[ Mapping the Nation The Earth from Above The Specialists Remote Mapping The Cosmos Mapping through thrages-

radar and short-range navigation Robert Godd ard successfully A "new cartographer" has -7 While the essential outlines of the Revere, and Daniel Boone all did In 1807 the U . S. Survey of the King, Hayden, Powell, and W heele Aerial photography probab ly began The TVA project in the 1930s w; Thematic, or special-purpose, hazard , farm crop maps, C artographers had to wait for :{~- enabled cartographers to the launched his liquid-fueled rocket in developed - one whose tools are lands of the Earth were still being surveying. Coast was established to chart our led the four major s urveys of the in 1858 when a French photographer, the first major project using maps relate phenomena to railroad maps, sales distribution technology to map the ocean flo or, Amazon basin. Sonar enabled 1926 and with it he launched the aerial photogrammetry, computers, discovered, the New World was coastlines and harbors. West, which led to the called "Nadar," photographed a photogrammetry for m apping. . They can show the maps, traffic patterns, and bird's-eye map through Amazonian cloud cartographers to map the ocean and spaceship televis io n systems . being surveyed and marked for The Land Ordinance of 1785 was establishment of the U. $ . Geologic 'I village from the bas ket of a balloon. results of investigations, serve as views are among the many ty pes of cover, map b eneath the surface of space age. the Earth, or map the hidden terrain floor. ownership. the basis for the surveying and From 1838 until the Civil War, the Survey. By the 1970s cartographers hac analytical tools in research, and t hematic maps. auclion of public lands and gave Corps of Topographical Engineers World War I brought the marriage of new tools-computers and sa tel: es. illustrate social forces. beneath the polar ice cap. On July 20, 1969, the astronauts of Extraterrestrial mapping and In 1975 a satellite gave Apollo 11 arrived at a lunar site w hich exploration are the adventure of the Cartographers flourished in the our Nation its checkerboard laid out boundaries and began John Wesley Powell, second the airplane and photography. After cartographers t heir first global had been mapped prio r to their New World-their guidebooks. appearance. mapping the West. John Charles Director of the Survey, obtained World War I, flyer-inventors Subway m aps, city plans, Helicopters and airborne radio future; but through advances in view o f t he Earth. arrival by cartographers working mapmaking the e xplorers w ill arrive illustrations. and maps promoted Fremont and Charles Preuss authorization from Congress to m ap developed equipment and methods population distribution maps, weather soundings enabled cartographers to approximately 236,000 miles away. with maps in hand ! settlement. The Louisiana Purchase doubled mapped the Oregon Trail. the entire country. This was the to produce maps from aerial maps, air pollution maps, health map the South Pole. Side-looking ~ the territory of the United States. beginning of the National Mapping photographs. George Washington, Benjamin Lewis and Clark were Program. Franklin. Thomas Jefferson, Paul commissioned to explore and map the new territory. Minds\r

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1. 5. 4. 1. 4 . 1. 4. 1. 1. 4 . 1. 1974-U.S. . c. 1585 - John White. "La Virgenia Pars." 1844-U. S. Coast Survey. "Map of New 1889 - U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. and ; courtesy of the United 1865-"L'Intrepide Nadar. " Caricature 1874-Rand McNally and Company. Map 1917- Rand McNally. "Rand McNally 1972- ERTS-t in orbit (artists concept). 1976-General Electric Co. (In cooper­ Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945). c. 1938- Tennessee Valley Authority and "Reterence Mosaic of Mercury." Courtesy of the Trustees of the British York Bay and the Environs." Detail. " . .. Grand Canon of the Colorado," 1871 . States Geological Survey. showing railway routes and stations of the Official Auto Trails Map . .... First U. S. satellite program devoted to the ation with the National Geographic Sociei. Physicist and pioneer in rocketry. from La Journa/ 11/ustre. U. S. Geological Survey. "Tennessee Courtesy of the United States Geological Museum. Courtesy of the National Archives, 5. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, study of Earth's natural resourc es. and NASA). "Space Portrait, U.S.A." Photographed at Clark University, 1924. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Courtesy of the Library of Congress, (Polk County), Oswald Dome Survey. 2. Records of the Coast and Geodetic libraries. Clarence King (1942-1901). Geography and Map Division. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division. Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Courtesy of the Clark University Archives. Quadrangle." Scale 1: 24,000. 5. 1588-Probably by Baptista Boazio, Plan Survey. 2. Courtesy of the United States Geological 2 . Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Geography and Map Division. 5. Space Administration. Space Administration. 2. of Drake's attack on St. Augustine, t586. 6. 1903-Whlte & Kemble. "Map Showing 2. 5. 1969- Mariner Mars spacecraft. 1976-Mars. Computer-generated, false­ 1876-Dept. of the Interior. "Green River Survey. 1924- Brock and Weymouth, Inc. "Aero­ Authority, Chattanooga. 2. color exaggerated image based on data Courtesy of the Nat1onal Maritime John Charles Fremont (1813-1890). from Union Pacific Railroad to the mouth of 6. made by the Brock 19th century. Chinese map of Properties of The United States Steel 1957- Bruce C. Heezen and Maria Tharp. 1979 - Projeto RADAMBRASIL, Brazilian Photoconcept model by NASA. 5. generated by Viking 1-6. / Museum, London. From Ufe Explorations and Public the White River," 1873. Ferdinand V. Hayden (1829-1887). Process." Washington, C. Corporation." "Physiographic Diagram. Atlantic Ocean Ministry of Mines and Energy. "Cuiba. Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and 1951 - Tennessee Valley Authority. D. Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and 3. Services of John Charles Fremont, 1956. Courtesy of the United States Geological Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Courtesy of Harry Tubis. From the collections of the American Courtesy of the Ubrary of Congress. (sheet 1)." Chart of the ocean floor. Reglllo Centro-oeste do Brasll - Space Administration. "Mt. Joy Quadrangle Tennessee, 7.5 Space Administration. 1814-Samuellewis (after William Clark). Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Survey. Archives, Merrill Collection (#78-107). Geographical Society, courtesy of the Geography and Map Divisio n. Courtesy of Marie Tharp. 1: 250,000." 3. 3. minute series (topographic)." 6. "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track." Libraries. 3. 7. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 6. 3. Courtesy of the United Slates Geological 1971-Don E. Wllherms and John F. 1925-U. S. Army Air Service. "Air Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley 1978 - Da11td H. Scott and Michael H. Carr. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, 7 . George M. Wheeler (1642-1905) . 1935-Mayor's Committee on City 1973-U. S. Geological Survey. Survey. McCauley. "Geologic Map of the Near 1877-Dept. of the Interior. "Northern Navigation Map. Louisville, to Authority, Chattanooga. 3. "Geologic Map of Mars." Detail. Geography and Map Division. 1845- Charles Preuss. "The Great Salt Courtesy of the United States Geological Planning, The City of New York. "Chincoteague Marsh, Va., Plot of 6. Side of the Moon." 1 :5,000,000 scale map Central Colorado," sheet XII. Dayton. Ohio." t886 -Sanbom Map and Publishing Co. Courtesy of the United States Geological 4. lake." Detail. Courtesy of the United States Geological survey. Courtesy of the National Archives, "Passaic. New Jersey." "Population." Detail. Wetland Classes Determined by Signature 1980-U. S. Geological Survey. from USGS Geologic of the Moon. Survey. 1815- General Land Office. Illinois From Mary C. Rabbitt, Minerals, Lands, Survey. B. Records of the Army Air Forces. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Courtesy of the National Archives, Analysis of MSS 4, 5, and 7." Perspective views of MI. St. Helens Courtesy of the United States Geological township plat (scale, 21nches to the mile). and Geology; courtesy of the United 4. John Wesley Powell (1834·1902). Geography and Map Division. Records of the Federal Housing From Morris M. Thompson, Maps for generated from digital elevation models. Survey. Courtesy of the National Archives, States Geological Survey. 