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Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Evidence Gathering – Low Carbon Heating Technologies Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps November 2016 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Evidence Gathering – Low Carbon Heating Technologies Domestic hybrid heat pumps Prepared for BEIS by: The Carbon Trust and Rawlings Support Services The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Acknowledgements The Carbon Trust would also like to thank the following contributors for their valuable input: Steve Addis, Lochinvar; Paul Aitchison, Panasonic; Richard Baines, Black Country Housing Group; John Barker-Brown, Kensa; Matthew Beard, Affinity Sutton; Rob Borruso, KCFC; Justin Broadbent, ISO Energy; Andy Buchan, TEEC; Guy Cashmore, Kensa; Stewart Clements, HHIC; Mitchell Cogger, Worcester Bosch; Bob Critoph, Warwick University; Zoe Davies, North West Leicestershire District Council; Craig Dolan, Vaillant; Tom Dollard, Pollard Thomas Edwards; Tony Evanson, Ocean Air; Andrew Faulkner, Samsung; John Felgate, Stiebel Eltron; Dan Fletcher, GHE Solar; Tom Garrigan, BSRIA (testing); Colin Goode, Fujitsu; Matthew Grieves, Sovereign Housing; Will Griffiths, BRE (SAP); Simon Groombridge, Calorex; Christian Hadley, Dimplex; Lara Hayim, Circle Housing Group; Mike Hefford, Remeha; Neil Hewitt, Ulster University; Karen Hilton, Fyne Homes; Rebecca Hogg, BSRIA (testing); John Holden, BRE; Andy Hooper, Hitachi; Graham Hutton, Linden Homes; Hugh Jones, Viessmann; Bevan Jones, Catalyst Housing; Louise Kew, E.ON; Edward Leddy-Owen, Rykneld Homes; Kevin Lowe, British Gas; Lee Mason, DHP UK; Mike Nankivell, Space Airconditioning/Heat Pump Association; Kevin Pacey, Environmental Site Supplies; Guy Ransom, Finn Geotherm; Dale Saunders, Taylor Wimpey; Christian Schober, Innasol; Nikhilkumar Shah, Ulster University; Michael Swainson, BRE (testing); Jon Terry, E.ON; Mark Thompson, InnovateUK; James Timbs-Harrison, Mitsubishi Electric; Thomas Vazakas, RPS Engineers; Nic Wincott, Neo Energy AB; Graham Wright, Daikin; Makoto Yasuda, Yanmar. 1 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Evidence Gathering – Low Carbon Heating Technologies © Crown copyright 2016 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government- licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] 2 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Acronyms CCC Committee on climate change COP Coefficient of performance BEIS Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy DHW domestic hot water ErP Energy related products (Ecodesign) EVI Enhanced vapour injection GWP Global warming potential HARP Home-heating appliance register of performance LPG Liquefied petroleum gas MCS Microgeneration certification scheme SAP Standard assessment procedure SCOP Seasonal coefficient of performance SEER Seasonal energy efficiency SPER Seasonal primary energy ratio SPF Seasonal performance factor SSCEE Seasonal space cooling energy efficiency SSHEE Seasonal space heating energy efficiency VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 3 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 8 2. Introduction and context .................................................................................................. 11 3. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 13 4. Current State of the Art ................................................................................................... 17 5. Market and Product Review ............................................................................................. 27 6. Standards Review ............................................................................................................. 39 7. System Performance ......................................................................................................... 45 8. Costs ................................................................................................................................. 59 9. Barriers and Drivers to Deployment................................................................................. 68 10. Gap Analysis .................................................................................................................. 79 Annex A – list of standards ..................................................................................................... 83 Annex B – Standard heat pump barriers ................................................................................ 86 4 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps 7 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps 1. Executive summary Introduction Most low carbon pathways suggest that heat pumps will play a large role in decarbonising the UK economy. The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) has suggested that the overall cost-effective uptake of heat pumps in UK homes could reach 2.3 million by 20301. This study was undertaken by the Carbon Trust for the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) to inform their evidence base on domestic hybrid heat pumps. The purpose is to help explore the role hybrid heat pumps may play in the market and inform future UK policy intervention relating to low carbon heating technologies. This study was conducted from September 2015 to December 2015 using desk- based research, interviews with experts and stakeholders, and a stakeholder workshop. Experts from 40 organisations were interviewed across both the demand and supply side. The Technology A hybrid heat pump system is defined here as an electric air to water or ground to water heat pump combined with a gas boiler; a means of inputting the heat into an existing heat distribution system; and a dedicated control system to switch between the two sources. There are 2 types of product considered: Hybrid package heat pumps – sold as a single package, including heat pump unit, gas boiler and intelligent controller. Hybrid add-on heat pumps – sold as a heat pump unit with an intelligent controller which can be retrofitted to an existing gas boiler. A hybrid heat pump system can meet the full heating and hot water needs of a domestic property. The boiler is used to reach higher temperatures needed to provide domestic hot water, whilst the heat pump can provide base load low temperature heating at a lower cost and using less energy. An intelligent hybrid heat pump system can optimise running costs, energy efficiency or carbon emissions of the heating system by switching between the two sources. 1 Sectoral scenarios for the Fifth Carbon Budget, Technical report, Committee on Climate Change, Nov 2015 8 Domestic Hybrid Heat Pumps Current state of market and future market potential Hybrid heat pumps have a wide range of potential applications. When used in conjunction with existing high temperature radiators, the boiler can top up the space heating. They can be combined with an existing boiler and water tank, or with a combi boiler, reducing costs. They can also be suitable for installation in new build properties. There are many domestic hybrid heat pump products currently available on the market in the UK. However, many of the manufacturers do not directly market their heat pumps as hybrids, but simply include ‘hybrid compatible’ or ‘hybrid function’ in a list of many features. Hybrid heat pumps currently have about 18% of heat pump market share (however, this includes simple bivalent heat pumps). Stakeholders were positive about the future of hybrid heat pumps due to the reducing cost differential between hybrids and alternative technologies, but they currently remain a niche market. The estimated potential annual market is 100,000 to 210,000 units. Costs and performance The current cost of replacing a gas boiler with a hybrid heat pump can be around three times higher. The price of hybrid air source heat pumps ranges from under £2,000 to over £7,000 depending on the size, type and make of product. The fully installed price identified in this study is consistent with studies focussed on standard heat pumps, ranging from £4,000 to £11,300 for air source products. In terms of running costs, most stakeholders agreed that hybrid heat pumps make little saving compared to a good quality, well-installed gas-fired condensing boiler, for example 0-5% cost savings, although they can achieve good carbon savings. It is difficult to provide a definite indicator of performance for hybrid systems as a whole as there are no specific performance standards for electrically driven hybrid heat pumps. Published performance data is for the heat pump component only. At A7/W55 (ambient air source at 7°C and water output at 55°C), the Coefficient of Performance (COP) for the products looked at varied significantly, with a range of 2.17 to 3.23. The average Seasonal Space Heating Energy Efficiency (SSHEE) at 55°C was 119% and varied from 104% to 133%. Information gathered from a number of trials has shown that hybrid heat pumps generally perform well, however particular care is needed with controls. It is hard
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