable Energies published by: Sylvensteinstr. 2 81369 München Germany www.wip-munich.de [email protected] Copyright: © WIP Renewable Energies Autors: Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Rutz M.Sc. Dr. Rainer Janssen Version: 1. Version, February 2007 Project: Biofuel Marketplace www.biofuelmarketplace.com With the support of: Contract No. EIE/05/022/SI2.420009 Content Content 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 9 PART A: COMMON ASPECTS OF BIOFUELS..........................11 2. Potential of Biomass ...............................................................................12 3. Biofuel Policies........................................................................................16 3.1. Biofuel Policy in the EU................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Biofuel Standardization.................................................................................................... 18 3.3. International Trade of Biofuels........................................................................................ 19 3.3.1 Trade of Biodiesel and Related Products................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Trade of Bioethanol ................................................................................................................... 20 4. Biofuel Life Cycle ...................................................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’S Transportation Sector August 2002
    An Assessment of Global Hydrogen Transportation Technologies and Implications for Manitoba’s Transportation Sector Transportation: Vehicles and Refueling Working Group Prepared for: Province of Manitoba Transportation & Government Services Written by: Doug Duncan, Strategy & Business Development Advisor Connie van Rosmalen, Research Associate The Transport Institute August 2002 Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’s Transportation Sector August 2002 Acknowledgements The contributions of Natural Resources Canada to this study are gratefully acknowledged. This report has been financially supported by the Manitoba Department of Transportation and Government Services. The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the Department. The Department provides no warranties as to the validity or accuracy of the information presented herein. 2 Assessment of Hydrogen Opportunities in Manitoba’s Transportation Sector August 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................5 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................7 2.0 MARKET DRIVERS BEHIND HYDROGEN VEHICLES ................................8 3.0 GLOBAL FUEL CELL INDUSTRY STATUS................................................11 3.1 THE PLAYERS ..............................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • CNG Or Compressed Natural
    (F)1736 29 March 2018 Study on the cost-effectiveness of natural gas (CNG or compressed natural gas) used as fuel in cars Article 15/14, §2, subparagraph 2, 2° indent, of Law of 12 April 1965 on the transport of gas products and others by pipelines Non-confidential CREG – rue de l’Industrie 26-38, 1040 Brussels, Belgium T +32 2 289 76 11 – F + 32 2 289 76 09 – [email protected] – www.creg.be TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1. CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.1. AVAILABILITY ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. USES AND NAMES .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. ENVIRONMENT AND PHYSICS ................................................................................................. 7 1.4. CNG VS LPG & LNG .................................................................................................................. 7 1.5. FOSSIL
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiesel Production from Wastes: Process Development and Quality Control
    Biodiesel Production from Wastes: Process Development and Quality Control Joana Maia Moreira Dias 2010 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTES: PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL Porto, August 2010 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTES: PROCESS DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL Dissertation presented by JOANA MAIA MOREIRA DIAS for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING to the Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto Thesis supervised by Professor Maria da Conceição Machado Alvim Ferraz (Chemical Engineering Department) Professor Manuel Afonso Magalhães Fonseca Almeida (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department) To my family and friends, for always believing in me ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks to my Supervisor Maria da Conceição Machado Alvim Ferraz and my Co- supervisor Manuel Afonso Magalhães Fonseca Almeida for making this study possible, providing scientific and technical support in all phases of the work and specially for personal support always believing in my capacities, being present at all times and giving me the needed strength to carry on when difficulties appeared. Thanks to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Grant SFRD/BD/22293/2005) and Project QREN 3491: Fat-Value -Valorização de Subprodutos de Carne, for financial support of the work. I would also like to thank to the Chemical Engineering Department, namely to the Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering, and to the Metallurgical and Materials Engineer- ing department for providing the resources needed to perform the work. Also, thanks to all the professors that kindly provided help during the work, namely Maria do Carmo Pereira, Fernando Gomes Martins, Arminda Alves, Margarida Bastos and Lúcia Santos from FEUP and Beatriz Oliveira and Susana Casal from the Pharmacy Faculty of Oporto University.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of an Innovative Natural Gas Two-Stroke Engine
    INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE - DESIGN 2016 Dubrovnik - Croatia, May 16 - 19, 2016. DESIGN OF AN INNOVATIVE NATURAL GAS TWO-STROKE ENGINE P. Diwisch, C. Dinkel, F. Rieg and B. Alber-Laukant Keywords: split-single two-stroke engine, CFD, FEM, simulation, exhaust emission 1. Introduction High-speed two-stroke engines in the field of small hand-operated devices, Jet Skis, snowmobiles, motorboats and ultralight aircrafts have a large market share. In Asia, two-stroke engines are predominantly applied in motorcycles [Meinig 2001]. Due to rising demand on exhaust emissions, two- stroke engines are less and less employed despite considerable advantages. In contrast to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines fire at each crankshaft revolution. Thus, besides a more even progression of torque a bisection of the mean effective pressure is achieved. As a result, higher power density as well as minor construction volume can be obtained. Concerning the prospective usage of two-stroke engines the progress in adherence to emission standards will be decisive. This would also enable the development of further areas of application. Hence, possible applications of two-stroke engines include the usage as a range extender in electric vehicles to increase their range and customer acceptance as well as the usage in combined heat and power stations (CHP). Therefore, the Chair for Engineering Design and CAD, under the direction of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rieg at the University of Bayreuth, focuses on the constructive improvement of scavenging caused fuel consumption and thus hydrocarbon exhaust emissions concerning two-stroke engines. The realization consists of two phases. During the first stage the selection of a suitable concept for a two-stroke engine takes place.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview on Detailed Information for Each of the 9 Topics
    European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics Deliverable Number: D.2.5 Due date: 31/08/2016 Actual submission date: 31/08/2016 Work package: 2. Biofuels sector monitoring Task(s): 2.3. Production of detailed information Lead beneficiary for this deliverable: BE2020 Editor: Authors: Dina Bacovsky, Stephanie Holzleitner, Monika Enigl Dissemination level Grant Agreement no.: FP7-609607 Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2013-IRP Information submitted on behalf of EBTP-SABS Birger Kerckow - Coordinator- Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 125 Fax: +49 (0) 3843 – 69 30 – 102 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 609607 European Biofuels Technology Platform – Support for Advanced Biofuels Stakeholders Deliverable D.2.5 Overview on detailed information for each of the 9 topics FINAL I PROJECT PARTNERS FNR – Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Germany CPL – CPL Scientific Publishing Services Ltd, UK BE2020 – BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH, Austria INCE – CEI – Iniziativa Centro Europea, Italy II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This deliverable displays the detailed information available on biofuels at the EBTP website as per 25 July 2016. The topics addressed are biomass resources, fuel production, fuels, fuel end-use, markets/policies/regulations, and sustainability. Biomass feedstocks used for the production of biofuels include dedicated feedstocks such as sugar and starch crops, oil crops, lignocellulosic crops, algae and aquatic biomass, residues, such as forestry residues, agricultural residues, waste oils and fats, MSW, other organic residues and waste gases.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Patented Apr
    3,376,266? United States Patent Patented Apr. 2, 1968 1 2 is a bivalent radical resulting from the addition of a hy 3,376,266 drogen atom to the nitrogen atom of each of the iso POLYURETHANES PRGDUCED FROM LZ-DIVINYL ETHYLENE GLYCOL cyanate groups of an arylene diisocyanate; ml is an integer Erhard F. Hoegger and James Herbert Werntz, Wilming greater than zero; n is an integer including zero; and the ton, Dei., assignors to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and ~—O-—G-—O—— radicals being 80 to 100 percent of the Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware total of the —O—G—-O— and —O—~B-O— radicals N0 Drawing. Filed Mar. 2, 1964, Ser. No. 348,752 present in said polyurethanes. 5 Claims. (Cl. 260-775) The preparation of these polyurethanes comprises re acting 1,2-divinyl ethylene glycol and a saturated ‘ali 10 phatic glycol with a substantially equimolar amount of ABSTRACT 0F THE DISCLQSURE an arylene diisocyanate, wherein the said 1,2~divinyl Tough, ?lm-forming polyurethanes produced from 1,2 ethylene glycol is 80-100 molar percent of the total gly divinyl ethylene glycol, and optionally a saturated ali col being reacted. However, the preparation may be phatic glycol, and arylene diisocyanates. The process of carried out by any one of several process variations: (a) preparing the above polymers by reacting the monomers glycol(s), alone or in solution, may be added to the di at a temperature between 0° C. and 100° C. for a time isocyanate solution; (b) glycol(s) and diisocyanate can su?icient to obtain a polymer of ?lm-forming molecular be added simultaneously to a solvent; (c) both the weight.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Published Hydrogen Vehicle Safety Research
