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7 Anna Letitia Barbauld.Pdf Anna lf!,itia 'Barbauld (1743-1825) William Wordsworth is reported to have said of the ending of Anna Letitia Barbauld's poem "Life," a staple in anthologies throughout the nineteenth century, "I am not in the habit of grudging people their good things, but I wish I had written those lines." 1 And Frances Burney reputedly recited the last stanza nightly before bed. As poet, educator, essayist, and critic, she was widely acknowledged to be one of the literary giants of her time. Born on 20 June 1743 in Kibworth Harcourt, a village in Leicestershire, she was the eldest child and only daughter ofJane Jennings and John Aikin, a dissenting clergyman and teacher. Shortly after his marriage, John Aikin had given up his pulpit for health reasons. Instead he taught school and instructed Anna Letitia and her brother, John, four years her junior. She would learn French, Italian, and, despite her father's misgivings, Latin and Greek. Her mother was a cultivated, strict, neat, and punctual woman with polished manners; she and her daughter never had a congenial relationship, and Anna Letitia struggled against the tight rein her puritanical parents imposed. Because she was brought up isolated from playmates, her childhood was largely an un­ happy one, and even in adulthood she never seemed entirely at ease socially. Thin, with a healthy, fair, complexion, regular features, and dark blue eyes, she was considered beautiful and became known for her wit and imagination. In 1758, when she was fifteen, her father became a tutor at the newly founded Warrington Academy in Lancashire, a center for dissenting thought. The fifteen years she spent in Lancashire were the happiest of her life. The scientist and theologian Joseph Priestley was one of her father's colleagues and became Anna Letitia's close, lifelong friend. Josiah Wedgwood was a regular visitor. Her brother John, Priestley, and the intellectually stimulating environment of Warrington encouraged her to write. As a result, in 1773 she published with Joseph Johnson a slender book entitled simply Poems, in- r. Henry Crabb Robinson, Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and Their Writers, ed. Edith J. Morley, 3 vols. (London, 1938), I :8, 2:65r. 51 52 Anna Letitia Barbauld eluding "An Address to the Deity" and "The Mouse's Petition" (both printed below). It contained verse epistles, hymns, fables, odes, and songs on many subjects, and it went through four editions within the year. Critics were as enthusiastic as general readers. The February 1773 Monthly Review noted, "We very seldom have an opportunity of bestowing praise with so much justice, and so much pleasure." Mary Scott wrote in the Female Advocate the following year: Fir'd with the Music, Aikin, of thy lays, To thee the Muse a joyful tribute pays; Transported dwells on that harmonious line, Where taste, and spirit, wit, and learning shine; Where Fancy's hand her richest colourings lends, And ev'ry shade in just proportion blends. How fair, how beauteous to our gazing eyes Thy vivid intellectual paintings rise! We feel thy feelings, glow with all thy fires, Adopt thy thoughts, and pant with thy desires. Proceed, bright maid! and may thy polish'd page Refine the manners of a trifling age. That same year, Barbauld collaborated with her brother to publish with Joseph Johnson Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, by]. and A. L. Aikin, containing "On Romances," the essay of which Samuel Johnson observed: "The imitators of my style have not hit it. Miss Aikin has done it the best; for she has imitated the sentiment as well as the diction." 2 In May 1774 Anna Letitia Aikin married Rochemont Barbauld, a clergy­ man of French descent, formerly a pupil at Warrington and six years her junior. Shortly after their marriage the couple moved to Palgrave, in Suffolk, where he became minister of a dissenting congregation and opened a boys' boarding school. The poet kept all of the accounts and taught a class of little boys history, geography, drama, speech, English grammar, and composition. She was dismayed to find no suitable books for young children. As she put it, "A grave remark or a connected story, however simple, is above his capacity, and nonsense is always below, for folly is worse than ignorance. Another de­ fect is the want of good paper, a clear and large type, and large spaces. Those only who have actually taught young children can be sensible how necessary these assistances are." 3 To answer this need for her students, as well as for her brother's child, Charles Rochemont Aikin, whom she had adopted when 2. James Boswell, Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed. George Birkbeck Hill, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1887), 3 :lT2. 