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Post-Fermentation Clarification: Wine Fining Process

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Post-Fermentation Clarification: Wine Fining Process Post-Fermentation Clarification: Wine Fining Process A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the Faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute In partial fulfillments of the requirements for the Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Science Degree Sponsored by: Zoll Cellars 110 Old Mill Rd. Shrewsbury, MA Submitted by: Allison Corriveau _______________________________________ Lindsey Wilson _______________________________________ Date: April 30, 2015 _______________________________________ Professor Stephen J. Kmiotek This report represents the work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, please see http://www.wpi.edu/academics/ugradstudies/project-learning.html Abstract The sponsor, Zoll Cellars, is seeking to improve their current post-fermentation process. Fining is a post-fermentation process used to clarify wine. This paper discusses several commonly used fining agents including: Bentonite, Chitosan and Kieselsol, and gelatin and Kieselsol. The following tests were conducted to compare the fining agents: visual clarity, mass change due to racking, pH, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bentonite was an F. Chitosan and Kieselsol were also successful with a wait time before racking of at least 24 hours. Gelatin and Kieselsol are not recommended for use at Zoll Cellars because gelatin easily over stripped the wine of important flavor compounds. i Acknowledgements We would like to thank our advisor, Professor Stephen J. Kmiotek, for his essential guidance and support. This project would not have been a success without you. We really appreciated how readily available you were to help us with any setbacks or problems that arose. In addition, we would like to thank our sponsor, Frank Zoll. We appreciated the tour of your facilities. It gave us important insight into the wine making process and your specific procedures. We would like to thank Alex Maag for his support with the GC. We really appreciated all the work he did with the scheduling, as well as instructing us on how to run the GC. Thank you Professor Brodeur for allowing us to borrow a pH meter. Also Sarah Quatieri for her assistance with the organic chemistry, allowing us to better profile the wines. ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II TABLE OF FIGURES V TABLE OF TABLES VII INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 2 HISTORY BEHIND WINEMAKING 2 WINEMAKING PROCESS 5 ZOLL CELLARS 6 POST PROCESSING TECHNIQUES 7 FILTRATION 7 FINING 8 CARBON 8 EGG WHITES 9 PVPP 9 INSINGLASS 9 BLOOD 10 SPARKALLOID 10 BENTONITE 10 CHITOSAN/KIESELSOL 11 GELATIN/KIESELSOL 11 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 12 METHODOLOGY 13 BENTONITE 13 CHITOSAN AND KIESELSOL 15 GELATIN AND KIESELSOL 16 WINE SIPHONING 17 DATA COLLECTION 18 MASS COLLECTION 18 VISUAL/CLARITY 18 PH TESTING 18 GC TESTING 19 NEW YORK VS MASSACHUSETTS 20 RESULTS 21 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS 21 MASS RESULTS 25 PH RESULTS 27 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY RESULTS 31 iii NY VS MA RIESLING 31 NY VS MA CHARDONNAY 32 FINING AGENT TRIAL CHEMICAL PROFILE COMPARISON TRENDS 33 CONCLUSIONS 39 BENTONITE 39 CHITOSAN AND KIESELSOL 39 GELATIN AND KEISELSOL 39 NY VS MA RIESLING 40 NY VS MA CHARDONNAY 40 RECOMMENDATIONS 42 BENTONITE 42 CHITOSAN AND KIESELSOL 43 GELATIN 43 WORKS CITED 44 APPENDIX 46 APPENDIX A-BENTONITE FINING VISUAL RESULTS 46 APPENDIX B-GELATIN AND KIESELSOL FINING VISUAL RESULTS 49 APPENDIX C- GELATIN AND KIESOLSOL FINING VISUAL RESULTS 52 APPENDIX D- BENTONITE FINING GC TRIAL RESULTS 55 APPENDIX E- CHITOSAN AND KIESELSOL FINING GC TRIAL RESULTS 56 APPENDIX F- GELATIN AND KIESELSOL FINING GC TRIAL RESULTS 57 iv Table of Figures Figure 1- A Winemaking depiction from Ancient Egypt ........................................................................ 2 Figure 2-Map of New World Wines vs Old World Wines ...................................................................... 4 Figure 3- Trial B5 Before ................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 4- Trial B5 After .................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 5- Trial B1 Before ................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 6- Trial B1 After .................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 7- Trial C4 Before ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 8- Trial C4 After .................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 9- Trial C5 Before ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 10- Trial C5 After ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 11- Trial G3 Before .............................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 12- Trial G3 After ................................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 13- Trial G6 Before .............................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 14- Trial G6 After ................................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 15- Trial G8 Before .............................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 16- Trial G8 After ................................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 17- Mass Change of Bentonite Trials ............................................................................................ 25 Figure 18- Mass Change of Chitosan Trials .............................................................................................. 26 Figure 19- Mass Change of Gelatin Trials ................................................................................................. 27 Figure 20- pH of Bentonite Trials ................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 21- pH of Chitosan Trials .................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 22- pH of Gelatin Trials ...................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 23- Decane, 3,6-dimethyl- (Decane, 3,6-dimethyl). ................................................................ 35 Figure 24- Decane, 3,7-dimethyl- (Decane, 3,7-dimethyl). ................................................................ 35 Figure 25- Dodecane (Dodecane). ............................................................................................................... 35 Figure 26- Dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl- (Dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl). ..................................................... 35 Figure 27- Trial B1 Before .............................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 28- Trial B1 After ................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 29- Trial B2 Before .............................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 30- Trial B2 After ................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 31- Trial B3 Before .............................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 32- Trial B3 After ................................................................................................................................. 46 Figure 33- Trial B4 Before .............................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 34- Trial B4 After ................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 35- Trial B5 Before .............................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 36- Trial B5 After ................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 37- Trial B6 Before .............................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 38- Trial B6 After ................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 39- Trial B7 Before .............................................................................................................................
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