    DOT HS 811 267 February 2010 Analysis of Published Hydrogen Vehicle Safety Research DISCLAIMER This publication is distributed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in the interest of information exchange. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Transportation or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. If trade names, manufacturers’ names, or specific products are mentioned, it is because they are considered essential to the object of the publication and should not be construed as an endorsement. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT HS 811 267 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Analysis of Published Hydrogen Vehicle Safety Research February 2010 6. Performing Organization Code NHTSA/NVS-312 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report Stephanie Flamberg, Susan Rose, Denny Stephens – Battelle Memorial Institute No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Battelle Memorial Institute 11. Contract or Grant No. 505 King Avenue DTNH22-08-D-00080 Columbus, Ohio 43201 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Covered 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE. Final Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Hydrogen-fueled vehicles (HFVs) offer the promise of providing safe, clean, and efficient transportation in a setting of rising fuel prices and tightening environmental regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Unregulated Pollutants from Alcohol-Fuelled Vehicles
    Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The IEA-AMF Organization is grateful to the following countries and their representatives for their support in providing research to develop this report: Finland – Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Timo Murtonen, Piritta Roslund, Päivi Koponen and Jukka Nuottimäki, VTT; Panu Karjalainen, Topi Rönkkö, TUT; Hilkka Timonen, Sanna Saarikoski, Risto Hillamo, FMI; Canada – Jill Hendren and Debbie Rosenblatt (Environment and Climate Change Canada) and Natural Resources Canada (PERD) and Transport Canada (eTV); China – Zhang Fan and Tian Donglian (China Automotive Technology & Research Center); Sweden —Peter Ahlvik and Lars Eriksson (Ecotraffic on contract from the Swedish Transport Administration); Israel –Gideon Goldwine (Technion), Eran Sher (Technion), JRC VELA lab staff, Dr. Bracha Halaf (Ministry of Energy and Water Resources); Contents Contents Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................... 1 1.1 Project background................................................................ 1 1.2 Main research content and report structure ............................. 3 Chapter 2 Literature Review of Unregulated Pollutants Emissions ... 6 2.1 Pollutants characteristics from vehicle exhaust emissions ....... 6 2.2 Previous research on unregulated emissions in vehicle exhaust ............................................................................... 11 Chapter 3 Test Matrix and Analysis Methods ................................. 27 3.1 Canada ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheets on Alternative Fuels in Member States
    Clean Transport - Support to the Member States for the implementation of the Directive on the Deployment of Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Fact Sheets on Alternative Fuels in Member States Fact Sheets on Alternative Fuels in Member States This document has been prepared for the European Commission. However, it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Prepared by: D’Appolonia S.p.A. Ramboll TM Leuven January 2016 - 2 Fact Sheets on Alternative Fuels in Member States January 2016 - 3 Fact Sheets on Alternative Fuels in Member States Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 11 2 AUSTRIA ..................................................................................................... 16 2.1 STATISTICAL DATA ............................................................................... 16 2.2 ELECTRICITY ........................................................................................ 18 2.3 HYDROGEN .......................................................................................... 18 2.4 CNG .................................................................................................... 18 2.5 LNG FOR ROAD TRANSPORT ................................................................... 18 2.6 LNG FOR WATERBORNE TRANSPORT ....................................................... 18 2.7 LPG (LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • European Vehicle Market Statistics 2020/21
    EUROPEAN VEHICLE MARKET STATISTICS Pocketbook 2020/21 Table of contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Number of vehicles 10 3 Fuel consumption & CO2 22 4 Technologies & key parameters 32 5 Other emissions & on-road 46 Annex Remarks on data sources 50 List of figures & tables 5 1 References 54 Abbreviations 55 Tables 56 An electronic version of this Pocketbook including more detailed statistical data is available online: http://eupocketbook.theicct.org EUROPEAN VEHICLE MARKET STATISTICS 2020/21 1 INTRODUCTION Fig. 1-1 Select local government targets The 2020/21 edition of European Vehicle Market for combustion- Statistics offers a statistical portrait of passenger engine car bans as car, light commercial, and heavy-duty vehicle fleets Bergen of April 2020 2025 (combustion engines) in the European Union (EU) from 2001 to 2019. https://t1p.de/inwzy Oslo Created with mapchart.net © As in previous editions, the emphasis is on vehicle 2024 (combustion engines) technologies, fuel consumption, and emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. Amsterdam The following pages give a concise overview 2030 (combustion engines) London of data in subsequent chapters and also summarize 2025 (gasoline, diesel, HEV) Brussels 2030 (diesel) the latest regulatory developments in the EU. Paris 2035 (gasoline, LPG) 2024 (diesel) More comprehensive tables are included in the annex, 2030 (gasoline) Strasbourg 2025 (diesel) along with information on sources. Milan 2027 (diesel) Rome 2024 (diesel) Number of vehicles 2030 (gasoline) In 2019, new car registrations in the EU slightly increased to a level of 15.5 million from 15.1 million in 2018. Possibly due to consumer uncertainty National governments Local governments with C40 cities with concerning Brexit, sales in the United Kingdom (UK) with combustion-engine combustion-engine combustion-engine passenger car phase-out passenger car access vehicle transition continued to decrease (by 2 % compared to 2018) targets until 2040 ban targets until 2035 pledges by 2030 while most other markets saw an increase in new car registrations.
    [Show full text]