Observations on USGS-State Cooperative Mapping

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Observations on USGS-State Cooperative Mapping DR.WALLACE W. HACAN Director Kentucky Geological Survey (Ret.) Observations on USGS-State Cooperative Mapping HE DICTIONARY defines the word cooper- selective based on immediate needs of our T ate to mean: to work together willingly country. A state may attract the uscs to map for a common purpose. Thus, when The in it, or accelerate mapping in progress, by United States Geological Survey and a state entrance into a cooperative program. This agency enter into a cooperative agreement, also reduces the cost to the federal govern- they have definite objectives which involve ment, and produces a base map sooner, and both state and federal agencies. The signed consequently enhances economic develop- agreements are quite simple and indicate ment in the State. the nature of the funding, who performs the Fourteen states now have complete 7.5 operations, who owns the original materials, minute topographic map coverage on a the mutual considerations, and the publica- 1:24,000 scale, most of which was done in tion of the results. cooperative programs. Last year in FY 1978, There are several types of cooperative 38 states and Puerto Rico contributed $3.5 programs: million toward the National Mapping Pro- The uses furnishes the personnel, super- -gram, .- primarily for new 7.5 minute topo- vises personnel and operations, in field graphic mapping. Some states' cooperative and ofice, reviews, approves, does cartog- mapping agreements included: raphy, and publishes. Plans and priorities are formulated mutually, and funds are High-altitude aerial photography, photo- matched. inspection, and photorevision of published 7.5 minute maps in the states of Indiana, This is the same, except by agreement the state furnishes some of the personnel and Kansas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Virginia. pays them from state funds. State funds a Standard revision of published 7.5 minute and services are matched by the uscs. maps in the state of Kentucky. The uscs has a mission in a given state Revision and series conversion in the with which the state is in agreement, so the states of Louisiana and Wyoming. uSGs grants money to it to perform supervi- Preparation of 7.5 minute orthophotoquads sion, operations, and cartography with in the states of Massachusetts and North state personnel. Close control is exerted by Carolina. both parties. Periodic progress reports are Preparation of county topographic maps for required, as are maintenance of given the states of Colorado, Connecticut, Ken- standards. tucky, and Pennsylvania. Pilot projects to generate and use digital There are cooperative agreements in sev- cartographic data in the states of Kansas eral types of mapping, for example, topo- and Texas. graphic, areal geologic, aeromagnetic, grav- Preparation of 1:100,000 scale topo- ity, seismic, radiometric, orthophotographic; graphictbathymetric maps in the state water, coal, and mineral resources, slope of Georgia. maps, engineering geologic, and geologic In the past, uscs-state cooperative map- hazards. ping agreements generally meant matching The first cooperative agreement in topo- dollars or 50 percent each party. Today they graphic mapping was entered into in 1885 by are beginning to include other types of state the uscs with Massachusetts. Since then all assistance such as utilizing state facilities 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto and capacity to compile new map manu- Rico, and the Virgin Islands have contrib- scripts and map finishing; revising and up- uted over $95 million to cooperative topo- dating older ~ublishedmaps; researching graphic mapping programs with the uscs and data gathering to revise and update map through FY 1978. content; and similar activities. One of the uscs missions is to map the to- Today's discussion will briefly cover two pography of all 50 states, and since it cannot cooperative mapping programs in which map all at the same time, it is necessarily Kentucky has participated with the uscs. PHOTOGRAMMETRICENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING, Vol. 45, No. 12, December 1979, pp. 1617-1620. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1979 Cooperative topographic mapping started in Kentucky to check the quadrangles for cul- Kentucky in 1903 and continued until 1929, tural and topographic changes. He and the and from then until 1948 there was no state geologist would meet annually with cooperative mapping in Kentucky. In 1947, representatives of the Kentucky Depart- the Kentucky Chamber of Commerce ap- ments of Highways and Commerce, look pointed a sub-committee of their Natural Re- over the changes, and select quadrangles for sources Committee to investigate the possi- revision, assign priorities, and send the rec- bility of a statewide topographic mapping ommendations to the Atlantic Region office program in cooperation with us~s.It con- for implementation. sisted of a cross-section of representatives Robert Lyddan, then Chief of the uscs from state and local governments, mineral Topographic Division, recommended to the industries, oil and gas industry, professional states in 1976 that, in order to incorporate engineers, agriculturalists, and foresters. As statewide requirements for 7.5 minute quad- a result of their conclusions and support, rangle and other map products into the prep- Governor Clements made it possible to enter aration of the annual national mapping plan, into a five-year program on a matching fund each should establish a State Mapping Advi- basis to map the 767 7.5 minute quadrangles sory Committee. The state requirements on a scale of 1:24,000. State funds came from then submitted annually by each committee the Kentucky Department of Highways and would receive equal consideration with from Legislature appropriations. The Ken- those of a federal agency that uscs receives tucky Agricultural and Industrial Develop- through the annual OMB A-16 procedure. ment Board at Frankfort, Kentucky provided This would not guarantee that all of a state's the necessary. coordination, administration, requirements will materialize in the fol- and technical direction through Phil M. lowing year's program, but it will help in- Miles to formulate concrete plans with the sure that the topographic program is geared uscs for a complete five-year mapping pro- toward meeting the greatest needs. Ken- gram. tucky has essentially implemented such a The first step to devise a plan of action was procedure through the KGS,although it has to review the status of mapping in Kentucky. not formalized it. Our present program is About 35 percent of the State's 40,395 square only adequate to revise urban areas about miles had never been mapped topograph- once every five years, and other quadrangles ically. About 20 percent of the area of the about once every 20 to 30 years. I believe the state was covered by topographic maps made procedure recommended by Robert Lyddan from 1882 to 1910, many of which were at a would take care of many of the cooperative scale of 1:125,000. About 30 percent of the problems which arise in the course of a pro- state was covered by 1:62,500 scale maps gram, and would place the emphasis on the made from 1910 to 1929. About 55 percent of areas of greatest need in the United States. the state required remapping, so it was de- In the 1960's the OMB requested the uscs cided to map the entire state on a scale of to cut the cost of preparation of topographic 1:24,000 on 7.5 minute quadrangles. map revision by use of photorevision and Cost and time estimates were prepared. overprint of cultural changes in color, but The cost for the 36,000 square miles, not a revision of contours. Kentucky was excluding 1:24,000 mapping already done by against this because it would downgrade the TVA and AMS, was estimated at $7 million and quality of the maps on which so much had five years. The program commenced in 1949 been spent. We felt the standard revision, and was completed in 1956 at a cost of which includes cultural and topographic $6,360,000 or $0.28 per acre or $0.14 per acre changes, would maintain the quality of the for the state. At that time, in 1956, Kentucky maps. We finally compromised and agreed became the best modem-mapped state in the for an interim or photorevision only in areas United States, which was to prove econom- of low relief with many cultural changes, to ically most beneficial to it. be followed by a standard revision. We be- In 1958 the Kentucky State Legislature lieve that in areas of high relief the color transferred a modest cooperative topo- overprint would be very misleading or even graphic mapping revision program to the dangerous to the map users where deep ex- Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS)for plan- cavations or roadcuts had been made. ning and administration for the state. The Items such as the representation of rock program was gradually accelerated until cliffs and strip mines have posed specific about 28 to 30 maps are revised each year. problems difficult of representation. The There are never enough funds to revise all new strip mine laws make it more impera- those maps which need it each year. The tive to represent the stripped areas as realis- uscs placed a topographic engineer into tically as possible, and to show the spoil USGS-STATE COOPERATION banks. Slope maps are important in these and individuals. The uscs agreed to enter areas. the program if we could arrange for funds. The practice of changing a quadrangle A ten-to-12-year program to cost about name when the original populated place for $12,000,000 was outlined to the uscs as a which it was named ceases to exist poses cooperative program on a 50150 matching problems of significance for the consumer in basis. We worked through our U.S.