1878-Analytical geological map of the From Mary C. Rabbitt, Minera ls, Lands, Administration. America; courtesy of the United States Courtesy of the United States Geological Records of the Bureau of Land Great Salt Lake area. and Geology; courtesy of the United Geolog ical Survey. Survey. Management. From Mary C. Rabblt1, Minerals, Lands, States Geological Survey. Maps & Minds The Beginning The Thinkers- Greeks The Builders- Romans : :eudal Europe The Explorers Th -~ Measurers Throughout time, maps have We do not know when we began The oldest topographic map relic All we know of early Greek maps is Ptolemy com piled and The Romans were colonizers, The most famous relic of Roman tier the fall of Rome, in the fifth T he Crusades and trade we re Invention of the printing p ress The w orld map by Juan de Ia Cosa New ,urveying tools, a knowledge Determining longitude at sea was expressed our understanding of our making maps. Mapmaking developed was m ade in Babylonia in about 2500 what is w ritten, but that formed the systematized geographical builders, and administrators. Also, mapping is the " Peut inger Table," entury A.D .. church theology forces of change. The Christian moved mapping into a new age. The was the first to show Columbus's of tr: ··. ngulation, the telescope solved by the invention of the marine world. Human af1airs have been at different times in different areas B.C. The Babylonians may have basis for the development of our knowledge in his two gre at works. they were surveyors and which is a medieval copy of a vminated European . pilgrims developed guidebooks that works of Ptolemy were among the discoveries. Diogo Ribeiro mapped inve: .ed by Galilee in 1609. and the chronometer in 1765 by John influenced strongly by the quality of of the world. been the first to make a map of the cartography and influenced Western The Geographia a nd The Greatest. mapmakers . Roman road map. he T-0 map was a typical form with contained strip maps. Sailors' first products of modern printing. Ferdinand Magellan's discoveries. pen- .:lum clock invented by Christian Harrison. maps available to us at the major world in 500 B.C. mapping for centuries. Ptolemy's concepts, right and le Earth shown as a flat disc nautical and coastal charts, called Knowledge from explorations in t he Huy( '..ns in 1657, were the basis of turning points in our history. The earliest known relics of maps wrong, have influenced cartography They made the first known road Roman techniques of land ·Jrrounded by ocean (the "0"). The portolan charts. developed in Italy, new lands and the attempts to find Mercator translated the round Earth 17th Jnd 18th-century efforts to The first topographic map of are from Mesopotamia-many w ere The Egyptians s urveyed land, T he Greeks reasoned that the and history to this day. maps. They ma de cadastral maps for surveying were not improved upon T" was formed by the Don River, Barcelona, and Majorca. These new routes to the East spurred the to a flat surface. ace 1tely measure the Earth. national scope was of France. It was "Maps & Minds" traces the ebb and based on surveys. Some of these marked boundaries, and taxed Earth is a sphere, and Eratosthenes taxing their conquests, boundary until the 18th century. •e Nile. and the Mediterranean. T·O charts incorporated the use of the production of many maps, globes. made by the Cassini family and flow of few central ideas in the a early maps on clay tablets and property. They developed measured its circumference. maps . town maps, and schematic 1aps were oriented to the east, compass. and . Ortelius and Waghenaer published lsaa Newton's theory of universal took 150 years to complete. mainstream of mapping. Our boundary stones were topographic surveying tools to aid in their maps illustrating classical texts. ·ith Jerusalem at the center. the first atlases. by collecting the best gra\ -'!lion challenged the premise expanding knowledge of our cosmic maps and some were cadastral m aps mapping. "America" appeared for the first maps of the day and engraving tha• e Earth is a perfect sphere. neighborhood stems largely from a showing property ownership for time on the w orld map published by them on uniformly sized s heets. small number of simple but grand taxation. Waldseemuller in 1507. ideas, vigorously pursued.

One hundred years ago. Major John Wesley Powell, the second Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and a member of the scientific community that founded the National Geographic Society, proposed making a Topographic Base Map of the United States. That was the beginning of our National 4. Mapping Program.

This exhibition is a centenary celebration of the vigorous pursuit of 3. Major Powell's idea. It is sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Geographic Society.

