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Empowerment Strategies of Participants and Volunteers in the City Mission (An example of a Diaconal Institution dealing with challenges Regarding drug addiction, SAFIR) VID Diakonhjemmet Høgskole Master in Diakonia and Christian Social Practice Author: Djounzoh Melanie Ngwah EMD 300 -Master Thesis Supervisor: Marianne Rodriguez Nygaard i Semester: Spring 2016 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to discuss and explored the strategies used by a diaconal institution in the empowerment of volunteers and participants in Oslo, Norway. This study examines, SAFIR, a diaconal project of the Church City Mission that provides assistance to persons that have decided to put an end to drug consumption. During the past decade, a lot of persons have stopped the consumption of drugs and we hardly know which strategies are used by the institutions to rehabilitate these former addicts. Until recently, less attention has been devoted towards understanding the strategies used in the rehabilitation of former drug addicts. Therefore, the research gap is the point of departure for this study. This thesis develops on qualitative in-depth interviews with four former drug addicts who engage or have been engaged as volunteers or participants with the said institution. In addition to literature review, this thesis is influenced by my position as a student carrying out research under this field of study. The thesis has centered on empowerment as a tool of diaconal work. Following the acknowledgement of a gap in the literature, this thesis seeks to shed light on the strategies used by a diaconal institution in the rehabilitation of former drug addicted persons, as well as the challenges faced by these institutions. Keywords: Diakonia, Church City Mission, SAFIR, Empowerment, Red Cross, Substance abuse. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to seize this opportunity to thank everyone who contributed to this thesis work. First, I would like to thank and express my gratitude to the supervisor of this study, Marianne Rodriguez Nygaard for her ideas, help, comment and commitment on the paper. I would also appreciate the support and input from my coordinator Hans Morten Haugen. Secondly, I would like to thank the management of SAFIR Norway, for their hospitality, flexibility and contributions on the empirical chapter. Finally, I would like to thank my entire family for their support during my studies. I dedicate this Master’s thesis to God Almighty. Oslo, 2016. iii Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... iii 1.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Purpose and research questions ........................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Delimitation ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.5 Basic key words used in research question ......................................................................................... 3 1.5.1 What is SAFIR? ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.5.2 Who are participants and volunteers ................................................................................................ 4 Participants ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Volunteers ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Empowerment ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Diakonia .................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 literature review .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.7 Chapter overview ................................................................................................................................ 9 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF SAFIR,DIAKONIA , ............................................................ 9 2.1 origin and background SAFIR? ........................................................................................................ 10 2.2 What does SAFIR do? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 What is Church City Mission? .......................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Brief history of Red Cross ................................................................................................................ 11 2.4.1 What is Norwegian Red Cross? ..................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Background Information on Norway ................................................................................................ 13 2.5.1 History of Norway ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Geography of Norway .................................................................................................................... 14 3. THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Diakonia theory and concepts ........................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 The concept of Diakonia ................................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Institutional Diakonia ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.3 What is Diakonia as defined by the Church of Norway .................................................................... 20 iv 3.3 A brief overview of Diakonia in Norway ......................................... Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert. 3.3.1 Background of the Lutheran perspective ....................................... Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert. 3.4 Empowering Diakonia ...................................................................................................................... 20 3.5 Empowerment ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.5.1 Types of Empowerment ................................................................................................................. 22 3.5.2 Individual empowerment ............................................................................................................... 23 3.6 Other concepts .................................................................................................................................. 24 3.6.1 Transformation ............................................................................................................................... 24 3.6.2 Inclusiveness and Hospitability ..................................................................................................... 25 3.7 Substance Use Disorders ................................................................... Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert. 3.7.1 What are Substance use disorders? ............................................... Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert. 3.7.2 Consequences of Substance Abuse ................................................ Feil! Bokmerke er ikke definert. 4. CHAPTER OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 26 4.1. Research Approach .......................................................................................................................... 26 4.2. Research strategy ............................................................................................................................. 27 4.3. Case study ........................................................................................................................................ 27 4.4. Sampling units ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.5. Data collection ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.6. Operationalization ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.7. Validity and Reliability