Recommended publications
  • Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting
    Program Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1113 Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting June 12–14, 2018 • Knoxville, Tennessee Institutional Support Lunar and Planetary Institute Universities Space Research Association Convener Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Science Organizing Committee David Williams, Chair Arizona State University Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Robert Jacobsen Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Bradley Thomson Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Abstracts for this meeting are available via the meeting website at https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/pgm2018/ Abstracts can be cited as Author A. B. and Author C. D. (2018) Title of abstract. In Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting, Abstract #XXXX. LPI Contribution No. 2066, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. Guide to Sessions Tuesday, June 12, 2018 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Introduction and Mercury and Venus Maps 1:00 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Mars Maps 5:30 p.m. Strong Hall Poster Area Poster Session: 2018 Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting Wednesday, June 13, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room GIS and Planetary Mapping Techniques and Lunar Maps 1:15 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Asteroid, Dwarf Planet, and Outer Planet Satellite Maps Thursday, June 14, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Optional Field Trip to Appalachian Mountains Program Tuesday, June 12, 2018 INTRODUCTION AND MERCURY AND VENUS MAPS 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Chairs: David Williams Devon Burr 9:00 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Maps of Washington
    GEOLOGIC MAPS OF WASHINGTON DGER GM-53 124° 117° 123° 122° 121° 120° CANADA 119° 118° 49° 49° WASHINGTON STATE PEND DGER OFR 2000-5 WHATCOM DGER OFR 90-5 USA FERRY (scale 1:500,000) OREILLE Roche Mount Bellingham Robinson Oroville Republic Colville Harbor Baker Mtn 125° OKANOGAN DGER OFR 2003-17 48°30 USGS Map I-2660 DGER OFR 90-10 DGER OFR 90-13 48°30 CANADA DGER OFR 90-11 SAN USA Port JUAN SKAGIT DGER DGER OFR 90-12 ISLAND OFR 90-9 Cape Angeles Port Sauk Nespelem Chewelah Flattery Townsend River Twisp Omak USGS Map I-1198F DGER OFR 2003-5 DGER OFR 2003-6 DGER DGER OFR 90-14 48° USGS Map I-1198G USGS Map I -2592 OFR 95-3 DGER OFR 90-16 48° CLALLAM USGS OFR 93-233 STEVENS IDAHO SNOHOMISH DOUGLAS JEFFERSON USGS OFR 91-147 CHELAN Mount Coulee Forks Seattle Skykomish Banks Spokane Olympus River Chelan Lake Dam DGER OFR 2000-4 DGER OFR 2003-4 DGER OFR 90-17 47°30 KITSAP USGS Map I-1963 USGS Map I-1661 DGER OFR 90-6 DGER OFR 90-15 47°30 GRAYS GIS data only KING LINCOLN SPOKANE Copalis HARBOR GRANT Snoqualmie Moses Beach Shelton Tacoma Wenatchee Ritzville Rosalia MASON Pass Lake DGER OFR 2003-16 KITTITAS DGER OFR 2003-15 47° DGER OFR 87-3 USGS Map I-2538 USGS Map I-1311 DGER OFR 90-1 DGER OFR 90-2 DGER OFR 90-7 47° WHITMAN PIERCE ADAMS THURSTON Westport Chehalis Mount Priest Pullman River Centralia Yakima Connell LEWIS Rainier Rapids FRANKLIN DGER DGER OFR 87-8 DGER OFR 87-8 DGER 46°30 DGER OFR 87-11 DGER OFR 87-16 OFR 86-4 OFR 94-12 DGER OFR 94-13 DGER OFR 94-14 DGER OFR 94-6 46°30 PACIFIC GARFIELD YAKIMA DGER COLUMBIA OFR 86-3 BENTON Ilwaco WAHKIAKUM Mount Clarkston Mount Richland Walla Walla Astoria St.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Geologic Mapping and Geographic Information Systems To
    APPLICATION OF GEOLOGIC MAPPING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO DELINEATE SENSITIVE KARST AREAS FOR LAND-USE DECISIONS Jim Cichon, Alex Wood, Alan Baker and Jon Arthur Florida Geological Survey, Hydrogeology Program The Problem: The Floridan aquifer system (FAS), a thick sequence of Tertiary carbonates, is the major fresh water resource in the Florida panhandle. The expanding population of the State places an ever-growing demand on the fresh-water resources through increased land and water use. Overburden comprised of surficial aquifer sediments or intermediate confining unit (ICU) sediments may act to protect the FAS from potential contamination sources where it is present. This overburden can be several hundred feet thick where it provides variable confinement for the FAS, or it can be thin to absent in areas where carbonate units comprising the FAS are exposed at or near land surface. In areas where the overburden is thin to absent, the potential for karst terrain development is increased. Sinkholes and collapse