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Regional Identity and Its Protection on the Example of the Valencian Autonomous Community

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Title: Regional identity and its protection on the example of the Valencian Autonomous Community Author: Dagmara Głuszek-Szafraniec Citation style: Głuszek-Szafraniec Dagmara. (2020). Regional identity and its protection on the example of the Valencian Autonomous Community. "Review of Nationalities" Nr 10 (2020), s. 1-11, doi 10.2478/pn-2020-0010 Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of Nationalities • nr 10/2020 • A new wave of separatism in the world ISSN 2084-848X (print) • ISSN 2543-9391 (on-line) • DOI 10.2478/pn-2020-0010 Dagmara Głuszek-Szafraniec* University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-197X Regional identity and its protection on the example of the Valencian Autonomous Community Introduction Since the end of the 1970s, Spain has undergone a series of internal changes: political, social, economic, but also territorial. The result of these changes is growing separatist tendencies in some regions. A special case is, of course, Catalonia, which tried to de- clare independence in 2017. However, other autonomous communities are also follow- ing the path of Catalonia – they have not shown any interest in political independence so far. It is worth taking a look at some social phenomena that also occur in other re- gions and that previously appeared, e.g. in Catalonia. An interesting example is the Va- lencian Community. The people of this region shape their cultural and linguistic iden- tity in opposition to both Spanish and Catalan identities. The regional authorities also formulate the priorities of the Valencian identity policy. One of them is the populariza- tion of the regional language through the mass media. The aim of the article is to present the status of the Valencian language and the main assumptions of the language policy of the regional government, as well as the ways of disseminating the Valencian language in public space. One of them is to support finan- cially the media that use the regional language in their daily publications. The article will present the current situation of the Valencian language and the activity of region- al authorities with regard to the Valencian-language media. The main research method will be institutional and legal analysis. This method is used, among others, to study po- litical reality in a limited way. In this analysis, I will use the analysis of legal acts, con- tracts, constitutional provisions and other normative acts that regulate various political phenomena (Pięta-Szawara, 2013: 145). The area of my research interests are, therefore, various forms of activity of the government of the Autonomous Community of Valencia. In this article, I also rely on historical analysis, in its logographic (ordering facts) and genetic dimensions (searching for causes and analysis of the effects of social and polit- * Correspondence address: Institute of Journalism and Media Communication, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 11, 40-007 Katowice, e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Dagmara Głuszek-Szafraniec ical phenomena) (Pięta-Szawara, 2013: 154). The role of the regulator and promoter of identity ideas is played by the authorities of the Valencia region. System analysis is also helpful, relating to the study of the influence of the media sys- tem on the political system and vice versa. Legal regulations made by the government of the Valencian Community affect the political functions of the media, the structure of the media market and the condition of journalism (Klimkiewicz, 2018: 301). Therefore, the following research questions arise in connection with the activities of the authori- ties: 1) What is the situation of the regional language in the region and how common is it? 2) Are the residents willing to undertake social initiatives related to the promotion of Valencian culture? 3) Do the media support these processes and to what extent? There- fore, it seems that taking up the topic of the activity of regional authorities in the area of language and media policy may show what strategies are being undertaken to con- solidate Valencian regional identity. Legal guarantees for the protection of the Valencian language The Valencian Autonomous Community (in Valencian:Comunitat Valenciana) was es- tablished in 1982 by an autonomous statute. This event was preceded by the reform of the territorial system of Spain, which was carried out after the death of General Fran- cisco Franco in 1975. In 2006, the people of the Valencian region were also recognized as historical nationalities (nacionalidad histórica). This term refers to regions that de- clare their own linguistic, cultural and community identity. The following regions have already been recognized as historical nationalities: Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia and Andalusia, Aragon, Canary Islands, Balearic Islands (Alberto del Real Alcalá, 2008: 297). The status of historical nationality is based on the Spanish constitution. The Consti- tution defines Spain as “nación de nacionalidades y regiones” (Padres de la Constitución, 1978, Art. 2). When using the word nationality, please note that in Spanish we use two terms: nación and nacionalidad. This distinction is often difficult to translate into oth- er languages. The termnación refers to the entire nation of Spain, which is indissolu- ble according to the Constitution. On the other hand, nacionalidad is a less strict term. It is used in normative acts in relation to the population that has its own language and cultural identity. However, the term nación cannot be used interchangeably with refer- ence to nacionalidad (Biernacka, 2018: 30 ). As J. Alberto del Real Alcalá notes, in Spain the concept of nación is associated with the concept of sovereignty, but the concept of nacionalidad rather means national multiplicity. This diversity is not a problem, but an advantage – a guarantee of fundamental civil rights and freedoms (Alberto del Real Al- calá, 2008: 318). Thus, the specificity of Spain allows for the revival of regional cultures and languages, and the example of the autonomous community of Valencia shows that these trends have intensified in recent years. Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of Nationalities nr 10/2020 Regional identity and its protection on the example of the Valencian Autonomous Community 3 The protection of the regional language was ensured by the autonomous statute of 1982. However, it is worth remembering that the first draft of its own autonomous stat- ute in Valencia was prepared as early as 1931. At that time, several regions (including the Basque Country and Catalonia) put forward their proposals for greater independence, and the then republican authorities did not object. The work on the Valencian statute was interrupted by the civil war in 1936 (Mancebo Alonso, 2000: 319-340). The most recent autonomous statute was adopted in 2006. It was a modification of the previous regulations from the early 1980s. The Valencian Autonomous Community was one of the first to report its will to change. The provision for the Valencian language aroused controversy. Against this background, there was a dispute between Catalonia and the Valencian region: some citizens consider Valencian a separate language, and some be- lieve that Valencian is a variant of the Catalan language. Regional institutions take the position that the autonomous community is distinguished by its own cultural and lin- guistic heritage (Academia Valènciana de la Llengua, 2006: 14). The 2006 Autonomous Statute confirmed the status of the Valencian language as a separate language and addi- tionally established L’Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua – an institution dealing with Valencian standardization (Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana, 2006, Art. 41). Article 6 of the statute states that the regional authorities should ensure adequate re- sources for the use and dissemination of both Spanish and Valencian. Moreover, they ensure protection and respect for the renewal of the position of the language in the re- gion (Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana, 2006). Valencian was also made an offi- cial language. The inhabitants of the region have the right to communicate in their own language in the public sphere. On the other hand, officials of the autonomous admin- istration should know the regional language (Autonomía de la Comunidad Valencia- na, 2006, Art. 40) and apply the standards set by L’Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. The popularity of the Valencian language today The situation of the Valencian language varies greatly in the autonomous community. It can be observed that the level of understanding and common use of the language varies from province to province. In 2015, a large-scale survey was conducted on the use of the Valencian language across the region. The study covered inhabitants of different parts of the Valencian-speaking territory. The largest numbers of people who understand Valen- cian very well live in the regions of València (68.8%) and Alcoi-Gandia (67.9%). Much less inhabitants of the metropolitan region and the capital of the community understand the language (41.2%). Speech skills are much lower. In the two main Valencian-speak- ing territories, around 58% of the population speaks perfectly well, while in the city of Valencia around a quarter of the inhabitants speak the language freely. The situation of the written language is the most difficult. This skill is perfectly possessed by 36.5% of the inhabitants of the Alcoi-Gandia region, and only by 16% in the capital of the com- Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of
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