3. Barbauld, from her introduction to Lessons for Children in Four Parts (Philadelphia, 1818), iii. Anna Letitia Barbauld 53 he was not quite two, she wrote four volumes entitled Lessons for Children (1778-79) for those aged two to four years. In 1781 she published, with Joseph Johnson, Hymns in Prose for Children; it went through twenty-eight editions by 1836. It continued to be reprinted throughout the nineteenth century and was translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Hungarian. Countless British children were brought up on the Hymns, and modern com­ mentators have noted their influence on William Blake's Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794). However, Samuel Johnson and Charles James Fox thought she wasted her talents writing books for children. Johnson reputedly told James Boswell: "Miss [Aikin] was an instance of early cultiva­ tion, but in what did it terminate? In marrying a little Presbyterian parson, who keeps an infant boarding-school, so that all her employment now is 'To suckle fools, and chronicle small-beer.' " 4 Perhaps she had Johnson in mind when she wrote in the preface to Lessons, ''The task is humble, but not mean, for to lay the first stone of a noble building and to plant the first idea in a human mind can be no dishonor to any hand." She and her husband spent their vacations in London, where she met many literary people belonging to the Joseph Johnson and Elizabeth Montagu circles, including Frances Burney, Hester Chapone, and Hannah More. The Barbaulds gave up their school in 1785 and left that autumn for Switzerland and France. In June 1786 they returned to London, where they stayed until early 1787. Then they settled in Hampstead, where they took a few pupils and Rochemont Barbauld performed clerical duties at a small chapel. Dismayed at her diminished literary productivity, Anna Letitia's brother John urged her in a sonnet to "Seize, seize the lyre! resume the lofty strain!" She then began to publish political pamphlets opposing the war with France. Her verse Epistle to William Wilbeiforce (1791) attacked the slave trade. In Hampstead she became a close friend of her neighbors Agnes and Joanna Baillie and collaborated with her brother on Evenings at Home; or, The juvenile Budget Opened: Consisting of a Vciriety of Miscellaneous Pieces for the Instruction and Amusement of Young Persons, published in six volumes between 1792 and 1796. Fourteen of the ninety-nine pieces were hers.5 She also worked as an editor and literary critic, penning an introduction to Mark Akenside's Pleasures of 4. Boswell, Boswell's Life ofJohnson, 2:408. She said ofJohnson that he was "far from a great character, he was continually sinning against his conscience, and then afraid of going to Hell for it. A Christian, and a man of the town; a philosopher, and a bigot; acknowledging life to be miserable, and making it more .miserable through fear of death" (Anna Letitia Le Breton, Memoir of Mrs. Barbauld, Including Letters and Notices of her Family and Friends [London, 1874), 56). 5. Though the pieces were not signed, Lucy Aikin identifies those written by Barbauld in The Works of Anna l.a?titia Barbauld, with a Memoir, ed. Lucy Aikin, 2 vols. (London, 1825), I :xxxvi-xxxvii. 54 Anna Letitia Barbauld the Imagination (1794) and writing a preface to a volume of William Collins's Poetical Works (1797). After 1796, when her brother became literary editor, she also contributed poetry to the Monthly Magazine, where "Washing-Day" (printed below) was first published in December 1797. Her literary associ­ ates came to include Walter Scott, William Wordsworth, Samuel Rogers, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who recorded her famous objection to "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" as improbable and lacking a moral. Though Bar­ bauld and Coleridge admired each other's work, the relationship grew cool around 1804, when he took offense at reviews of his work that he sometimes incorrectly attributed to her. John Aikin moved from London to Stoke Newington because of his health in 1798. The two siblings had always been close and found the separation dif­ ficult; in 1802 Barbauld convinced her husband to leave Hampstead for Stoke Newington, where she lived for the rest of her life. In 1804 Maria Edgeworth invited her to visit Ireland to help her start a periodical featuring literature by women. Barbauld cordially agreed to contribute and even offered to re­ cruit other authors but declined to help found the magazine, observing that "there is no bond of union among literary women, any more than among literary men; different sentiments and different connections separate them much more than the joint interest of their sex would unite them." 6 During her early years in Stoke Newington she edited Samuel Richardson's letters in six volumes (1804), prefacing them with a critical biography of the author. She also edited selected essays from the Spectator, the Tatler, the Guardian, and the Freeholder in three volumes (1804); some regard the preliminary essay she contributed to these volumes as her most successful piece of literary criticism.
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