features are more common and occur at a much Figure 1: Generalized geologic map of northwestern Florida (modified from Scott, et al. 2001). greater rate than in well-confined areas. The nature of karst terrain provides preferential flow paths for surface water to enter the underlying aquifer system, and therefore aquifer systems underlying karst terrain are at a greater risk to surface contamination potential. The Geologic Map: In Florida, areas of karst topography are associated with, but not limited to shallow and exposed carbonate rocks. The state geologic map of Florida and associated cross-sections provide this detailed lithologic information (Scott, et al, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Prototytpe Implementations of the North American Data Model
    Prototype Implementations of the North American Data Model Steering Committee Data Model for a Geologic Map Database by Ronald R. Wahl, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA ABSTRACT The National Geologic Map Database Project (NGMDB) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been working to implement the North American Data Model Steering Committee (NADMSC) data model in a number of software systems. The NGMDB has implemented a number of prototype databases using object-relational software. Additional benefits discovered from this work are: iterative changes to the underlying data model do not change the data already in place, implementation of dynamic map generation based on map unit generalizations is straight-forward, and the geologic features are not necessary referred to by the geometry of the feature. Some of the problems encountered so far are: geologic language tables to accompany the database have been difficult to develop, a list of routine queries for use with the database have been slow to evolve, and the routine importation of multiple data formats from the same GIS software has not been solved. Introduction History Since enacting of the Geologic Mapping Act (GMA) by the Congress of the United States in 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been charged with building a national geologic map database. Under the provisions of the GMA, the Congress set forth the following objectives: “The objectives of the geologic mapping program shall include-- (1) determining the Nation's geologic framework through systematic
    [Show full text]
  • Topographic Maps
    Topographic Maps Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2014 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map Homework
    Amherst College Department of Geology INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGIC MAPS A geologic map represents the distribution of rocks across the surface of the map area by drawing lines (“contacts”) between different rock units (commonly called “formations”) and by representing each rock unit with a different color. Typically colors and contacts of a geologic map are superimposed on a topographic base map so that the contours of the surface of the earth and the rocks underlying those contours can be studied together. (For this reason, colors used are muted so that topo lines and other information are not obscured.) A geologic map also includes a variety of geologic information regarding the attitude of the rock units (their strike and dip) and the location of folds or faults that affect the rocks. A little familiarity with the conventions used in a geologic map will allow you to use any available geologic map to get to know the geology of any new or interesting area. Your objective this week is to work with a large color copy of a geologic map of an area in Montana to become more knowledgeable about how to read geologic maps in general. For the purposes of this exercise, you may write directly on the map copy. LEARNING YOUR WAY AROUND A GEOLOGIC MAP All geologic maps include basic elements that aid the reader in using the map. These include the following important components. 1) A title that indicates the area of the map. Find the title and label it 1. What area does this geologic map cover? Where is it located? 2) A bar scale (in km in newer maps and miles in older ones) that allows you to determine distances on the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Gems (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps
    GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps Chapter 10 of Section B, U.S. Geological Survey Standards, of Book 11, Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data Techniques and Methods 11–B10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Geologic map of the western United States and surrounding areas, extracted from the “Geologic map of North America” (Reed and others, 2005; database from Garrity and Soller, 2009). Image downloaded from the National Geologic Map Database (https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86688.htm). GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)—A Standard Format for the Digital Publication of Geologic Maps By the U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program Chapter 10 of Section B, U.S. Geological Survey Standards, of Book 11, Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data Techniques and Methods 11–B10 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Maps
    GEOLOGIC MAPS PURPOSE: To be able to understand, visualize, and analyze geologic maps Geologic maps show the distribution of the various igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks at Earth’s surface in plan view. The contacts between different geologic formations and the various structures that occur in the rocks are typically superimposed upon the contour lines of topography in the map area. Geologic cross sections often appear with geologic maps. They are diagrams illustrating the distribution of geologic units in the vertical dimension along a line through the map area. They may also show the topographic profile of the land surface. Map Explanations or Keys are also found accompanying geologic maps. The formations are presented and described in chronological sequence, with the oldest unit at the bottom and the youngest unit at the top. Geologic maps make use of specific map symbols to relate important information. Illustrations of common structure symbols and fault/fold relations are on pages 2 and 3. Useful items on geologic maps: • The symbol for a geologic unit, labeled on the map and in the explanation, begins with the capitalized symbol for the geologic period (or era), followed by lowercase letters that designate the name of the formation. for example, the Ordovician Swan Peak Formation is labeled “Osp” • Contact lines on a map separate and mark the boundary between two adjacent geologic formations. • Outcrops are those places where a geologic formation is exposed at the Earth’s surface. Three factors control the width of a formation’s outcrop on a geologic map: 1) the formation’s thickness; 2) the slope of the land in the area of an outcrop; and 3) the dip angle of the beds in the formation.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA's Planetary Geologic Mapping Program: Overview
    NASA’s Planetary Geologic Mapping Program: Overview David A. Williams Chair, Geologic Mapping Subcommittee Mapping and Planetary Spatial Infrastructure Team ISPRS Meeting Prague July 17, 2016 INTRODUCTION • Why Planetary Geologic Mapping • Advantages of Planetary Mapping • History of Planetary Map production (USGS) • Current Organization: GEMS & MAPSIT • NASA Funding: Planetary Mapping • Current Map Production Approach & Techniques • Summary WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING? “On first examining a new district [planet] nothing can appear more hopeless than the chaos of rocks [landforms]; but by recording the stratification and nature of rocks [morphology, superposition & crosscutting relations] at many points, always reasoning and predicting what will be found elsewhere, light soon begins to dawn on the district [planet], and the structure of the whole becomes more or less intelligible.” Charles Darwin, autobiography (1958) (w/paraphrasing by J.F. McCauley & J.M. Moore) “… a geological map is like a graph to a physicist: it allows one to understand many observations in a comprehensive form that would be more difficult without it.” John Guest, Principles of Extraterrestrial Geologic Mapping (1974) WHY PLANETARY GEOLOGIC MAPPING? • Geologic mapping documents main geologic units and features and their relative ages and other characteristics. These form the basis for the recognition of major resurfacing events and processes operative on planetary surfaces through time Specific accomplishments include: • 1. Documentation of the geological evolution
    [Show full text]
  • (For and At) Data on Mountain Issues: the Contribution of Information