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1. 4 . 1. 4. 1 . 4. 1. 4. 1. 5. 5. c. 2500 B.c.- Babylonian topographic 1744-Jacques Philippe Maraldi and 1900s - Marshall Islands navigational stick Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) ­ Claudius Ptolemy (A.o. 90-168)­ A .D. 250-500- Peutlnger Table. Two A.D. 500-600-Raman garrison stations on c. A.D. 776·786- Beat us of Valvacada c. 1250-Matthew . Ear liest known 1492-Martin Behaim. Terrestrial globe. 1589 -Abraham Ortelius. Map of Iceland. 10- Telescope used by Galilee in map. Cesar Franc;ois Cassini de Thury. chart. Greek coin from Thrace Issued Engraved portrait from Portraits et Vies segments of a medieval copy of a Roman the Nile. Schematic map from a . Early Christian T-0 map. 18th· Eng lish road map depicting a pilgrimage Facsimile globe, from the collections of the From Theatwm Orbis Terrarum. :h1ing the four satelli1es of Jupiter. Court " Nouvelle Carte . . . de Ia France." esy of the Harvard Semitic Museum. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution. 323-281 B.C. des Hommes //lustres, 1584. itinerary map. compilation by military and civil officials. century manuscript copy. from London to the Holy Land. American Geographical Society, courtesy Courtesy and by permission of the British ~ urtesy of the lnstltuto e Musso di Storia 2. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Department of An thropology (#32924-A). Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, From published facsimile, courtesy of the Courtesy of the Bib!ioteca Apostolica Courtesy of the Bibliotheque Nationals, Courtesy and by permission of the British of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Library. ,lla Scienza, . 500 Babylonian world map on Geography and Map Division. c. B.c.- 5. Department of Numismatics (#70/33). Dlbner library. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Vaticana. Paris. Library. 2. 6. clay tablet. c. 2000 B.c.- Egyptian sarcophagus 2. 5. Division. 5. 2. 5. 1500-Juan de Ia Cosa. World map. 1584-Lucas Waghenaer. Coastal chart .1lileo Galllel (1564-1 642). Engraving 6. Courtesy of the British Museum. Tlleodotlte-Built by Jesse Ramsden in painting. Eratosthenes measured the "Vatopedl" world map - 13th or 15th 2. Surveying t reatise page. At1ributed to A.D. 900-1000-··cottonian" world map. c. 1250·1300 - "Carta Pisana." Courtesy of the Museo Naval, Madrid. from the Spiflgha/ dar Zeevaerdt, .1er a portrait by Giusto Susterman. 3. 1787. From Philosophical Transactions of Courtesy of the Library of Congress, circumference of the Earth c. 250 B.c. century manuscript map based on ht·century Roman groma. Drawing of Hyginus Gromaticus. Sixteenth-century Named after manuscripts In which it is Considered the oldest surviving portolan 3. Waghenaer's first sea atlas. Jurtesy of the Library of Congress. A.D. 900-1300- Petroglyphs, "Newspaper the Royal Society, 1790. Geography and Map Division. (Schematic, not to scale). Ptolemy's concepts. groma excavated In surveyor's workshop copy. contained. chart. 1507-Martin Waldseemuller. "Unlversalis Courtesy and by permission of the British ." Utah. Photograph by Robert Courtesy of the Peabody Library, 6. 3. Courtesy of the British Library. in Pompeii. Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Courtesy and by permission of the British Courtesy of the Blblloth8que Nationals, Cosmographla." World map. Library. endutum clock - Diagrams of the clock Moore. The Johns Hopkins University. c. 323·30 B.c.-Fayyiim Egyptian papyrus The world as it was known to Courtesy of the Library of Congress. Vatican a. Library. Paris. Facsimile edition. courtesy of the Library of 7. erfected by Christian Huygens in 1657. Courtesy of the National Geographic scroll drawing of the afterworld. Eratosthenes. Map from an 1879 work on 3. 6. Congress. Geography and Map Division. 1659- Gerardus Mercator. "Nova et avcta .:ourtesy of the Libnary of Congress. Society. 3. Courtesy of the Walters Art Gallery. ancient geography. A.D. 77-Orange Cadaster A, fragment 7. c. 11 54- Muhammed b. Muhammed idrisi. 1375-Abraham Cresques. Charts from 4. orbls terrae descripto ad vsvm 7. Courtesy of the library of Congress, Relic of monumental cadastral map. World map. Originally in the form of a silver the "" made for Charles V, 1529 -Diogo Ribeiro. World map. nauigantum .. ," Employs the "Mercator i759 - John Harrison's marine c. 1880s-Greenland Eskimo carved relief Geography and Map Division. Photography by Abel. tablet, approximately 12' x 5'. King of France. Courtesy of the Biblloteoa Apostolica projection." :hronometer #4. Approximately 5". maps. Courtesy of the Musee d'Orange. From facsimile, courtesy of the library of From facsimile, courtesy of the Library of Vatlcana. Courtesy of the Gemeente Rotterdam, .:;curtesy of the National Maritime Courtesy of the National Museum of Congress, Geography and Map Division. Congress, Geography and Map Division. Maritem Museum "Prins Hendrik"; and \1useum. London. Denmark. Harry N. Abrams. Inc.