    IPROMO, 5 th august 2008 Paola Carrara (IREA-CNR & LNSA-UniTo) Looking (for and at) data on mountain issues: the contribution of Information Technologies and Remote Sensing Index (main road) l Basic concepts of Information Systems: Data, information, geographic data l Geograhic Information Systems (GIS): basic concepts and evolutions l How to look for or “I do not wish to reinvent the wheel”: a Spatial Data Infrasctructure to move data around l What I’m looking: RS contribution to IT systems Materials from: l Spatial Databases, P. Rigaux, M. Scholl, A. Voisard, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002 l Principles of Geographical Information Systems, P. A. Burrough, R. A. McDonnell, 2004 l Lessons from the course of Sistemi inormativi III UniBG Ingegneria l http://www.ucgis.org University Consortium for Geographic Information Science l http://www.opengeospatial.org Open Geospatial Consortium OGC l http://education.usgs.gov/common/lessons/gis.html Education resources of USGS l http://inspire.jrc.it/reports.cfmDocument archive of INSPIRE and documents of http://www.opengeospatial.org/resource/cookbooks Data … information ... datum : element of information represented by symbols/values to be elaborated/interpreted information : any aggregation of data the meaning of which is known (besides its values) Data … information ... Classification of snow covered pixels in Valle d’Aosta (white pixels=snow; black pixels=no snow) From data to information …. 94%Knowledge 60,3% increase 2006 2007 percentage of VdA surface covered by snow = 94% percentage of VdA surface
    [Show full text]
  • Base Line a Newsletter of the Map and Geography Roundtable
    ISSN 0272-8532 base line a newsletter of the Map and Geography Roundtable TABLE OF CONTENTS Our Man in England 24 Ramb 1ings from the Cha ir 25 And From the Ed itor 25 Conferences •.•.......•.••..•.••.•.....•......• 26 News...••...••.•••..••..•..•.•••.•.......••... 27 On the Cataloging/Cataloguing Front .........•. 28 New Books and Maps 33 Question Box •.•......•........•....•..••.•.... 35 New Periodical Articles .....•.•..•........•... 36 Dealers Catalogs 37 Duplicate Maps 39 On the Lighter Side ..............•............ 39 Volume 3, Number 2 March, 1982 base line is an official publication of the American Library Association's Hap & Geography Round Table. The purpose of base line is to provide current information on cartographic materials, other publications of interest to map and geography librarians, meetings, related governmental activities, and map librarianship. It is a medium of communication for members of the Round Table, and information and short articles of interest to Round Table members are welcomed. The opinions expressed by contributors are their cvn and do not necessarily represent those of ALA or of HAGERT, Editor: }lary Larsgaard Contributing Editors: Arthur Lakes Library James Coombs (JC), Southwest Missouri State Colorado School of Phil Hoehn (PU). University of California. Berkeley Mines Alice Hudson (AH), New York Public Library Golden CO 80401 Nancy Kandoisn (NK) , New York Public Library (303)279-0300x2697 J.B. Post (JBP), Free Library of Philadelphia Advertising Manager: INTERESTED IN BECOMING A CONTRIBUTING EDITOR? James Coombs Let the Editor know; the more, the better I Short notices and other information should be submitted to the Editor. Advertising is accepted; contact Advertising Manager (Jim Coombs, Hap Collection, 349 Library.Southwest Missouri State Univeraity, Springfield 65802; (417)836-5105).
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Cross Sections, Maps, and Plans
    CHAPTER V GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTIONS, MAPS, AND PLANS After geologic samples have been properly collected and logged, the resultant information is used to construct geologic maps and cross sections. These maps and sections will provide a graphical account of the area geology that can then be used, along with other data, to develop a site-specific description of the proposed permit and adjacent area (See Chapter VI). All such maps and sections must be prepared and certified by a qualified individual approved by the Commissioner. The following sections describe the methods of construction and the types of maps and sections that may be required. A. CONSTRUCTION AND CORRECTION TECHNIQUES Because of the lack of detailed geologic mapping in the West Virginia coal field, most cross sections and maps will have to be prepared by the applicant using information collected during the geologic sampling program. This section briefly describes methods of calculating and correcting for inclined strata. 1. Determination of Strike and Dip Strike and dip can be measured through a variety of methods, both by direct field measurement and by calculation. However, because the majority of the West Virginia coal field consists of essentially horizontal rock (<10°), the indirect method is preferable because it is not affected by minor undulations in the bedding. The easiest method of calculation is the three-point method. The three-point method utilizes three points that lie at different elevations on one bedding surface, such as the bottom of a coal seam. This bedding surface must be consistent throughout the area and be positively identified in each drill hole or outcrop.
    [Show full text]